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(6)第三句型的他動構造

主語 + 述語 + 賓語

這是用完全他動詞加上一個賓語而構成的句子。在這個句型中新出現的一個因素,就是賓語。構成賓語的,都是名詞或名詞同等語,例如:


1. Do you know Mr. Chang?(Noun)

2. I like him very much.(Pronoun)

3. I like to read.(Non Infinitive)

4. I like reading.(Gerund)

5. I know how to swim.(Noun Phrase)

6. I know that he is an honest man.(Noun Clause)


主語和賓語一定是非名詞莫辦的,因此我們可以說,任何字句一登上主語或賓語的寶座,它就變成名詞了。

賓語并不一定是在動詞后面的,有時也會跑到動詞的前面去,如What did Jack build?This is the ship that Jack built. 并不一定每次都如Jack built a ship. 一樣在動詞后面。

他動詞的賓語從意義上看,有三種不同的字匯。即:

一、為表示結果的賓語,如我們分明是在紙上寫字,結果卻寫成了一封信,因而我們就說寫信(write a letter)。再如我們挖土,結果挖成了一個洞,我們就說挖洞(dig a hole)。

二、為表示一般意義的賓語,有things,matters等,例如If she is really bad,it simplifies things very much.(Galsworthy:Fraternity)(她要是真的壞,那事情倒簡單多了。)

三、為模擬賓語(sham object)“it”。這是英文的一種慣用法,它本身根本沒有什么意思,也不是專指一件什么事物,如He lords it over his inferiors.(他對部下如君臨一般高傲不堪。)If you are found out,you will catch it.(如果你被他們看到,你就要挨罵的。)

有些句子我們中文是要用自動詞的,而英文則慣用他動詞來說,因為我們很少用事物來作他動詞的主語的,英文為說話求簡起見,常愛以事物為主動者,這類造句很多和我們說法不同,宜加注意,例如:


你來此何事?

What has brought you here? = What have you come here for?

從這條路去,就可以到火車站。

This road will take you to the station. = If you follow this road,you will get to the station.

什么事使他這樣生氣?

What made him so angry? = Why did he get so angry?

你肯幫助我的話,我就一定會成功的。

Your assistance will make my success certain. = If you assist me,my success will be certain.

看到這個使我想起以前的好日子。

This reminds me of the good old days. = When I see this,I think of the good old days.

我們靠希望而生存。

Hope keeps us alive. = We live on by hope.

衣食足而后知禮儀。

Wealth enables men to be courteous. = If men have wealth,they are able to be courteous.

因為天氣壞,我們未能動身。

Bad weather prevented us from starting. = We could not start because of the bad weather.


他動詞后面所接用的賓語,中英兩種語文的表現法也有不同的地方。現分五項將英文特異之處說明如下:

(一)具有“奪取”意義的動詞

凡被奪取的目標,在中文的說法應該是“物”,而在英文則要說“人”。在被奪取的物品之前加一個“of”的介詞,造成一個片語接在“人”的后面。


強盜搶了他的錢。

A highwayman robbed him of his money.


同樣的用法還有下列種種情形。


他把海上的強盜一掃而光。

He cleared the sea of those robbers.

憂煩的習慣奪去了我們的和平和安樂。

The habit of worrying robs us of peace and comfort.

我學了很多,足以診好我從前的好幻想的毛病。

I have learned enough to cure me of my old fancies.(Stevenson)

我將永遠無法完全放棄這種感覺。

I shall never be able entirely to divest myself of this feeling.

國王剝奪了他一切的榮譽。

The king stripped him of all his honours.

他忘不了過去那種痛苦的回憶。

He could not rid himself of the painful memories.

你來了省得我去麻煩寫一封長信。

Your coming relieves me of the bother of writing a long letter.

他只求自己獲得享樂,不管是從誰奪取得來。

He does not care whom he deprives of enjoyment,so that he can obtain it.


(二)具有“供給”意義的動詞

在英文的表現法中,不能直接把所供給的事物作為賓語,必須以介詞with為媒介,才能說出那事物來。同時只有受到供給的人才能成為賓語。如“供給某人金錢”為supply him with money,“車上載草”為load a cart with straw,“在玻璃杯中倒滿清水”為fill the glass with water. “給人食物”為provide a person with food,“供給我許多消息”為furnish me with a lot of information,“把那本書呈獻給他”為present him with the book,“賜予接見”為favour me with an interview,“把秘密告訴她”為trust her with a secret等等。

(三)具有“作成”意義的動詞。那時句中的“of”所引出的名詞,便是作成什么的材料,如“愚弄他”,英文說make a fool of him,便是把他當作材料,作成一個愚人。又如“專攻英文”為make a special study of English. 意即把英文當作材料來作出一種專門的研究。

(四)不把直接接受動作的人身上某一部分作為賓語,而要把那個人當作對象來說,是大處著眼的意思。


他輕拍我的背。

He patted me on the back.

他抓住我的衣領。

He seized me by the collar.

他命在旦夕。

Death stared him in the face.

他緊緊握著我的手,不讓我走。

He held me by the hand firmly and would not let me go.

我抓住了他的胳膊。

I caught him by the arm.

他拖著我的衣袖。

He pulled me by the sleeve.

她打他一記耳光。

She strikes him across the face.


在受到動作的人體上某一部分的前面,一般只用冠詞the,不用人稱所有格的形容詞,如my,his等,但有時也可以用,不過用法稍古,如“她吻了他的面頰”說She kissed him on his cheek. “他敢于用最溫柔的態度執了她的手”說He presumed in the gentlest manner to take her by her hand.(Lamb,Tales from Shakespeare)說I caught him by the hand,英文的味道特別濃厚,若照中文的說法,改為I caught his hand,也未嘗不通,不過兩者之間是有nuance的不同的。

(五)有許多動詞我們中文都是作自動詞用的,而英文卻是他動詞,后面要接賓語,例如:


不幸降臨到他身上。

A misfortune befell him.

這種式樣的衣服對你很適合。

This style of dress becomes you well.

二者大小相似。

They resemble each other in size.

半小時內我們就到檳城了。

We can reach Penang in half an hour.

據說那屋子有鬼。

They say ghosts haunt that house.

不要走進這房門去。

Don’t enter this room.


英文的自動詞在下列四種情形中,便可當作他動詞用,后面直接接上賓語:

1. 接用同系賓語(Cognate Object),如“他過了幸福的一生”(He lived a happy life.)2. 具有使動的意味(Causative Sense),如“農人種稻”(The farmer grows rice.)3. 接用介司(Preposition),如“你在看什么?”(What are you looking at?)4. 伴有補足字(Complement),如“我們時常談一通夜”(We often talked the night away.)

1. 同系賓語


我做了一個奇怪的夢。

I dreamed a strange dream.

他一睡不醒。

He slept the sleep that knows no waking.

我打了一場好仗。

I have fought a good fight.(Bible)

他吐了一口氣,才來念了祈禱文。

He sighed a sigh and prayed a prayer.(Scott)


不但自動詞如此,他動詞有時也可接用同系賓語,例如tell a tale,sing a song,see a sight等等。

在同系賓語上附有修飾形容詞時,通例可換成態度副詞(Adverb of Manner),如live a long life = live long;live a happy life = live happily;die a natural death = die naturally;die a violent death = die by violence等等。

有的賓語與動詞不同語源,但意義相通,也可視為同類,如run a race;run a course;run one’s career;fight a battle;blow a gale;strike a blow;ring a peal;wreak one’s vengeance等等。

漠然無所指的賓語“it”,也可看做一種同系賓語,如


我決心奮斗到底。

I am determined to fight it out.( = fight to the end)

安哲羅勛爵很有爵爺的神氣。

Lord Angelo dukes it( = plays the part of duke)well.(Shakespeare)

我已慣于櫛風沐雨。

I am used to roughing it.

白人對土人如君臨一般。

The whites lord it over the natives.

我們是生來為君王效犬馬之勞的。

We are born to slave it for our lord.(Thackeray)

他到各地巡回演出。

He is starring it in the provinces.

我們不得不冒雨而行。

We had to walk it in the rain.

你能游泳過去嗎?

Can’t you swim it


在某些熟語中可將同系賓語略去,如look thanks為look a look of thanks之略。


他眼中現出言語無法表達的感謝。

He looked the thanks he could not express.

她以短劍相刺的目光望看我,而走出房間去了。

She left the room,looking daggers at me.

我問他是否滿意,他點頭表示首肯。

I asked if he was satisfied,and he nodded assent.

那人的字寫得好嗎?

Does the man write a good hand?


用最上級形容詞時,多半也要把同系賓語略去。


那婦人在那個時候看去最美。

The lady was looking her best(look).

她唱出她最好聽的歌聲來取悅他。

She sang her sweetest(song)to please him.


其他如do one’s best(or utmost) = do all one can do(盡全力);see the last of anything = see it no more(再也不見了);hear the last of anything = hear of it no more(再無消息);breathe one’s last = expire(呼出最后一口氣,即死去)。

2. 含使動意


她把蠟燭豎在地板上。

She stood the candle on the floor.(Dickens)

我慢慢地帶馬走上小山。

I slowly walked my horse up the hill.

他們把船開到灘上去了。

They ran the ship aground.

他們使馬泅水渡河。

They swam their horses across the river.

那船上掛出降旗。

The ship was flying the flag of truce.

下次滿潮時船就可以浮起來了。

The next tide will float the ship.

巡洋艦把那運輸船擊沉了。

The cruiser sank the transport.

他們過分地酷使了那些馬。

They work the horses too hard.

我躺下來好讓兩條疲憊的腿子休息一下。

I laid myself down to rest my wearied limbs.


3. 接用分詞


怎樣得到那個結果的呀?

How was the result brought about

她在年輕的時候,追她的人很多。

She was much run after in her youth.

頑皮的孩子人人皺眉。

Everybody frowns at a naughty child.

越有越是想要。

Possession makes one wish for more.

愚人才不認錯。

Fools persist in their error.

我不知道真有這樣的人。

I do not know of any such man.

我不會把這問題一直講下去的。

I shall not dwell on the subject at any length.

你最好有空的時候把那事情仔細想一下。

You had better think over the matter at your leisure.

我的母親反對這門親事。

My mother objects to the match.

娛樂不能妨害正事。

Pleasure must not interfere with duty.


4. 加補足字


做人不可醉生夢死。

One must not sleep or dream one’s life away.

睡眠能恢復疲勞。

You can sleep off your fatigue.

別的客人都走光了他還不走。

He sits out the other guests.

他能說服別人聽從他的意見。

He can talk people over to his own views.

你自己去查字典吧。

Look up the word for yourself in the dictionary.

他們大叫把演講者轟下臺來。

They shouted down the orator.

他使我厭煩死了。

He bored me to death.

他向我說出種種道理,使我非答應不可。

He has reasoned me into compliance.

我說得他把原來的決定推翻了。

I have talked him out of his resolution.


在第三句型的構造中也有下列十一種形式:

1. S. + Vt. + Noun:

I keep a diary every day.

2. S. + Vt. + Pronoun:

They know us very well.

3. S. + Vt. + -ing:

I like playing tennis.

I do not advise your seeing him at this time.

4. S. + Vt. + Prep. + -ing:

Mrs Smith objected to our riding across the lawn.

The girl insists on going to the movies.

He persists in doing something in his own way.

5. S. + Vt. + to-Infinitive:

I like to play tennis with them.

6. S. + Vt. + what(whom,which) + to-Infinitive:

I don’t know what to do.

I don’t know what book to read.

We must know whom to choose.

I don’t know whom to go to.

Do you know which to choose?

Do you know which way to take?

7. S. + Vt. + how(when,where) + to-Infinitive:

You must learn how to swim.

We must decide when to start.

She will show where to sit.

8. S. + Vt. + that Clause:

I hear that he is in Singapore now.

9. S. + Vt. + what(who,whom,which)Clause:

I know what his name is.

I know what I must do.

Do you know what answer he made?

Do you know who he is?

Do you know whom we chose?

I cannot see which(which way)is better.

We don’t know which(which way)he took.

10. S. + Vt. + how(when,where,why)Clause:

I wonder how old that man is.

I know when(where)you were born.

No one knows why he did such a thing.

11. S. + Vt. + if(whether)Clause:

I wonder if it will rain tomorrow.

I don’t know whether the news is true or not.

習題3

試將下列各句譯成英文,句中須采用完全他動詞。

1. 昨天的迎新會你出席了沒有?

2. 蘇君順利地進了牛津大學。

3. 王君文官考試優等及第。

4. 我們要奮斗的話,就要奮斗到底。

5. 在印尼他們剝奪了華僑一切的財產。

6. 他把我所要的一切都給我了。

7. 他抓住我的手,不讓我走。

8. 她假裝對我朋友說話,實際是說給我聽的。

9. 勤能補拙。

10. 我一定想要你來。

11. 他不用功,在學校里又混過了一年。

12. 我旅行時總是坐的三等。

13. 他講演完畢時,聽眾大聲喝采。

14. 他在夜里十一時十分鐘斷氣。

15. 你能像那老人一樣游過長江嗎?

16. 我給了那可憐的孩子一點錢去買東西吃。

17. 她寫了一封長信給我,談到她的將來。

18. 我們討論那個問題直到夜深。

19. 他承認她是對的。

20. 她提議我們應從頭來過一次。

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