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代詞的語法功能

1. 人稱代詞

人稱代詞的句法功能

◎主格人稱代詞在句中常作主語。

She is as intelligent as he(is).

她像他一樣聰明。

You should do as the teacher tells you to.

你應該照你老師講的那樣去做。

We all like English very much.

我們都很喜歡英語。

I like music.

我喜歡音樂。

This is a new dictionary. It is very useful to students.

這是一本新詞典。它對學生很有用。

◎賓格人稱代詞在句中常作動詞賓語或介詞賓語。

We often go to see her on Saturdays.

我們常在周六去看她。

It is a waste of time your talking to him.

跟他談話是浪費時間。

◎人稱代詞作表語時—般用賓格,但在比較正式的場合用主格。

—Who is it? 誰呀?

—It’s me. 是我。(非正式)

—It is I. 是我。(正式)

◎人稱代詞用于asthan之后,如果asthan用作介詞,往往用賓格;如果asthan用作連詞,則往往用主格。

She reads faster than he.

她讀得比他快些。

I am a good student as him.

我和他一樣是個好學生。

we,you,they有時可用來表示泛指的人。

We / You should keep calm even when we / you are in danger.

即使在危急時刻也要保持冷靜。

They say there is going to be trouble.

他們說要有麻煩了。

技巧點撥

有時在敘述故事時常把動物人格化,可愛、美麗的動物用she來表示,兇猛的動物用heit表示。表示船只、祖國、大地、月亮等時常用代詞she

The elephant is proud of himself because he has a big and strong body.

大象很驕傲,因為自己身軀碩大而強壯。

China is my motherland. She is getting more and more powerful.

我們的祖國是中國。她正變得越來越強大。

The moon usually shines brightly on the night of the Mid-Autumn Day. She looks like around silvery plate.

月亮在中秋之夜通常十分明亮。她看上去酷似一個銀色的圓盤。

人稱代詞的排序

幾個人稱代詞同時作主語時,排列次序一般為you and I;you and you;she(he)and I;we and you;we and they;we,you and they

You, he and I should help each other.

我、你、他應該互相幫助。

She and I are of the same age.

我和她同歲。

但在承擔錯誤時,I放在其他人前面表示勇于承認錯誤。

I and my brother made the mistake.

我和兄弟犯了這個錯誤。

技巧點撥

代詞并列有順序,

單數并列231,

復數并列123,

若把錯誤責任擔,

第一人稱最先當。

時時注意比身份,

人物總在動物前。

單數男女同時到,

男士反而要優先。

He and his wife had a good time.

他和妻子度過了一段美好時光。

2. 物主代詞

形容詞性物主代詞的句法功能

◎形容詞性物主代詞具有形容詞的特征,在句中用作定語,后面接名詞。

Our school is not far from here.

我們學校離這兒不遠。

My father and mother are teachers. They like their work.

我的爸爸媽媽都是老師。他們喜歡自己的工作。

◎表示身體部位和所有物的詞匯,其物主代詞一般不可省略,而漢語中有時可以省略。

He put on his hat and left.

他戴上帽子就走了。

◎形容詞性物主代詞與own連用時表示強調。

I saw it with my own eyes.

那是我親眼看見的。

◎下面結構中,必須要用定冠詞the代替形容詞性物主代詞(不可用物主代詞)。

touch sb. on the head 摸某人的頭

hit sb. on the head 打某人的頭

hit sb. on the nose 打某人的鼻子

strike/hit sb. in the face/chest 打某人的臉/胸部

take/catch/pull/sb. by the head/arm 抓住/拉某人的頭/胳膊

名詞性物主代詞的句法功能

名詞性物主代詞具有名詞的特征,在句中可以作主語、表語、賓語。它還可以構成“a/an/this/that/some/no+名詞+of+名詞性物主代詞”結構,在這個結構中,“of+名詞性物主代詞”作定語。

◎作主語

Ours is the best team in the league.

我們的隊在聯賽中是最強的隊。

Our room is on the first floor and yours(theirs)on the second.

我們的房間在一樓,你們的(他們的)在二樓。

◎作表語

The books over there are not mine. They are hers.

那邊的書不是我的。是她的。

—Whose jacket is this? 這是誰的上衣?

—It’s hers. 這是她的。

◎作賓語

You may have my pen;I’ll have his.

你可以用我的鋼筆,我用他的。

I have lost my dictionary. Please lend me yours.

我的字典丟了。請把你的借我吧。

◎名詞性物主代詞與of連用可作定語

That son of hers is very naughty.

她的那個兒子很淘氣。

This painting of his is well painted.

他的這幅畫畫得很好。

學一學,練一練

用賓格代詞、所有格形容詞和代詞完成句子。

1. I own this book.

This book belongs to    .

This is     book.

This book is    .

2. They own these books.

These books belong to    .

These are     books.

These books are    .

3. You own that book.

That book belongs to    .

That is     book.

That book is    .

4. She owns this pen.

This pen belongs to    .

This is     pen.

This pen is    .

5. He owns that pen.

That pen belongs to    .

That is     pen.

That pen is    .

6. We own those books.

Those books belong to    .

Those are     books.

Those books are    .

參考答案

1. me, my, mine 2. them, their, theirs

3. you, your, yours 4. her, her, hers

5. him, his, his 6. us, our, ours

3. 指示代詞

this,that,these,those在句中可作主語、賓語、定語或表語

◎作主語

This is my doll. That is Mary’s.

這是我的洋娃娃。那是瑪麗的。

Those are his books.

那些是他的書。

◎作賓語

Do you like these?

你喜歡這些嗎?

We should always keep this in mind.

我們應當永遠記住這一點。

◎作定語

I want this radio.

我要這臺收音機。

We are busy these days.

這些日子我們很忙。

This magazine is about Chinese poetry.

這是一本關于中國詩歌的雜志。

◎作表語

Oh,it’s not that.

噢,問題不在那兒。

What I want is this (that).

我要的是這個(那個)。

this(these)that(those)的用法區別

◎this(復數形式是these),常用來指代時間上或空間上離說話人較近的人或物。that(復數形式是those),常用來指代在時間上或空間上離說話人較遠的人或物。

This is Mr. Smith and that is Mr. Black. 這位是史密斯先生,那位是布萊克先生。

These are jeeps. Those are trucks. 這些是吉普車。那些是載重汽車。

that/those有時用來代替前面說過的人或物,以避免重復。

The weather in Shanghai is not so cold as that (=the weather) in Beijing.

上海的天氣沒有北京那么冷。

City people enjoy less space than those who live in the country.

城里人比那些住在鄉村的人生活空間更小。

that/those可指前面講過的事物,this/these可指下面要講的事物。

I had a bad cold. Thats why I didn’t come.

我得了重感冒。所以沒來。

This is the latest news from the United States.

下面是來自美國的最新消息。

such的用法

指示代詞such表示“如此的,如此的事物”,具有名詞和形容詞的性質,在句子中可用作主語、定語、表語、賓語等。

◎作主語

Such is life.

生活就是這樣。

Such is our study plan.

這就是我們的學習計劃。

Such were his words.

這就是他講的話。

◎作定語

I don’t like such a book.

我不喜歡這樣的書。

Such water is quite clean.

這樣的水很干凈。

◎作表語

The birds were such as I never saw before.

這樣的鳥,我從未見過。

The problems are such that we can’t solve by ourselves.

這樣的問題,我們自己是解決不了的。

◎作賓語

Take from the drawer such as you need.

你需要什么,就從抽屜里拿吧。

If you act like a child,you will be treated as such.

你要是這樣孩子氣,人家就把你當孩子看待了。

same的用法

指示代詞same使用時,same之前通常用定冠詞the,它也具有名詞和形容詞的性質,在句中作主語、賓語、表語、定語等。

◎作主語

The same can be said of the other article.

另一篇文章也是同樣情況。

The same happened to me.

我也發生了同樣的情況。

◎作賓語

She went to swim and I did the same.

她去游泳,我也去了。

Whatever I did,he tried to do the same.

無論我做什么,他也想跟著做什么。

◎作表語

His name and mine are the same.

他和我同名。

Our ideas are exactly the same.

我們的想法完全一致。

◎作定語

The students are doing the same thing.

同學們正在做著同樣的事情。

4. 反身代詞

◎作表語

She will be herself again in no time.

她一會兒就會好的。

That poor boy was myself.

那可憐的孩子就是我。

◎作賓語

Did they enjoy themselves last Sunday?

他們上個周日玩得高興嗎?

Make yourself at home.

別客氣,就像在家一樣。

◎作主語或賓語的同位語

在作同位語時,反身代詞多可譯為“本人”(或“本身”)。但有時為了加強語氣,常譯為“自己”或“親自”。起強調作用時,反身代詞可以放在被強調詞之后,也可以放在句末。

Nobody taught him drawing. He learned it himself.

沒有人教他繪畫。他是自學的。

You’d better ask the teacher yourself (himself).

你最好親自問老師。

Our guide buys some food from the villagers and we cook it ourselves.

我們的向導從村民那里買來一些食物,我們自己烹調。

習慣用法

5. 相互代詞

◎作動詞的賓語

The two girls help each other in their lessons.

這兩個女孩在功課上互相幫助。

They saw each other everyday.

他們每天相見。

◎作介詞的賓語

They looked at each other.

他們互相看著。

You two should learn from each other.

你們兩人應互相學習。

◎相互代詞的所有格形式只能作定語

They looked into each others(one another’s)eyes for a long time.

他們彼此對視了很長時間。

They know each others parents.

他們都認識對方的父母。

6. 疑問代詞

who,whom的用法

who只能指人,常作主語和表語,有名詞性質。在非正式英文和口語中,who可以代替whom,但在介詞后面要用whomwhom也指人,常用作賓語,也具有名詞性質。

Who (Whom) would you like go with?

你想和誰一起去?

Who are you looking for?

你在找誰?

By whom was the house built?

這房子是誰建的?

Who (Whom) are you waiting for?

你在等誰?

Who (Whom) did you go to the movie with?

你同誰一起去看電影的?

whose的用法

whose和物主代詞—樣,具有名詞和形容詞的性質,可作主語、賓語、表語和定語。

Whose is better?

誰的好一些?

Whose is this?

這是誰的?

Whose are you going to borrow?

你準備借誰的?

Whose room is this?

這是誰的房間?

what的用法

what表示“什么(人或物)”,可用作單數和復數,具有名詞和形容詞性質,作主語、賓語、表語和定語等。

What is happening now?

發生什么事了?

What do you usually do on Sundays?

你周日通常做什么?

What would you like to buy?

你想買點什么東西?

Whats your father?

你父親是干什么的?

What time do you usually get up?

你通常幾點鐘起床?

技巧點撥

what可用來指人的職業;what可用于感嘆句;whatlike連用表示“……怎么樣”。如:

What is your sister?你姐姐是干什么的?

—She is a doctor. 她是一名醫生。

What does your father do? 你父親是做什么工作的?

—He is an engineer. 他是一名工程師。

What a fine day today!

今天天氣真好啊!

What a pretty girl she is!

她真是個美麗的女孩!

What is the weather like today?

今天天氣如何?

which的用法

which表示“在一定范圍內的哪一個(哪一些)人或物”,可用作單數和復數意義,具有名詞和形容詞的性質,作主語、定語、賓語等。

Which is yours?

哪一個是你的?(主語)

Which sport do you like best?

你最喜歡哪一項運動?(定語)

Which do you prefer, tea or coffee?

你喜歡哪種,茶還是咖啡?(賓語)

7. 不定代詞

不定代詞大都可以代替名詞和形容詞,在句中作主語、賓語、表語和定語,但none以及由some,any,no,every-thing,-body,-one構成的復合不定代詞(如somebody等)通常作主語、賓語或表語;everyno通常作定語,或與-thing,-body,-one構成復合不定代詞。

some的用法

some通常指不定數量“一些”,修飾或代替可數名詞復數或不可數名詞,既可指人,又可指物。常用在肯定句中。

He has some Chinese paintings.

他有一些中國畫。

Some like sports, others like music.

有些人喜歡體育,有些人喜歡音樂。

some也可用在“請求、建議,反問”等含義的疑問句中,以期得到對方肯定的回答。

Didn’t he give you some books?

難道他沒有給你一些書?

some有時可修飾單數可數名詞,表示“某個”。

This morning,some boy asked for you.

今天上午,有個男孩要求見你。

There must be some reason for what he’s done.

他干這些事,肯定有某種原因。

some也可修飾數詞,表示“大約”。

It took me some twenty days to get there.

我大約花了20天時間才到達那里。

any的用法

◎不定代詞anysome一樣表示不定數量“一些”,修飾和代替可數名詞復數和不可數名詞,既可指人又可指物。但一般用在否定句、疑問句、條件從句中。

Ask me if you have any questions.

如果你有問題可以問我。

Do you have any questions to ask?

你有什么問題?

I don’t know any of the students.

我不了解任何一位同學。

Do you have any questions? If you have any,don’t hesitate to ask me.

你有什么問題嗎?如果你有問題的話,盡管問我好了。

There isn’t any tea left. I’ll go and make some for you.

沒有茶了。我去給你泡一些。

◎用于肯定句中,表示“任何一個”,修飾單數可數名詞和不可數名詞。

I don’t know any of you. 你們,我一個也不認識。

Any child can answer that question. 任何一個小孩都能回答那個問題。

學一學,練一練

用some或any完成句子。

1. Sue has     money.

2. I don’t have     money.

3. Do you have     money?

4. Do you need     help?

5. Anita usually doesn’t get     mail.

6. The house is empty. There aren’t     people in the house.

7. I need     paper. Do you have     paper?

8. I’m not busy tonight. I don’t have     homework to do.

9. There are     beautiful flowers in my garden this year.

10. Steve is getting along fine. He doesn’t have     problems.

參考答案

1. some

2. any

3. any

4. any

5. any

6. any

7. some, any

8. any

9. some

10. any

no的用法

◎不定代詞no只有形容詞詞性,一般作定語來構成否定句,表“不是”“沒有”。

She knows no English.(=She doesn’t know English at all.)

她根本不懂英語。

He has no brother.

他沒有兄弟。(no等于not any

◎用于警告、命令等。

No Parking!

禁止停車!

◎修飾表語時,有特殊的意思。試比較:

I am no teacher.

我不善于教書。

I am not a teacher.

我不是教師。

none的用法

none只具有名詞性質,可以代替人和事物,表示“三者(以上)都不”“沒有一個人(一件事物)……”。作主語時,如果談到的是所有人的情況,動詞多用復數形式;如果談每個人的狀況,則多用單數形式。它在句中還可充當同位語。

None of us are / is afraid of difficulties.

我們誰也不怕困難。

None of them has a bike.

他們誰也沒有自行車。

None of the machines is / are working.

這些機器都不能工作。

We none of us can sing this song.

我們中沒人能唱這支歌。

技巧點撥

noneneither的區別

none表示“在三個或三個以上當 中,沒有人或物”,而neither指“在兩個當中,沒有人或物”。

None of the students has ever read the book.

學生中沒有誰讀過這本書。(不止兩個學生)

Neither of my parents has ever read the book.

我父母親都沒讀過這本書。

both的用法

both表示“兩者都”,具有名詞和形容詞的性質,可做主語、賓語、同位語和定語。作主語時謂語動詞用復數。

Both would like to have a try.

兩人都想試一試。(主語)

Both are very honest.

兩人都很誠實。(主語)

We asked both to put forward their suggestions.

我們要兩人都提出建議。(賓語)

These two pictures are very beautiful. I like both.

這兩張畫很美。我(兩張)都喜歡。(賓語)

Give us some bread. We both want to try a bit.

給我們一些面包。我們倆都想嘗嘗。(同位語)

They both skate well.

他們兩人都很會溜冰。(同位語)

You can take both of them.

兩個你都可以拿去。(賓語)

Both men were interested in the job.

兩個人都對這項工作感興趣。(定語)

技巧點撥

both后常跟of短語,of+名詞、代詞(復數),接復數名詞時of常省略,接復數代詞時of則不省略。

Both(of)the films were very good.

兩部電影都很好。

Both of them are good teachers.

她們都是好老師。

both在句中用作同位語時,其位置取決于謂語動詞的形式。

1作主語同位語時,如謂語為實義動詞(包括用作實義動詞的have),both位于主語之后、謂語動詞之前。

We both had a haircut.

我倆都理了發。

2如謂語部分為系動詞,both則位于系動詞之后和表語之前。

The children were both too young.

這兩個孩子都太小了。

3如謂語是含有助動詞或情態動詞的短語,both則位于助動詞或情態動詞之后。

My parents have both been invited.

我父母都受到了邀請。

You must both come over some evening.

你倆必須在某天晚上都過來。

4作賓語同位語時,位于賓語之后。

They told us both to wait.

他們告訴我倆都等一等。

I’ve met them both before.

我以前見過他倆。

all的用法

◎當all作主語時,常代表三個以上的人,謂語動詞用復數形式;指事物或情況時,往往表示“一切”“所有的”意思,常被看作單數意義,謂語動詞用單數形式。當all作定語時,既可修飾可數名詞,也可修飾不可數名詞。

all具有名詞和形容詞性質,常表示“全體”“所有的”“一切”的意思;在句中可用作主語、賓語、表語、定語、同位語或狀語。

All are here.

大家都到了。(主語,all指人)

All is known.

一切都明白了。(主語,all指事物,不可數)

She has told me all about it.

她把一切都告訴我了。(賓語)

Bill visited all of us.

比爾看望了我們所有的人。(賓語)

That’s all.

話講完了。(表語)

Is that all you can help me?

這就是你能幫助我做的事嗎?(表語)

All the apples in that box go bad.

那箱子里所有的蘋果都爛了。(定語)

They have all gone to America.

他們全都到美國去了。(同位語)

We all want to have a try.

我們都想試一試。(同位語)

He is all excited.

他非常激動。(狀語,加強語氣)

She was all wet.

她身上全濕了。(狀語)

◎當all用作主語時,如果后面跟有人稱代詞,須在它們之間加上of;如果后面跟的是名詞,它們之間可加of,也可不加。

All of them are from Beijing.

他們全都是北京人。(them為人稱代詞,of不能省略)

All(of)the books are here.

所有的書都在這兒。(books為名詞,of可省略)

◎當all作同位語時,它在句中的位置隨謂語動詞而定。當謂語動詞是實義動詞時,all放在動詞前面;謂語動詞是be時,all放在be后面;謂語是由情態動詞或助動詞加實義動詞組成時,all放在它們之間。

They all know the answer. 他們都知道這答案。

They are all students. 他們都是學生。

You can all go home.

你們都可以回家了。

◎當all用作人稱代詞賓語的同位語時,all放在賓語后面。如you all,them all,us all

I’ll have to think them all again.

我得將它們重新考慮一次。

each的用法

each具有名詞和形容詞性質,在句中可用作主語、定語、賓語和同位語。指每個人或事物的個別情況,相當于漢語的“各個”。

Each of the boys has a bike.

每個男孩都有一輛自行車。(主語,強調個體,每一個)

There are flowers on each side of the river.

河兩岸都是花。(定語)

Two men came and I gave a book to each.

兩個人來了,我給他們每人一本書。(賓語)

The teacher gave the pupils four textbooks each.

教師給每個學生4本教科書。(同位語)

We each have a new schoolbag now.

現在我們每人都有一個新書包。(同位語)

學一學,練一練

選擇括號中正確的代詞填空。

1. Nike had dinner with (I, me)       .

2. Besty and (I, me)       had dinner with Nick last night.

3. My brother drove Emily and (I, me)       to the store. He didn’t come in. (He, him)       waited for (we, us)       in the car. (We, Us)       hurried.

4. Ms. Lee wrote a note on my test paper. (She, Her)       wanted to talk to (I, me)      .

5. Ted invited (I, me)       to go to the game with (he, him)      .

參考答案

1. me

2. I

3. I, He, us, We

4. She, me

5. me, him

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