信號源的定位:是基于反向問題的解決,那就是從體表所測的磁場或電位來評價(jià)信號源的構(gòu)型。不幸的是這個(gè)逆向問題沒有獨(dú)到的解決辦法,作為不定數(shù)量的等信號源構(gòu)型或許可以解決所測到的分布。克服這一問題的唯一方法就是選擇一個(gè)合適的模型信號源,這種模型從生理上足以貼近實(shí)際情況,數(shù)學(xué)上易于控制,計(jì)算從信號源到體表面磁場和電位的理論分布,即是解決前向的問題。如果實(shí)際值與測量值吻合最好,那么即可確定信號源的位置。比較合適的模型是等電流偶極子(equivalent current dipole,ECD),電流偶極子可以由電流和一定方向的長度來決定,其電容:Q=Iλ(單位是安培·米)。磁通量(B)為橢圓形與電流方向相垂直,其形成的繼發(fā)電流在原始電流周圍媒介中傳播并形成環(huán)路,原始電流為細(xì)胞內(nèi)電流由大腦皮層細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生,繼發(fā)電流為細(xì)胞外的容積電流,這樣的模型叫等電流偶極子模型。這種模型被廣泛應(yīng)用于腦磁圖,但不是唯一的。當(dāng)電流偶極子在具有均一傳導(dǎo)性的某一介質(zhì)擴(kuò)散時(shí),在任一位置與信號源有關(guān)的磁感應(yīng)B是由Biot-Savart法則決定的:
B=μ0Qsinθ/4πr2
B的單位是特斯拉(Tesla,T),r是從電流源到該位置的距離,單位是米。電容Q的單位是安培米。θ是與偶極軸的角度。μ0為一常數(shù)值為4π×10-7安培/牛頓,代表自由空間的磁導(dǎo)率,實(shí)際上與活體組織(如腦、頭顱和頭皮)的數(shù)值相同。一個(gè)偶極子的特征可由五個(gè)參數(shù)來決定:偶極子的大小、方向、三維的位置。人的頭顱與球形相仿,應(yīng)用球形模型即便磁信號不與頭顱表面垂直,其與頭顱表面成10°~20°角也可產(chǎn)生足夠大的垂直于顱表面的矢量以便于我們測量。除了以上的參數(shù)外,我們還用適合度(goodness of fit,g)來描述所測量的信號與由模型預(yù)測的信號的相關(guān)系數(shù),如果其數(shù)值低就提示測量的數(shù)值與模型有明顯偏差,是信噪比不好。在進(jìn)行MEG分析時(shí)一般選適當(dāng)?shù)膅值作為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。
為了提高M(jìn)EG對顳葉癲癇的致癇灶的定位價(jià)值,Ebersole、Pataraia和Baumgartner等總結(jié)了總共51例顳葉癲癇患者,認(rèn)為可以用顳葉棘波偶極子的方向特征來區(qū)分內(nèi)側(cè)和外側(cè)顳葉癲癇,即所謂前顳水平偶極子與內(nèi)側(cè)顳葉癲癇有關(guān),前顳垂直的與前或內(nèi)側(cè)顳葉癲癇有關(guān),后顳垂直的偶極子與外側(cè)或不能定位的發(fā)作有關(guān)。我們對29例行標(biāo)準(zhǔn)前顳葉切除的顳葉內(nèi)側(cè)癲癇患者的局限性發(fā)作間期MEG的慢波活動(low frequency magnetic activity,LFMA)進(jìn)行了研究。結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)LFMA可以對17例(58.4%)患者進(jìn)行定側(cè),而發(fā)作間期MEG可對14例患者(48%)進(jìn)行定側(cè)。所以,對于顳葉癲癇患者,雖然MEG對發(fā)作間期棘波的定位有一定的困難,但借助偶極子的方向我們有可能區(qū)分顳葉內(nèi)側(cè)和外側(cè)皮層癲癇病灶,結(jié)合LFMA的分析也可有助于準(zhǔn)確地對顳葉致癇灶定側(cè)定位。
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