3.2　課后習題詳解

一、翻譯下列各段。注意翻譯術語的適當運用，尤其是有關翻譯技巧的定義

1．There are in the main eight techniques and principles in translation, either from English into Chinese or from Chinese into English. They are: diction, amplification, omission, conversion, inversion, negation, division and repetition.

【答案】不管是英譯漢還是漢譯英，主要有八條翻譯技巧(和原則)，即選詞用字法，增譯法，減譯法，詞類轉移法，詞序調整法，正說反譯法、反說正譯法，分譯法和重譯法。

2．By “diction” we mean proper “choice of words” in translation on the basis of accurate comprehension of the original.

【答案】所謂“選詞用字法”，就是在正確理解原文的基礎上適當?shù)剡x擇詞語。

3．Repetition is useful chiefly for clearness, which is of course the first quality to be acquired in a discourse. Secondly, words are repeated also for the sake of emphasis or force, which is another important quality in expression. Lastly, repetition will give life to the discourse and make it more attractive.

【答案】重譯法之所以有用，第一是它可使譯文明確(明確是衡量語言質量的第一個標準)；第二是為了強調，使語言有力(這是衡量語言質量的另一重要標準)；第三是為了使譯文生動形象，引人人勝。

4．By amplification we mean supplying necessary words in our translation work to make the version correct and clear, to make it appear more like the language translated into. Words thus supplied must be indispensable either syntactically or semantically.

【答案】增譯法意味著為使譯文正確、清楚和更為地道而增用必要的詞語，所增之詞不論是在句法上或詞義上都必不可少。

5．As a matter of principle, a translator is not supposed to add any meaning to or subtract any meaning from the original work. However, this does not mean that a translator should refrain from supplying the necessary words to make his version both accurate in meaning and in keeping with the usage of the language to be translated into.

【答案】按原則，譯者不能對原文的意思任意增減，但這不是說為了使譯文忠實而地道不準譯者增加必要的詞語。

6．Nothing shows greater difference in syntax between English and Chinese than the omission of words in the sentence. What is considered necessary, indispensable, and even a characteristic feature in one language may be deemed useless, superfluous, and even a stumbling block in another.

【答案】英漢兩種語言在句法上最大的差別莫過于各自在詞語的省略上的不同：在一種語言里被認為是必要的、必不可少的，甚至是構成其語言特色的詞語，對于另一種語言則可能是無用的、多余的，甚至會成為表達中的障礙。

7．By conversion we mean that in translation a word in one language belonging to a certain part of speech is not necessarily to be turned into one of the same part of speech in another language. We cannot translate English mechanically word for word into Chinese. A good translator should try by all means to reproduce the thought of the author faithfully in another language, quite disregarding the parts of speech of individual words so used in his version. In practical translation work, words in the original, if necessary, may be turned into words identical in meaning but different in part of speech, and the word order may also be changed.

【答案】談到詞類轉移法，我們是說在翻譯中原文中的詞類不一定要變成譯文中的同一詞類。我們不能字對字地把英語譯成漢語。優(yōu)秀的譯者應想方設法使原文的意思不加改變，而譯文的詞類可以與原文的不同，詞序也可改變。

8．By inversion in translation we mean that the constituent elements of a sentence are arranged in a way different from the general rules of word order of the language in question. Each language has its own peculiarities in word order. The natural order in English may mean the inverted order in Chinese. Put it more clearly, inversion, as one of the translation techniques, means the necessary or even inevitable change of word-order in a sentence according to the usage of the language to be translated into. This change of word-order is necessary because, first of all, each language has its own natural word order and its own peculiarities in word order, secondly, inversion, as a stylistic device, is often used for emphasis.

【答案】翻譯中的詞序調整法是指譯文的詞序可以不同于原文句子成分的安排。任何語言都有其詞序特點。英語中的自然語序可能譯成漢語的倒裝語序。明確地說，詞序調整法作為一種翻譯技巧，是指根據(jù)語言習慣在翻譯中對詞序加以改變。這一改變之所以必要或必不可少，首先是因為每種語言都有其詞序特點，其次是可以作為一種修辭手段，達到強調的目的。

9．There is another peculiar negative construction in English in which negation is applied to only a part of the persons or the things mentioned in the subject. The word order of partial negation in English is quite different from Chinese expression. A slight carelessness will cause some gross mistake in translation.

【答案】英語中另有一種特殊的否定結構：只部分地否定主語所表示的人物或事物，這和漢語的同一否定的表達方法很不相同。翻譯時稍有不慎就會出現(xiàn)重大差錯。

10．A double negative in English does not always make a positive. Some English grammarians take this kind of negation for vulgar speech. Even some contemporary grammarians regard it as substandard English. At any rate, it is the speech of the native speakers of English, particularly that of the working people in England and the United States. And it presents itself in English literary works, too. In this regard, difference in the ways of thinking does exist between Chinese and English. Otto Jespersen holds that in repeating these negatives, the speaker is only taking pains to make his negative meaning clear and unmistakable, for fear that one negative alone might not be heard.

【答案】英語中的雙重否定并不總是意味著肯定。一些語法家將此種否定稱作粗俗語言，甚至當代一些語法家仍視之為亞標準英語。不管怎么說吧，反正它是英語民族的人所用的語言，特別是英、美一些勞動人民所用的語言，也出現(xiàn)在英語文學作品中。在這一點上，存在著使用這兩種語言的人的思路的差別。奧托·葉斯柏森認為：說話人之所以把這種否定重復一次，是想竭力使其否定意思明確和避免任何誤解，生怕只說一次使人聽不懂他的話。

11．A careful study of any of the five volumes of the Selected Works of Mao Tsetung (Eng. ed.) would enable us to see that the technique of “division” has been aptly employed on many occasions in Chinese-English translation. And this contributes greatly to dialectical unity of “faithfulness” and “smoothness” in the English version of the Selected Works.

【答案】只要認真學習一下五卷《毛澤東選集》英譯本中的任何一本，都可以看出分譯法在漢譯英中的大量運用，這就是此選集的英譯本達到了忠實與通順的辯證統(tǒng)一的主要原因。

12．Division, as a translation technique, means the necessary splitting of a long sentence into shorter sentences. To split a sentence at will is definitely a mistake in translation. For this is bound to mar the style, or even the meaning of the original. But that does not mean “splitting the sentence” is absolutely impermissible. On the principle of “subordinating the part to the whole”, a translator may, through a careful analysis of the context, split a long and involved sentence properly in translation, so as to convey faithfully the thought of the original in a readable way.

【答案】分譯法作為翻譯技巧之一，是指把一句較長的原文分成幾句較短的譯文的方法。隨便分譯一個句子肯定是錯誤的，因為它不可避免地有傷原文的風格與意思。但這不等于說“分譯句子”是絕對不能允許的。根據(jù)“部分服從整體”的原則，譯者可以通過對上下文的仔細分析，對長句、難句進行分譯，使譯文忠實而易懂。

二、翻譯下列各句。注意理解原文

1．She is no fool.

【答案】她很聰明。

2．He is not incapable.

【答案】他很能干。

3．She never comes without bringing some candy for the children.

【答案】她每次來都給孩子們帶些糖果。

4．His pronunciation is not better than mine.

【答案】他的發(fā)音不比我的好。

5．His success is out of the question.

His success is out of question.

【答案】他決不可能成功。他的成功毫無問題。

6．We cannot exaggerate its importance.

【答案】它的重要性我們無論怎樣夸大都不會過分。

7．I can't help thinking that he is still alive.

【答案】我不能不認為他還活著。

8．It is a long lane that has no turning.

【答案】世界上沒有一條不轉彎的路。(亦譯：瓦片也有翻身日。)

9．It is an ill wind that blows nobody good.

【答案】哪怕是歪風吹也有人覺得舒服。(人疾醫(yī)生喜。)

10．They sent him to Coventry.

【答案】他們拒絕和他來往。

三、翻譯下列句子。注意時態(tài)的變換

1．After the outbreak of the war, the whole country was armed in a few days.

【答案】戰(zhàn)爭爆發(fā)后，幾天之內舉國武裝了起來。

2．The sense of superiority that boy from a senior cadre's family acquired in his childhood has never been totally eradicated.

【答案】那個出身高干家庭的小伙子童年時染上的優(yōu)越感至今還沒完全消除。

3．Most of the questions have been settled satisfactorily, only a few of secondary importance remain to be discussed.

【答案】大部分問題已圓滿解決，只剩下個別幾個次要問題有待討論。

4．During the war years before the Liberation lots of children were saved by Comrade Sung Chingling and the China Welfare Institute led by her.

【答案】在解放前的戰(zhàn)爭年代宋慶齡同志和她所領導的中國福利會拯救了很多兒童。

5．At that meeting an agreement was very soon arrived at.

【答案】在那次會上很快達成了一項協(xié)議。

6．I'm afraid I shall be laughed at.

【答案】我想人家會笑我。

7．My first twenty years were spent in a poverty-stricken countryside.

【答案】我的前20年是在貧窮的農村度過的。

8．It was hoped that the Party organization of the school would solve Comrade Ke Jinglong's problem without delay.

【答案】希望該校黨組織迅速解決柯景龍同志的問題。

9．It is universally acknowledged that a single man of a good fortune must be in want of a wife.

【答案】凡是有錢的單身漢，總要娶位太太，這已經成了一條舉世公認的真理。

10．Hitler was also washed away by the storms of history.

【答案】希特勒也被歷史的風暴沖掉了。

11．Smedley’s father was dismissed by the boss of the factory.

【答案】史沫特萊的父親給那工廠的老板解雇了。

12．They were given a hearty welcome.

【答案】他們受到熱烈歡迎。

13．Last year that region was hit by the worst drought in 50 years.

【答案】去年那個地區(qū)遭到50年來最嚴重的旱災。

14．All those hills had been controlled by our army within a few days.

【答案】短短幾天內所有那些山頭都已為被我軍所控制。

15．Rivers are controlled by dams.

【答案】攔河壩把河流控制住了。

16．The city was practically destroyed by the strong earthquake.

【答案】那次強烈地震使這座城市幾乎完全毀掉。

四、對照下列原文及其譯文。指出斜(或黑)體部分的翻譯中所用的技巧

1．There was no haste or restlessness in his manner but a poised friendliness.

他從容不迫，和藹可親。

【答案】詞類轉換(移)法(名一形)

2．Bright, very bright were the stars over the wild, dark Yah’an hills.

在延安的荒涼的漆黑的群山上空。閃爍著明亮潔白的星星。

【答案】詞序調整法

3．All of his purchases of recent years had to be liquidated at a great sacrifice both to his health and his pocketbook.

近年來他所購買的全部東西都不得不用來清償債務。這對他的健康和經濟都是個很大的損失。

【答案】分譯法(一句分成兩句)

4．Koppel entered and was flabbergasted when his patient took his pineapple juice without a whimper.

柯柏走了進來，看見他的病人毫無怨言地喝下菠蘿汁，驚奇得目瞪口呆。

【答案】詞序調整法

5．The lifetime dream of every mature artist in the United States was a Lath-top Prize.

在美國，每個有成就的藝術家一生的夢想，便是得一次拉索普獎金。

【答案】增譯法

6．It gives the Lathrop Gallery pleasure to announce that the First Landscape Prize of$1000 has been awarded to Collis P. Ellsworth for his painting, “Trees Dressed in White”.

茲將風景畫一等獎美金1000元授予“穿白衣的樹”的作者柯利斯·波·艾斯沃斯先生。拉索普畫廊宣布此項決定，深感榮幸。

【答案】詞序調整法

7．She wondered at the magnitude of ①this life and at the importance of ③knowing much in order ②to do anything in it at all.

她對①這種生活景象的偉大很是吃驚，也想到在這樣的地方②做事。必需③有豐富的知識。

【答案】①增譯法②減譯法③詞類轉移法

8．She felt the need of a breath of fresh air and a drink of water，but did not venture to stir.

她感到需要吸些新鮮空氣，喝些水，但是她不敢動。

【答案】詞類轉移法

9．She was concentrating herself too thoroughly—what she did really required less mental and physical strain.

她的注意力集中得過分了—她做這工作，精神上肉體上都用不著那樣緊張的。

【答案】詞類轉移法

10．In the Red Square, where Lenin spoke so often to his comrades, teaching, explaining, leading them forward to new battles against difficulties, his coffin is laid on the raised platform.

列寧的靈柩停放在紅場上的一個高臺上—在紅場上他曾經多次地向他的同志們講過話. 他教導他們，給他們闡述革命道理，率領他們邁向克服困難的新戰(zhàn)斗。

【答案】分譯法

五、翻譯下列各段，注意使用旬后括號內所給的翻譯技巧

1．Crowding down to the water are rows of low houses, dirty and dark, inhabited by countless thousands of poor folk, whose days are spent in unending toil and the struggle to keep alive. (分譯成多個分句)

【答案】沿河擠滿了一排排又暗又臟的矮房子，不計其數(shù)的窮苦百姓居住在這里，他們經年累月永無休止地辛苦干活，掙扎著活下去。

2．The memory of the great men who have lived in London and the poets and dramatists and novelists who wrote their works there lend the place a romance and charm that every visitor cannot but feel. (對 the memory 等詞進行詞類轉移)

【答案】每當想起曾在倫敦住過的偉人以及曾在這里從事寫作的詩人、劇作家、小說家,來訪者不能不感到他們給這里帶來的浪漫色彩和迷人魅力。

3．A canting, lie-loving, fact-hating, scribbling, chattering, wealth-hunting, pleasure-hunting, celebrity-hunting mob, that, having lost the fear of hell, and not replaced it by the love of justice, cares for nothing but the lion's share of the wealth wrung by threat of starvation from the hands of the classes that create it. (用重譯、增譯和分譯等方法)

【答案】一伙冒充善良、愛撒謊、不顧事實瞎寫瞎說、追求金錢、追求快樂、追求名譽的人，一伙既失去對地獄的畏懼，又沒有代之以對正義的熱愛的人，這一伙人，硁硁在意的，只是分到最大部分的財富，這筆財富是從創(chuàng)造它的那些階級的手里以饑餓相威脅而榨取來的。

4．So cowed was their condition, and so long and so hard their experience of what such a man could do to them, within the law and beyond it, that not a voice, or a hand, or even an eye was raised. (用語態(tài)變化、分譯和增譯等技巧）

【答案】人群受慣了欺壓恐嚇，也有過長期的痛苦經驗。他們知道這樣一個人能用合法的和非法的手段給他們帶來多么大的痛苦，因此沒作聲回答。沒有一只手動一動，甚至也沒有抬一抬眼睛。

5．The discovery of surplus value suddenly threw light on the problem, in trying to solve which all previous investigations, of both bourgeois economists and socialist critics, had been groping in the dark. (將定語從句譯成一個等立分句。)

【答案】由于剩余價值的發(fā)現(xiàn)，這里就豁然開朗了，而先前無論資產階級經濟學家或者社會主義批評家所做的一切研究都只是在黑暗中摸索。

6．And of course the country is so ①lovely now that it would be just ②grand for her to have a lovely morning, driving for miles and miles. (①用增譯法，②用詞類轉移法。)

【答案】當然，如今鄉(xiāng)下正是風光明媚的時節(jié)，要是讓她驅車游逛幾十里，度過一個美好的早晨，這對她來說可真會是莫大的享受。

7．Dimitrov knew German quite well, and saw at once he must learn to know it even better in order to fight victoriously and So he studied, chains on his hands and feet, German grammars, the works of Goethe, German history, for he felt that this would also prove an excellent weapon. (對全句分譯，對his一詞減譯。)

【答案】季米特洛夫的德文很好，可是他馬上看清，為了使斗爭的勝利更有把握，他應該學得更好。于是就帶著手銬腳鐐研究德文文法、歌德的著作和德國歷史，因為他覺得這也是一種很好的武器。

8．He read Shakespeare, to help his English, because he felt something in the poet, some mastery of life, that made his mind work quicker, strengthened the grip on life of his own will. (對something一詞用增譯法。)

【答案】他讀莎士比亞的作品來提高他的英語水平，因為他覺得在這位詩人身上有可取法的東西——對于人生的掌握，這使得他的心靈更加敏銳，也加強了他對生活意志的理解。

9．“I am defending myself, an accused communist；I am defending my political honour, my honour as a revolutionary；I am defending my communist ideology, my ideals, the content and significance of my whole life.”(一Dimitrov)(重譯法)

【答案】我正在保衛(wèi)自己,一個被控告的共產黨員；我正在保衛(wèi)我的政治榮譽，一個革命家的榮譽；我正在保衛(wèi)我的共產主義觀點、我的理想、我全部生命的內容和意義。

10．Early I discovered enthusiasm，ambition，and ideals；and to satisfy these become the problem of my childlife。(用增譯法和減譯法。)

【答案】小時候我就覺得熱情奔放，雄心勃勃，壯志凌云；而要滿足這些欲望和理想?yún)s成了我童年生活的一個難題。

11．I fled from work, I became a tramp, begging my way from door to door, wandering over the United States and sweating bloody sweats in slums and prisons. (用減譯法。)

【答案】于是我逃之天天，成了流浪漢，挨門乞討，在美國各地漂泊流浪，在貧民窟和監(jiān)獄里流著血和汗。

12．“The stairway of time is ever echoing with the wooden shoe going up, the polished boot descending.”(先譯狀語。)

【答案】“時間的樓梯從來都是隨著木鞋上升、亮皮靴下行發(fā)出回響。”

13．She was a woman of mean understanding, little information, and uncertain temper. (把斜體部分譯成形容詞，作前置定語，修飾woman的漢語。)

【答案】她是個智力貧乏、不學無術、喜怒無常的女人。

14．Electromagnetic waves travel at the same speed as light does. (主謂結構譯成偏正結構。)

【答案】電磁波的傳播速度和光速相同。

15．It was not until l949 that the first commercial product, the Model A Copier. came off the line. (用正說反譯，反說正譯法。)

【答案】直到1949年才誕生了第一臺商品產品——A型復印機。