第3章　約翰·科頓和羅杰·威廉姆斯

3.1　復習筆記

I. John Cotton (1585－1652) (約翰·科頓)

(1) John Cotton was the first major intellectual spokesman of the Massachusetts Bay Colony and sometimes he was called “the Patriarch of New England”.

(2) John Cotton wrote several books of hard-hitting Puritan argument, but his primary influence was through the pulpit. From the time he came to Boston in 1633, he was the “teacher” or spiritual leader of the community, and its guiding influence toward the ideal of theocracy.

(3) Through John Cotton we can see an important characteristic of the Puritans. They were much more concerned with authority than with democracy.

(4) Cotton was partly responsible for Roger Williams’s exile from Massachusetts. However, whatever faults and limitations he may have had, John Cotton’s firmness and devotion to his beliefs always demanded respect.

(1) 約翰·科頓是馬薩諸塞灣殖民地第一個知識分子的主要發言人，有時被稱為“新英格蘭的族長”。

(2) 約翰·科頓寫了幾本有力地說明清教徒理論的書，但是他的主要影響在于他的講道。1633年到波士頓之后，他一直是社區的精神領袖，他所宣講的由宗教來統治國家的神權思想直接影響了當時人們的行為。

(3) 通過約翰·科頓我們可以看到清教徒的主要特點。他們關注更多的是權威而不是民主。

(4) 科頓對威廉姆斯被驅逐出馬薩諸塞州一事負有部分責任。然而，不管科頓有著怎樣的缺點和局限，他對于信仰的堅定和貢獻都是值得敬佩的。

II. Roger Williams(1603－1683) (羅杰·威廉姆斯)

(1) Though educated in law at Cambridge University, Roger Williams entered the church and was caught up in the Puritan tide. after he came to the Massachusetts colonies in 1631, his more democratic view of church government diverged from leaders of the settlements, leading to his exile to what is now Rhode Island, where he founded a community which he called Providence, because of “God’s merciful providence to him in his distress”.

(2) Williams heralded the history of religious toleration in America, and the history of the separation of church and state. he held that no political order or church system could identify itself directly with god. As a puritan, Williams’s toleration sprang from the idea that simply to be virtuous in conduct and devout in belief did not give anyone the right to force belief on others.

(1) 威廉姆斯曾在劍橋大學學習法律，但是沒有從事法律相關的工作，而是進入教堂，沉浸在清教流派中。當他于1631年來到馬薩諸塞殖民地后，他更民主的宗教觀點與殖民地的領導人產生分歧，致使他被流放到現在的羅德島州。他建立了一個叫“天意”的社區，因為“逆境中上帝賜予他仁慈的天意”。

(2) 羅杰·威廉姆斯開創了美國宗教容忍異己的歷史，也開創了美國政教分離的歷史。作為一個清教徒，威廉姆斯的容忍是來自于一種樸素的思想，即行為正直，信仰虔誠，沒有任何權力將信仰強加于任何人。