1.11 [11] 景公欲廢嫡子陽(yáng)生而立荼晏子諫

齊景公打算廢掉嫡子陽(yáng)生而立荼，晏子進(jìn)諫

【原文】

淳于人納女于景公，生孺子荼，景公愛(ài)之。諸臣謀欲廢公子陽(yáng)生而立荼，公以告晏子。晏子曰：“不可。夫以賤匹貴，國(guó)之害也；置（大）〔子〕立少，亂之本也。夫陽(yáng)生（而長(zhǎng)）〔長(zhǎng)而〕國(guó)人戴之，君其勿易！夫服位有等，故賤不陵貴；立子有禮，故孽不亂宗。愿君教荼以禮而勿陷于邪，導(dǎo)之以義而勿湛于利。長(zhǎng)少行其道，宗孽得其倫。夫陽(yáng)生敢毋使荼饜（梁）〔粱〕肉之味，玩金石之聲，而有患乎？廢長(zhǎng)立少，不可以教下；尊孽卑宗，不可以利所愛(ài)。長(zhǎng)少無(wú)等，宗孽無(wú)別，是設(shè)賊樹奸之本也。君其圖之！古之明君，非不知繁樂(lè)也，以為樂(lè)淫則哀；非不知立愛(ài)也，以〔為〕義失則憂。是故制樂(lè)以節(jié)，立子以道。若夫恃讒諛以事君者，不足以責(zé)信。今君用讒人之謀，聽(tīng)亂夫之言也，廢長(zhǎng)立少；臣恐后人之有因君之過(guò)以資其邪，廢少而立長(zhǎng)以成其利者。君其圖之！”公不聽(tīng)。景公沒(méi)，田氏殺君荼，立陽(yáng)生；殺陽(yáng)生，立簡(jiǎn)公；殺簡(jiǎn)公而（耴）〔取〕齊國(guó)。

【今譯】

淳于國(guó)送了一個(gè)美女給齊景公，生下孺子荼，景公很寵愛(ài)他。大臣們謀劃打算廢掉公子陽(yáng)生，立荼為世子，景公把這件事告訴了晏子。晏子說(shuō)：“不行。用低賤匹敵高貴，是國(guó)家的大害；廢太子而立少子，是動(dòng)亂的本源。陽(yáng)生年長(zhǎng)，百姓們擁戴他，您還是不要更換吧！服飾職位有等級(jí)之別，所以地位低的不能欺凌地位高的；冊(cè)立世子有禮法規(guī)定，所以庶子不能擾亂嫡長(zhǎng)。希望您用禮法來(lái)教導(dǎo)荼，不要讓他陷入邪惡；用大義開(kāi)導(dǎo)他，不要讓他沉迷于私利。年長(zhǎng)的和年少的各自遵行自己的道義，嫡子和庶子都擺正自己的位置。陽(yáng)生怎么敢不讓荼飽食粱肉美味，欣賞金石之聲，怎么敢讓他有所憂慮？廢掉長(zhǎng)子冊(cè)立少子，不可以用來(lái)教育臣民，尊崇庶子輕視嫡子，并不能對(duì)您喜愛(ài)的（荼）有利。年長(zhǎng)年少?zèng)]有等差，嫡子庶子沒(méi)有區(qū)別，這是禍亂的根源。請(qǐng)您認(rèn)真考慮！古時(shí)候的賢明君主，不是不知道繁復(fù)音樂(lè)（的美妙），（但他們）認(rèn)為過(guò)分沉迷音樂(lè)就會(huì)哀思；不是不知道冊(cè)立自己寵愛(ài)的人，（但他們）認(rèn)為喪失禮義就會(huì)產(chǎn)生憂患。所以制定音樂(lè)要有節(jié)制，冊(cè)立世子要遵禮法。至于那些憑借讒言和阿諛來(lái)侍奉國(guó)君的人，根本不值得信任。現(xiàn)在您采納讒諛之人的計(jì)謀，聽(tīng)信奸亂之人的言語(yǔ)，廢長(zhǎng)立少；我怕以后有人因?yàn)槟倪^(guò)失而滋生了邪念，通過(guò)廢少立長(zhǎng)來(lái)成全自己的利益。請(qǐng)您認(rèn)真考慮！”景公不聽(tīng)。景公死后，大夫田氏殺掉國(guó)君荼，擁立陽(yáng)生；又殺掉陽(yáng)生，擁立簡(jiǎn)公；之后又殺掉簡(jiǎn)公取代了（姜氏）齊國(guó)。

A man from the state of Qunyu^[2] gave his daughter as a concubine to Duke Jing and she gave birth to a son^[3] named Tu. The Duke loved him and the m inisters plotted to depose the crown prince Yang Sheng in favor of Tu. The Duke informed Yanzi about it.

Yanzi said: “It would not be proper. Taking the noble as equal to the low ly is harm ful to the state. Setting aside the elder son and installing the younger as a successor is the root of disorder. Yang Sheng is the elder,and the people of the state support him. You,my Lord,should not change this. Clothes and positions have their proper ranks,and therefore the lower do not supersede the higher. There are rites pertaining to the appointment of a son as a successor; therefore,the son of a concubine should not disrupt the family line. I w ish that you,my Lord,would teach Tu the rites,so as not to let him fall into perversity,guide him w ith righteousness and prevent him from sinking into self-interest. When the elder and the younger sons each follow his own proper way,then the w ife’s son and the concubine’s son receive their proper standing. How would Yang Sheng presume not to let Tu appease his hunger w ith the taste of millet and meat,and delight to the sound of bell and stone,when such conduct would lead to such worries? You cannot instruct those below you by deposing the elder and appointing the younger; you cannot benefit those you love by honoring the concubine’s son and degrading the w ife’s son. If no difference in rank exists between the elder and the younger,and no difference exists between the son of the formal wife and the son of the concubine,then this is the root of fostering the w icked and sow ing the seeds of evil. You,my Lord,should give this your careful consideration. It is not that the enlightened rulers of antiquity did not know various pleasures; but rather,they were of the opinion that excessive pleasures result in misery. It is not that they did not know how to install their cherished ones as their successors,but rather,they thought that the loss of righteousness results in troubles. For these reasons,they tempered enjoyment with proper measure and installed sons as successors in accordance w ith the Way. If people serve you,my Lord,w ith slanders and flattery,then they are not qualified to be charged w ith responsibility and trust. But now you,my Lord,make use of the advice of slanderers and you pay heed to the words of those who create disorder,deposing the elder and appointing the younger. I fear that in the future,there w ill be people who w ill use your m istakes,my Lord,to support their ow n perversities. They w ill depose your younger son and reappoint your elder in order to attain profit for themselves. M y Lord,you should give this your careful consideration.”

The Duke,however,paid him no heed. A fter Duke Jing’s death,the Tian^[4] clan killed Lord Tu and reinstalled Yang Sheng. They then killed Yang Sheng and installed Duke Jian as his successor. They then killed Duke Jian and seized control of the state of Qi.

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注釋

[1]Item–1.11 [11] ? Chunqiu Gongyangzhuan 春秋公羊傳,12.6.8/153/22.

[2]A minor state in the Chunqiu period located in present-day Shandong.

[3]Om it ru 孺 (JS,40/4).

[4]YZCQ’s “Tian lineage” (田氏) is identical w ith the Zuozhuan’s “Chen lineage” (陳氏). For a discussion of the interchangeability of these two lineages’ names,see Legge,V,840. See also Item 4.17 [97].