The parties may exclude the application of this Convention or,subject to article 12,derogate from or vary the effect of any ofits provisions.
第一,排除全部《公約》適用的選擇權。本條前半句規定,“雙方當事人可以排除本《公約》的適用”。這里的“本公約”顯然是指《公約》整體。據此,合同雙方當事人有權選擇不適用整個《公約》。即使在符合《公約》第1條等條款規定的適用條件下,當事人依然可以決定排除《公約》的適用。
第二,排除部分《公約》適用的選擇權。本條并沒有明確規定,合同當事人是否擁有排除部分《公約》適用的選擇權。但國際合同法學界一般認為:本條賦予了當事人這一權利。筆者認同這一觀點。因為在本條后半句有關“減損本《公約》的任何規定或改變其效力”的規定中已經蘊含了這一授權。所謂“減損本《公約》的任何規定或改變其效力”是指:合同當事人約定不適用《公約》的某些條款,或者更改甚至重新擬定《公約》的部分條款。[100]而排除部分條款的適用或更改、修訂部分條款的內容并不一定排除《公約》其他條款的適用。所以,這后半句實質上賦予了合同當事人選擇部分適用《公約》的權利。[101]
對于第一類選擇權的行使,《公約》沒有規定任何限制。但是,對于第二類選擇權的行使,《公約》設置了限制條件。這一限制條件就規定在本條后半句有關“在第12條規定的條件下,減損本《公約》的任何規定或改變其效力”中。這里的“在第12條規定的條件下”要求:當事人行使第二類選擇權必須符合第12條規定的條件。該第12條授予成員國的一項重要權利是:它們可以根據《公約》第96條的規定通過發布聲明而對《公約》第11條、第29條或者其他允許當事人以書面以外方式簽訂銷售合同、對合同進行修改、協議終止合同、發出邀約、承諾或其他意思表示的條款行使保留權。一旦一個締約國作出了此種保留聲明,而且一方當事人的營業地碰巧位于該締約國境內,那么,雙方當事人行使本條下的選擇權便不得減損本條或改變其效力。《公約》設置限制的目的是防止當事人通過行使本條規定的選擇權而規避那些行使保留權的國家中有關合同形式的強制性規定。[102]
除了第12條規定的限制之外,國際合同法學界還認為:合同當事人不得減損《公約》中那些具有國際公法性質的條款或改變這些條款的效力,例如第89~101條便是此類條款,因為這些條款規范的主體是國際公法上的主體即主權國家,而不是私法上的主體即國際貨物買賣合同的當事人。[103]另外,還有部分學者認為:《公約》第4條[104]、第7條[105]、第28條[106]也屬于當事人不得排除適用的條款。
所謂“明示行使選擇權的形式”是指當事人可以明確表示:《公約》或其中的哪些條款將不適用于他們之間的合同。一般認為:當事人可以通過明示的方式排除《公約》的適用。而這種明示選擇又可包括兩種:其一,在明示排除《公約》適用的同時,約定了適用于其合同的法律;其二,在明示排除《公約》適用時,沒有約定適用于其合同的法律。[107]
所謂“默示排除《公約》適用的方法”是指:合同當事人沒有作出明確排除《公約》適用的約定,但有跡象表明,他們不愿選擇《公約》作為適用于其合同的法律。《公約》沒有明確規定當事人是否可以通過默示的方式選擇不適用《公約》,但是,國際合同法學界[111]和司法界[112]的主流觀點認為:合同當事人可以通過這種方式排除《公約》的適用。默示排除《公約》適用的方法很多,大致可以區分為以下幾類:
第二,選擇適用某一締約國的法律。這是指:當事人沒有明確作出排除《公約》適用的約定,但是他們約定:某一締約國的法律將適用于其合同。對于這種情形,部分仲裁機構和法院認為:這也間接地排除了《公約》的適用,否則,這種選擇沒有任何實際意義。[114]但是這一看法有些過于絕對。當事人選擇適用某一締約國的法律,并不一定等同于他們決定不適用《公約》。因為在《公約》的成員國中,《公約》也是該國用以調整其國際貿易的法律,所以,選擇某一成員國的法律也可能意味著他們約定選擇適用《公約》。從國際貿易司法實踐看,大多數仲裁機構和法院肯定這一觀點。[115]根據這些裁決或判決,這種選擇是否具有排除《公約》適用的作用,主要取決于當事人在約定中是否直接指明將適用該成員國的“國內法”。如果其約定沒有特別指明這一點,則沒有排除《公約》的適用;反之,則被認為排除了《公約》的適用。例如,如果當事人雙方約定適用德國《民法典》或中國《合同法》,這就屬于直接指明“適用成員國的國內法”的情形,從而排除了《公約》的適用。如果雙方當事人僅僅約定適用“德國法”或“中國法”,則沒有排除《公約》的適用。
第四,在事實上依據國內法進行辯護。在已經具備適用《公約》所有條件的情況下,當事人僅僅依據國內法提起訴訟,這是否意味著當事人已經默示地排除了《公約》的適用?目前在國際上根據不同的司法傳統,大致有兩種不同的做法:其一,在承認“法官必須知道適用于爭議的法律(juranovitcuria)”這一原則的國家中,當事人的這種做法具有有條件地排除《公約》適用的功能,即當事人僅僅根據國內法提起訴訟或作出辯護本身并不一定導致排除適用《公約》,還必須有其他跡象表明:當事人有排除《公約》適用的意圖。[117]但有的法院卻認為:在這種情況下,當事人的認知有錯誤,故作出適用《公約》的決定。[118]其二,在那些不承認“法官必須知道適用于爭議的法律”這一原則的國家,法院和仲裁機構認為:在這種情況下,當事人默示地排除了《公約》的適用,故作出了應該適用當事人引用的國內法的決定。[119]
第五,選擇適用Incoterms。在國際貿易實踐中,當事人有可能約定適用Incoterms。一般認為,選擇適用Incoterms并不意味著默示排除《公約》的適用,因為Incoterms僅僅涉及國際貨物買賣合同中的部分條款。[120]因此,在當事人選擇Incoterms時,還必須根據其他因素來判斷是否排除了《公約》的適用。
如上所述,根據本條明確授權,合同當事人可以自由選擇適用全部或部分《公約》。但是,《公約》沒有明確規定:在不具備《公約》規定的適用條件的情況下,當事人是否有權選擇適用《公約》。1964年《國際貨物買賣合同成立統一法公約》第4條便明確進行了這樣的授權。一般認為:《公約》中沒有加入類似的條款并不必然意味著:禁止當事人選擇適用《公約》,而且根本沒有必要在《公約》中加入這樣的條款,因為《公約》已經賦予當事人充分的意思自治權,根據這一權利,他們完全可以在不具備條件的情況下選擇適用《公約》。解決爭議的法院或仲裁機構是否承認這種選擇則是另外一個問題。[121]在通常情況下,應該由法院或仲裁機構根據適用的國內法來審查當事人的這種選擇是否有效。
[1]Schlechtriem/Ferrari,Kom mentar zumEinheitl ichen U N-Kaufrecht—CISG,S.61.
[3]參見張玉卿:《國際貨物買賣統一法———聯合國貨物買賣合同公約釋義》,3版,13頁,北京,中國商務出版社,2009。
[4]Joseph Lookofsky,
The1980UnitedNationsConventiononContractsforthe InternationalSaleofGoods,Kluwer Law International,the Hague,2000,p.33;Schlechtriem/Ferrari,Kom mentar zum Einheitl ichen U N-Kaufrecht—CISG,S.54.
[5]Erik Jayme,C.M.Bianca(Author),Michael Joachim Bonell,Bianca-Bonell Com mentary on the International Sales Law,p.30;Schlechtriem/Ferrari,Kom mentar zum Einheitl ichen U N-Kaufrecht—CISG,S.65.
[6]Schlechtriem/Ferrari,Kom mentar zumEinheitl ichen U N-Kaufrecht—CISG,S.69.
[7]Schlechtriem/Ferrari,Kom mentar zumEinheitl ichen U N-Kaufrecht—CISG,S.72; U N CIT R A L,Digest of Case Law on the United Nations Convention on the Inter-national Sale of Goods,p.6.
[8]Schlechtriem/Ferrari,Kom mentar zumEinheitl ichen U N-Kaufrecht—CISG,S.71.
[9]U N CIT R A L,Digest of Case Law on the United Nations Convention on the In-ternational Sale of Goods,p.12.
[10]Joseph Lookofsky,The 1980 United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods,Kluwer Law International,the Hague,2000,p.36.
[11]Erik Jayme,in C.M.Bianca(Author),Michael JoachimBonell,Bianca-Bonell Com mentary on the International Sales Law.p.33;Schlechtriem/Ferrari,Kom-mentar zum Einheitl ichen U N-Kaufrecht—CISG,S.68.
[12]U N CIT R A L,Digest of Case Law on the United Nations Convention on the In-ternational Sale of Goods,p.13.
[13]張玉卿:《國際貨物買賣統一法———聯合國貨物買賣合同公約釋義》,23頁。Schlechtriem/Ferrari,Kom mentar zum Einheitl ichen U N-Kaufrecht—CISG,S.81.
[15]Schlechtriem/Ferrari,Kom mentar zumEinheitl ichen U N-Kaufrecht—CISG,S.82.
[16]Schlechtriem/Ferrari,Kom mentar zumEinheitl ichen U N-Kaufrecht—CISG,S.83.
[17]Schlechtriem/Ferrari,Kom mentar zumEinheitl ichen U N-Kaufrecht—CISG,S.82; U N CIT R A L,Digest of Case Law on the United Nations Convention on the Inter-national Sale of Goods,p.13.
[18]O G H,11.2.1997,CISG Onl ine 298.
[19]Schlechtriem/Ferrari,Kom mentar zumEinheitl ichen U N-Kaufrecht—CISG,S.83.
[20]Schlechtriem/Ferrari,Kom mentar zumEinheitl ichen U N-Kaufrecht—CISG,S.86; U N CIT R A L,Digest of Case Law on the United Nations Convention on the Inter-national Sale of Goods,p.13.
[21]Schlechtriem/Ferrari,Kom mentar zumEinheitl ichen U N-Kaufrecht—CISG,S.86.
[22]Bamberger/Roth/Saenger,Art.2,Rdn.7.
[23]Herer,2.Aufl .Art.2,Rn.2.3.
[24]Schlechtriem/Ferrari,Kom mentar zumEinheitl ichen U N-Kaufrecht—CISG,S.88; U N CIT R A L,Digest of Case Law on the United Nations Convention on the Inter-national Sale of Goods,p.13.
[25]U N CIT R A L,Digest of Case Law on the United Nations Convention on the In-ternational Sale of Goods,p.13.
[26]參見張玉卿:《國際貨物買賣統一法———聯合國貨物買賣合同公約釋義》,26頁。
[27]Schlechtriem/Ferrari,Kom mentar zumEinheitl ichen U N-Kaufrecht—CISG,S.88.
[28]參見張玉卿:《國際貨物買賣統一法———聯合國貨物買賣合同公約釋義》,27頁。
[29]Schlechtriem/Ferrari,Kom mentar zumEinheitl ichen U N-Kaufrecht—CISG,S.89.
[30]Enderlein/Maskow/Strohbach,Art .2 Anm.7.2;Herber,2.Aufl .Art .2 Rn.33.
[31]Audit,Vente Internationale,S.30; H onnold,Rn.54;另參見張玉卿:《國際貨物買賣統一法———聯合國貨物買賣合同公約釋義》,27頁。
[32]Enderlein/M askow/Strohbach,Art.2 Anm.7.2; Pi lz,Internationales Kau-frecht,§ 2 Rn.52; U N CIT R A L,Digest of Case Law on the United Nations Conven-tion on the International Sale of Goods,p.13.
[33]U N CIT R A L,Digest of Case Law on the United Nations Convention on the In-ternational Sale of Goods,p.13.
[34]U N CIT R A L,Digest of Case Law on the United Nations Convention on the In-ternational Sale of Goods,p.13.
[35]Schlechtriem/Ferrari,Kom mentar zumEinheitl ichen U N-Kaufrecht—CISG,S.91; U N CIT R A L,Digest of Case Law on the United Nations Convention on the Inter-national Sale of Goods,p.13.
[36]Bamberger/Roth/Saenger,Art.3,Rn.4.
[37]CL O U T case No.157 [Cour dappel Chambéry,France,25 M ay 1993].
[38]CL O U T case No.331 [Handelsgericht des Kantons Zürich,Switzerland,10 February 1999](see full text of the decision);CL O U T case No.2 [Oberlandesgericht Frankfurt am M ain,Germany,17 September 1991](see fulltext of the decision).
[39]《朗文當代高級英語辭典》,1541頁,北京,商務印書館,1998。
[40]潘再平:《新德漢詞典》(《德漢詞典》修訂本),1343頁,上海,上海譯文出版社,1999。
[41]Enderlein/M askow/Strohbach,Art.3,Anm.3.
[42]Bamberger/Roth/Saenger,Art.3,Rn.4; H onnold,Rn.59.
[43]Winship,Scope,S.1-24.
[44]CL O U T case No.164 [Arbitration—Arbitration Court attached to the H ungar-ian Chamber of Com merce and Industry,H ungary,5 December 1995](see full text of the decision).
[45]John O.H onnold,Uniform Law for International Sales under the 1980 United Nations Convention,3rd ed.(1999),pp.56-62.Reproduced with permission of the publ isher,Kluwer Law International,the Hague.,見http: //w w w .cisg .law .pace .edu/cisg/bibl io/ho3.html,訪問時間:2015-05-21。
[46]參見張玉卿:《國際貨物買賣統一法———聯合國貨物買賣合同公約釋義》,27頁。
[47]Schlechtriem/Ferrari,Kom mentar zumEinheitl ichen U N-Kaufrecht—CISG,S.96.
[48]H onnold,Rn.60.2;Reimers-Zocher,S.177.
[49]Schlechtriem/Ferrari,Kom mentar zumEinheitl ichen U N-Kaufrecht—CISG,Art.3,Rn.12.
[51]見http: //w w w.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/preponderant,訪問時間:2014-05-12。
[52]Schlechtriem/Ferrari,Kom mentar zumEinheitl ichen U N-Kaufrecht—CISG,S.92.
[54]Bianca/Bonell/Khoo,Art.3,Anm.2.3.; Witz/Salger/Loranz,Art.3,Rn .4;U N CIT R A L,Digest of Case Law on the United Nations Convention on the Interna-tional Sale of Goods,p.14.
[55]CL O U T case No.122 [Oberlandesgericht Kln,Germany,26 August 1994].
[56]CL O U T case No.152 [Cour dappel Grenoble,France,26 Apri l 1995](see fulltext of the decision).
[57]CLO U T case No.346 [Landgericht Mainz,Germany,26 November 1998];Czer-wenka,Rechtsanwendungsprobleme,S.144;Staudinger/Magnus,Art .3,Rn.21.
[58]Schlechtriem/Ferrari,Kom mentar zumEinheitl ichen U N-Kaufrecht—CISG,Art.4,Rn.8;CL O U T case No.253 [Cantone del Ticino Tribunale dappello,Switzer-land,15 January 1998];Bundesgerichtshof,Germany,9 January 2002,
Internation-alesHandelsrecht,2002,19;CL O U T case No.378 [Tribunale di Vigevano,Italy,12 July 2000];CL O U T case No.380 [Tribunale di Pavia,Italy,29 December 1999].
[60]Achi lles,Art.3,Rn.2;Pi lz,Internationales Kaufrecht,§ 3,Rn.2.
[61]O G H,22.10.2001,CISG-Onl ine 613;O G H,6.2.1996,CISG-Onl ine 224.
[62]Enderlein/M askow/Strohbach,Art.4,Anm.3.1.
[63]Geneva Pharmaceuticals Tech.Corp.v.Barr Labs.Inc.,U.S.Dist.C T(S .D .N .Y.),10.5.2002,CISG-Onl ine 653.
[64]United Nations Conference on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods,Vienna,10 M arch-11 Apri l 1980,Official Records,Documents of the Conference and Sum mary Records of the Plenary M eetings and of the M eetings of the M ain Com mittee,1981,17.
[65]Audit,Vente Internationale,S.31; Witz/Salger/Loranz,Art.4,Rn.8.
[66]Schlechtriem/Ferrari,Kom mentar zumEinheitl ichen U N-Kaufrecht—CISG,Art.4,Rn.17.
[67]Herber,2.Aufl .,Art.4.,Rn.9,15.
[68]CL O U T case No.378 [Tribunale di Vigevano,Italy,12 July 2000](see full text of the decision); CL O U T case No.333 [han-delsgericht des Kantons Aargau,Switzerland,11 June 1999](see full text of the decision);Landgericht Berl in,24 M arch 1999,avai lable on the Internet at http: //w w w.uni lex.info/case.cfm? pid=1 & do=case &id=440 & step=FullText;CL O U T case No.251 [handelsgericht des Kan-tons Zürich,Switzerland,30 November 1998](see full text of the decision);CL O U T case No.189 [Oberster Gerichtshof,Austria,20 M arch 1997](seefulltext ofthe deci-sion);CL O U T case No.335 [A G Tessin,Switzerland,12 February 1996],also in Schweizerische Zeitschrift für europisches und internationales Recht,1996,135 ff ..
[69]Camara Nacional de los Apelaciones en lo Comercial,Argentina,14 October 1993,Uni lex;Rechtbank van Koophandel hasselt,17 June 1998,avai lable on the In-ternet at http: //w w w.law.kuleuven.ac.be/int/tradelaw/W K/1998-06-17.htm; hof van Beroep Antwerpen,Belgium,18 June 1996,avai lable on the Internet at http: //w w w.law.kuleuven.ac.be/int/tradelaw/W K/1996-06-18.htm; hof Arnhem,Nether-lands,22August 1995,Nederlands Internationaal Privaatrecht,1995,No.514;CL O U T case No.104[Arbitration—International Chamber of Com merce No.7197,1993];CL O U T case No.47 [Landgericht Aachen,Germany,14 M ay 1993](see full text of the decision).
[70]Stoll,Internationalprivatrechtl iche Fragen,S.512; CL O U TcaseNo.428 [Oberster Gerichtshof,Austria,7 September 2000],also avai lable on the Internet at http: //w w w.cisg.at/8_2200v.htm;Rechtbank Zutphen,Netherlands,29 M ay 1997,Nederlands Internationaal Privaatrecht,1998,No.110; A G Nordhorn,Germany,14 June 1994,avai lable on the Internet at http: //w w w.jura.uni-freiburg.de/ipr1/cisg/ ;O G H,7.9.2000,CISG-Onl ine 642.
[71]Bamberger/Roth/Saenger,Art.3,Rn.22.
[72]Pi lz,Internationales Kaufrecht,§ 2 Rn.141.
[73]Schlechtriem/Ferrari,Kom mentar zumEinheitl ichen U N-Kaufrecht—CISG,Art.4,Rn.17.
[74]U N CIT R A L,Digest of Case Law on the United Nations Convention on the In-ternational Sale of Goods,p.18;CL O U T case No.308 [Federal Court of Austral ia,28 Apri l 1995];CL O U T case No.226 [Oberlandesgericht Koblenz,Germany,16 January 1992].
[75]Bundesgericht,Switzerland,11 July 2000,avai lable on the Internet at http: //w w w .cisg .law .pace.edu/cisg/text/000711s1german.html,CLO U T case No.196 [handels-gericht des Kantons Zürich,Switzerland,26 Apri l 1995](see ful ltext ofthe decision).
[76]Pi lz,NJ W 2000,553,556.
[77]L GHamburg,26.9.1990,CISG-Onl ine 21; Rechtbank vanKoophandel Ieper,29 January 2001,avai lable on the Internet at http: //w w w .law .kuleuven .ac .be/int/tradelaw/W K/2001-01-29 .htm;CL O U T case No .428,avai lable on the Internet at http: //w w w .cisg .at/8 _2200v .htm;CL O U T case No .378 [Tribunale di Vigevano,Italy,12 July 2000](see fulltext of the decision);CL O U T case No .297 [Oberlandes-gericht M ünchen,Germany,21 January 1998](see fulltext ofthe decision);Oberster Gerichtshof,Austria,25 June 1998,Zeitschrift für Rechtsvergleichung,2000,77;CL O U T case No.345 [Landgericht hei lbronn,Germany,15 September 1997].
[78]Pi lz,NJ W 2000,553,556;CL O U T case No.124 [Bundesgerichtshof,Ger-many,15 February 1995](see fulltext of the decision).
[79]CL O U T case No.605 [Oberster Gerichtshof,22 October 2001],also in Inter-nationales Handelsrecht,2002,27;CL O U T case No.378 [Tribunale di Vigevano,Ita-ly,12 July 2000](see full text of the decision);CL O U T case No.360 [A mtsgericht Duisburg,Ger-many,13 Apri l 2000]also in Internationales Handelsrecht,2001,114 f .;CL O U T case No.232 [Oberlandesgericht M ünchen,Germany,11 M arch 1998];CL O U T case No.259 [Kantonsgericht Freiburg,Switzerland,23 January 1998];Land-gericht hagen,Germany,15 October 1997,avai lable on the Internet at http: //w w w.jura.uni-freiburg.de/ipr1/cisg/ ;Landgericht M ünchen,Germany,6 M ay 1997,avai lable on the Internet at http: //w w w.jura.uni-freiburg.de/ipr1/cisg/urtei le/text/341.htm;CL O U T case No.273 [Oberlandesgericht M ünchen,Germany,9 July 1997](see full text of the decision);CL O U T case No.275 [Oberlandesgericht Düsseldorf,Germany,24 Apri l 1997](see fulltext of the decision);CL O U T case No.169 [Ober-landesgericht Düsseldorf,Germany,11 July 1996];Landgericht Duisburg,Germany,17 Apri l 1996,avai lable on the Internet at http: //w w w.jura.uni-freiburg.de/ipr1/cisg/ ; CL O U T case No.289[Ober-landesgericht Stuttgart,Germany,21August 1995].
[80]CL O U T case No.338 [Oberlandesgericht ham m,Germany,23 June 1998].
[81]CL O U T case No.613 [[Federal]Northern DistrictforIll inois,U SA 28 M arch 2002],also in 2002 W estlaw 655540(Usinor Industeel v.Leeco Steel Products,Inc.)and on the Internet at http: //cisgw3.law.pace.edu/cases/020328u1.html.
[82]Landgericht M ünchen,Germany,25 January 1996,avai lable on the Internet at http: //w w w.jura.uni-freiburg.de/ipr1/cisg/.
[83]CLO U T Case No.579 [ [Federal]Southern District Court for New york,10 May 2002],also in 2002 U.S.Dist .LEXIS 8411(Geneva Pharmaceuticals Tech .Corp .v .Barr Labs .Inc .),and on the Internet at http: //cisgw3.law .pace.edu/cases/020510u1 .html.
[84]CL O U T case No.84 [Oberlandesgericht Frankfurt am M ain,Germany,20 A-pri l 1994](see fulltext of the decision);CL O U T case No.605 [Oberster Gerichtshof,22 October 2001 ],also avai lable on the Internet at http: //w w w.cisg.at/1_4901i .htm;CL O U T case No.255 [Tribunal Cantonal du Valais,Switzerland,30 June 1998].
[85]CL O U T case No.80 [Kam mergericht Berl in,Germany,24 January 1994].
[87]ICC,6653/1993,CISG-Onl ine 71.
[88]Achi lles,Art.4,Rn.15; Herber,2.Aufl .Art.4 Rn.22;Schlechtriem/Fer-rari,Kom mentar zum Einheitl ichen U N-Kaufrecht—CISG,Art.4,Rn.49.
[89]BG H,9.10.2002,CISG-Onl ine 651.
[91]CL O U T case No.196 [handelsgericht des Kantons Zürich,Switzerland,26 A-pri l 1995].
[92]Staudinger/M agnus,Art.5,Rn.5.
[93]Staudinger/Magnus,Art .5,Rn.6; Witz/Salger/Loranz/Lorenz,Art .5,Rn.2.
[94]Kritzer,Guide to practical appl ication,S.95.
[95]CL O U T case No.196 [handelsgericht des Kantons Zürich,Switzerland,26 Apri l 1995].
[96]CL O U T case No.196 [handelsgericht des Kantons Zürich,Switzerland,26 Apri l 1995].
[97]U N CIT R A L,Digest of Case Law on the United Nations Convention on the In-ternational Sale of Goods,p.21.
[98]CL O U T case No.229 [Bundesgerichtshof,Germany,4 December 1996](see fulltext of the decision).
[99]Schlechtriem/Ferrari,Kom mentar zumEinheitl ichen U N-Kaufrecht—CISG,Art.6,Rn.7;U N CIT R A L,Digest of Case Law on the United Nations Convention on the International Sale of Goods,p.22.
[100]參見張玉卿:《國際貨物買賣統一法———聯合國貨物買賣合同公約釋義》,50頁。
[101]Schlechtriem/Ferrari,Kom mentar zumEinheitl ichen U N-Kaufrecht—CISG,Art.6,Rn.34.
[102]Staudinger/M agnus,Art.6,Rn.52.
[103]Czerwenka,Rechtsanwendungsprobleme,S.172; U N CIT R A L,Digestof Case Law on the United Nations Convention on the International Sale of Goods,p.22.
[104]Bianca/Bonell/Bonell,Art.6,Anm.3.4.
[105]Bianca/Bonell/Bonell,Art.6,Anm.2.
[106]M ueller-Chen,Art.28,Rn.24.
[107]Bamberger/Roth/Saenger,Art.6,Rn.3; U N CIT R A L,Digest of Case Law on the United Nations Convention on the International Sale of Goods,p.22; Witz/Salg-er/Loranz/Lorenz,Art.6,Rn.4.
[108]BG H.9.1.2002.CIS H-Onl ine 651;Pi lz,IH R 2002,2,6.
[109]CL O U T case No.122 [Oberlandesgericht Kln,Germany,26 August 1994];CL O U T case No.292 [Oberlandesgericht Saarbrücken,Germany,13 January 1993](see fulltext ofthe decision);CL O U T case No.331 [handelsgericht Kanton Zürich,10 February 1999].
[110]U N CIT R A L,Digest of Case Law on the United Nations Convention on the In-ternational Sale of Goods,p.22.
[111]Audit,Vente Internationale,S.38;Bamberger/Roth/Saenger,Art.6,Rn .2; Witz/Salger/Loranz/Lorenz,Art.6,Rn.2.
[112]CL O U T case No.605 [Oberster Gerichtshof,Austria,22 October 2001],also avai lable on the Internet at http: //w w w.cisg.at/1 _7701g.htm;Cour de Cassation,France,26 June 2001,avai lable on the Internet at http: //witz.jura.uni-sb.de/CISG/decisions/2606012v.htm; CL O U T case No.483[Audiencia Provincial de Al icante,Spain,16 November 2000];CL O U T case No.378 [Tribunale di Vigevano,Italy,12 July 2000];Oberlandesgericht Dresden,Germany,27 December 1999,avai lable on the Internet at http: //w w w.jura.uni-freiburg.de/ipr1/cisg/urtei le/text/511.htm;CLO U T case No.273 [Oberlandesgericht M ünchen,Germany,9 July 1997](see fulltext ofthe deci-sion);CL O U T case No.136 [Oberlandes-gericht Celle,Germany,24 M ay 1995](see fulltext of the decision).
[113]U N CIT R A L,Digest of Case Law on the United Nations Convention on the In-ternational Sale of Goods,p.22.
[114]CL O U T case No.92 [Arbitration—Ad hoc tribunal,19 Apri l 1994]; Cour dAppel Colmar,France,26 September 1995,avai lable on the Internet at:http: //witz.jura.uni-sb.de/cisg/decisions/260995.htm;CL O U T case No.326 [Kantonsgericht des Kantons Zug,Switzerland,16 M arch 1995];CL O U T case No.54 [Tribunale Civi le de M onza,Italy,14 January 1993].
[115]CLO U T case No.541 [Oberster Gerichtshof,Austria,14 January 2002(see ful l text ofthe decision approving lower appeals courtreasoning);CLO U T case No.631 [Supreme Court of Queensland,Austral ia,17 November 2000];CLO U T case No.429 [Oberlandes-gericht Frankfurt,30 August 2000],also avai lable on the Internet at http: //cisgw3 .law .pace .edu/cisg/text/000830g1german.html;CLO U T case No.630 [Court of Arbitration ofthe International Chamber of Com merce,Zurich,Switzerland,July 1999](see ful l text of the decision); CLO U T case No.270[Bundesgerichtshof,Germany,25 November 1998 ];CLO U T case No.297 [Oberlandesgericht München,Germany,21 January 1998](see ful l text ofthe decision);CLO U T case No.220 [Kantonsgericht Nidwalden,Switzerland,3 De-cember 1997]; CLO U T case No.236[Bundesgerichtshof,Germany,23 July 1997 ];CLO U T case No.287 [Oberlandesgericht München,Germany,9 July 1997];CLO U T case No.230 [Oberlandesgericht Karlsruhe,Germany,25 June 1997](see ful l text of the deci-sion);CLO U T case No.214 [Handelsgericht des Kantons Zürich,Switzerland,5 February 1997](see ful ltext ofthe decision);CLO U T case No.206 [Cour de Cassation,France,17 December 1996](see ful ltext of the decision);CLO U T case No.409 [Landgericht Kassel,Germany,15 February 1996],also in Neue Juristische W ochenschri ft Rechtsprechungs-Re-port,1996,1146 f .;CLO U T case No.125 [Oberlandesgericht Ham m,Germany,9 June 1995];Rechtbank sGravenhage,the Netherlands,7 June 1995,Nederlands Internationaal Privaatrecht,1995,No.524;CLO U T case No.167 [Oberlandesgericht München,Germa-ny,8 February 1995](seeful ltext ofthe decision);CLO U T case No.48 [Oberlandesgericht Düsseldorf,Germany,8 January 1993];ICC Court of Arbitration,award No.9187,avai la-ble on the Internet at http: //w w w.uni lex.info/case.cfm?pid=1 & do=case&id=466 &step=FullText;CL O U T case No.93 [Arbitration—Internationales Schiedsgericht der Bundeskam mer der gewerbl ichen Wirtschaft— Wien,15 June 1994].
[116]Schlechtriem/Ferrari,Kom mentar zumEinheitl ichen U N-Kaufrecht—CISG,Art.6,Rn.31;U N CIT R A L,Digest of Case Law on the United Nations Convention on the International Sale of Goods,p.22.
[117]CL O U T case No.378 [Tribunale di Vigevano,Italy,12 July 2000];CL O U T case No.125 [Oberlandesgericht Ham m,Germany,9 June 1995];Landgericht Land-shut,Germany,5 Apri l 1995,Uni lex.
[118]CL O U T case No.136 [Oberlandesgericht Celle,Germany,24 M ay 1995](see fulltext of the decision).
[119][Oregon Court of Appeals,United States],12 Apri l 1995,133 Or.App.633(GPL Treatment Ltd.v.Louisiana-Pacific Group);Cour de Cassation,France,26 June 2001,avai lableonthe Internetathttp: //witz.jura.uni-sb.de/CISG/decisions/2606012v.htm;ICC Court of Arbitration,award No.8453,ICC Court of Arbitration Bulletin,2000,55.
[120]CL O U T case No.605 [Oberster Gerichtshof,Austria,22 October 2001],also avai lable on the Internet at http: //w w w.cisg.at/1 _7701g.htm.
[121]U N CIT R A L,Digest of Case Law on the United Nations Convention on the In-ternational Sale of Goods,p.23.