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常考語法

經過我們對全國各高校英語專業研究生入學考試語法項目測試內容的分析后發現,語法部分的測試內容主要包括如下語法知識點:非謂語動詞、從句、比較級、固定搭配、虛擬語氣、平行結構、時態與語態、倒裝、情態動詞、主謂一致、代詞、強調和省略、修飾、含糊、累贅、笨拙等。通常情況下,語法試題多以比較復雜的句子結構考查比較簡單的語法知識點。所以,考生應該對語法基本知識點的掌握達到“爐火純青”的地步,面對復雜的句子結構保持清醒的頭腦,切記運用你的“語法意識”去應對看上去相當復雜其實測試的語法內容相當簡單的試題。

第一節 非謂語動詞

i.考點分析

1.謂語動詞后不定式與動名詞的選擇

謂語動詞后接不定式還是接動名詞是語法測試中的一個題眼。此類題的解題技巧主要是熟記哪些動詞后邊只能接動詞不定式,哪些動詞后邊只能接動名詞。

1)通常要求不定式作賓語的常見動詞和詞組有:to afford to do sth.

afford/agree/aim/arrange/ask/attempt/beg/care/choose/claim/decide/demand/desire/determine/endeavor/expect/fail/help/hope/intend/learn/long/manage/mean/offer/plan/prepare/pretend/promise/refuse/resolve/seem/strive/swear/tend/like/want/wish/would/threaten

2)通常要求動名詞作賓語的常見動詞和詞組有:to acknowledge doing sth.

acknowledge/admit/advise/anticipate/appreciate/avoid/can’t help/complete/consider/delay/deny/detest/dread/endure/enjoy/envy/escape/excuse/fancy/favor/feel like/finish/give up/imagine/keep/keep on/leave off/mention/mind/miss/pardon/postpone/practice/put off/quit/recall/recommend/require/report/resent/resist/resume/risk/suggest/spend/tolerate/understand/regret

2.分清“to+名詞/動名詞”與“不定式”,容易產生介詞“to”與不定式符號混淆的常考的固定搭配主要有:

to prefer doing something to doing something

to look forward to doing something

to be used to doing something

to stick to doing something

to object to doing something

to have objection to doing something

to be opposed to doing something

to admit/confess to doing something

3.非謂語動詞的時態和語態

1)非謂語動詞的時態

非謂語動詞的時態有四種,即一般時、進行時、完成時和完成進行時:to do,to be doing,to have done和to have been doing。

2)非謂語動詞語態

非謂語動詞的語態分為主動語態和被動語態:to be done,to be being done,to be having done和to be having been done。

4.作各種成分的非謂語動詞

1)作定語的非謂語動詞有以下幾種形式

動名詞、現在分詞、過去分詞和動詞不定式,動名詞作定語很少考。選擇現在分詞還是過去分詞作定語,要看非謂語動詞與所修飾的詞之間的關系。如果是主謂關系,用現在分詞;如是動賓關系,用過去分詞。如表示將來,用動詞不定式。現在分詞與動名詞作定語的區別在于:現在分詞與被其修飾的名詞之間存在著邏輯上的主謂關系,也就是說,被修飾的名詞通常為現在分詞的邏輯主語,現在分詞用來說明被修飾名詞的動作。如a waiting maid意為:a maid who is waiting;動名詞作定語時,與被修飾名詞之間沒有這種關系,動名詞只是用來說明被修飾名詞的用途或性質。如:a waiting room意為a room for waiting。

2)作狀語

作狀語的可以是不定式,也可以是分詞。用現在分詞還是用過去分詞,要看分詞與句中主語的關系(或與其邏輯主語的關系),如果是主謂關系用現在分詞,如果是動賓關系則用過去分詞。如表示將來用動詞不定式。

3)作表語

測試中對表語的考查主要側重在現在分詞與過去分詞的區別上,所以對于作表語的非謂語動詞,主要看分詞與句子主語之間的關系。作表語的分詞一般只有doing和done兩種形式。其中現在分詞作表語往往表示主語的性質或特征,含有“令人……”的意思,多數情況下主語是物;而過去分詞作表語往往表示被動或主語所處的狀態,含有“感到……”的意思,多數情況下主語是人。

例如:The book is very interesting.He is very interested in it.

可接表語的系動詞很多,除be外還有remain,feel,look,appear,seem,get,become,go等等。

4)作賓語補足語

一般作賓補的非謂語動詞的形式選擇與作其他成分的非謂語動詞形式的選擇規則基本相同。選擇現在分詞還是過去分詞作賓補取決于非謂語動詞與賓語的關系。如果為主謂關系即用現在分詞,如果為動賓關系則用過去分詞。

常見的要求不定式作賓補的動詞有:ask,order,persuade,advise,tell,want,call on,like等。而有些動詞則要求用不帶to的動詞不定式作賓補。其中一類為感官動詞,如:see,hear,watch,notice,feel等;另一類為使役動詞,如:have,let,make等。

ii.真題舉隅

1.____a fine day,we decided to go for apicnic.(北京航空航天大學2014年真題)

A.Having been

B.Being

C.What

D.It being

2.____for along time,the fields are all dried up.(北京航空航天大學2013年真題)

A.There has been no rain

B.Having no rain

C.There having been no rain

D.There being no rain

3.I regret____you that your application has been refused.(北京航空航天大學2012年真題)

A.informing

B.to inform

C.to be informed

D.being informed

4.No matter how often the works of Chaplin____,it always attracted large audiences.(中國海洋大學2013年真題)

A.being performed

B.to be perform

C.performing

D.performed

5.She was trying____by the teacher in class.(中山大學2012年真題)

A.avoiding questioning

B.avoiding to question

C.to avoid being questioned

D.to avoid questioning

6.____in afamed university abroad was what his parents wished for.(中山大學2012年真題)

A.The boy to be cultivated

B.The boy cultivated

C.The boy’s being cultivated

D.The boy was cultivated

7.In spite of his____appearance,his movements were as spirited as ayoung man’s.(中山大學2012年真題)

A.aging

B.aged

C.being aged

D.having aged

8.____no cause for alarm,the old man went back to his bedroom.(廈門大學2011年真題)

A.There was

B.Since

C.Being

D.There being

答案與解析:

1.本題考查分詞獨立主格結構作狀語,分詞的邏輯主語指天氣,因此用it,故答案選D。

2.本題考查分詞獨立主格結構作原因狀語,答案選C。

3.本題考查regret后接動詞不定式與動名詞的區別。regret+動名詞意為:后悔做了……,regret+動詞不定式意為:遺憾地去做……。根據句意,答案選B。

4.本題考查分詞獨立主格結構作狀語。且分詞的邏輯主語the works與分詞所表示的動作perform是被動關系,故不選B、C。A表示動作正在發生,故答案選D。

5.本題考查try后接動詞不定式與動名詞的區別。try+動名詞意為:嘗試著做某事……,try+動詞不定式意為:試圖做某事,企圖做某事。根據句意,答案在C、D中,而主語she與分詞所表示的動作question為被動關系,故答案選C。

6.本題考查動名詞復合結構作主語。the boy’s being cultivated in afamed university abroad在句子中作主語,故答案選C。

7.本題考查非謂語動詞作定語。B選項aged意思是:年老的;A選項aging意思是:正在變老的。根據句意,答案選B。

8.本題考查分詞獨立主格結構作狀語。There is no cause for+n.意思是:沒有必要……A選項必須與后面的句子中間有連詞。B選項since作連詞時后面接從句。C選項,分詞作狀語時,其邏輯主語須與主句主語保持一致,若選C,則表示being no cause for alarm的邏輯主語是the old man,語法講不通。D選項因為沒有連詞,所以用獨立主格結構。答案選D。

第二節從句

i.考點分析

從句的考查主要是對狀語從句、定語從句和名詞從句的考查。

(一)狀語從句

狀語從句的考查,主要是根據主從句的關系判斷連詞的使用。因此,在準備狀語從句時,主要任務是弄清楚各種狀語從句的連詞。

1.時間狀語從句

引導時間狀語從句的連詞主要有:when,whenever,while,as,once,by the time,before,after,since,till/until,as soon as,no sooner...than,hardly/scarcely...when

有關時間狀語從句考生應注意以下要點:

1)when的特殊句式。考試中常常出現。即when意為at that time/then,譯作:正在此時。這時when前常有逗號。考生應特別注意。例如:

One evening little Hans was sitting near the fire,when he heared aloud knock at the door.

2)注意含有時間狀語從句的固定句型,例如:It won’t be long before...

It won’t be long before可以有3個變體,即:

It was(not)+一段時間+before...

It won’t be+一段時間+before...

It may be+一段時間+before...

例如:It will not be long____our supplies run out.

A.sinceB.beforeC.afterD.when

另外一個句型是:It has been/is...+一段時間+since...:自從……以來已經(多長時間了)。

Man had been speaking for many thousands of years before he learned to record the sounds of speech by marks that can be seen.

3)要注意no sooner...than,hardly/scarcely...when引導的時間狀語從句的搭配和時態。它表示一個動作剛剛結束,另一個動作就開始了。主句一般用過去完成時,從句用一般過去時。no sooner/hardly/scarcely放在句首,主句主謂要倒裝。

4)除上述常用的連接副詞外,有些名詞也可以引出時間狀語從句,且常常出現在考試中。如:the moment,the instant,the minute,each time,last time,next time等。

2.原因狀語從句

引導原因狀語從句的連詞主要有:because,since,as,now that,considering(that),seeing(that),in that。其中in that,now that,since曾反復出現在考題中,考生應該引起注意。此外considering that和seeing that也應引起注意。另外考生也應該適當地注意because,since,as的區別:because重在強調原因,所以以why提問的句子必須用because回答。since表示已知的原因,所以常譯為:既然。

Since you don’t trust him,you should not employ him.

既然你不信任他,你就不應該雇用他。

as表示很明顯的原因,其語氣最弱。

We had to walk all the way as we had no money for fares.

我們不得不一路步行,因為我們沒有車費。

3.條件狀語從句

常用的引導條件狀語從句的連詞主要有:if,unless,provided(that),on condition that,so/as long as,suppose/supposing,in case,once等。其中so/as long as時常出現在考題中。unless,in case,provided,suppose引導的從句考生也應該注意。

4.讓步狀語從句

引導讓步狀語從句的連詞有:though,although,as,even though,even if,for all,while,no matter+疑問詞(no matter how/when等)和疑問詞+ever。(例如:however/whatever等)其中考生應該特別注for...all。另外還應該注意:as引導的讓步狀語從句要求用倒裝結構,其后的名詞、原形動詞、副詞、形容詞等要提到句首。可數名詞單數形式不用冠詞。

Try as he will,he never seems able to succeed.

Much as Iadmire him as awriter,I don’t like him as aman.

Child that he was,he knew what was the right thing to do.

5.結果狀語從句

引導結果狀語從句的連詞有:so...that...,such...that,so that,so much so that。其中so much so that...結構用于形容詞或副詞之后,表示“到如此程度以至于……”,是考題中常出現的。

Many are concerned about the selling of users’private information without their consent,so much so that even the Congress has gotten involved.

6.目的狀語從句:

常考的引導目的狀語從句的連詞有:so that,in order that,lest,in case,for fear that。其中in case,for fear that,lest引出的從句常用虛擬語氣。

I am punishing the child lest he should make the same mistakes.

They wouldn’t let their cat run around outside for fear that it should get run over by acar.

You must take asweater in case the weather should turn cold.

7.地點狀語從句

引導地點狀語從句的連詞有:where,wherever。地點狀語從句很簡單,要求同學們做到的就是在考試中能從上下文中看出從句表地點的特征。例如:

Man can build huge dams and create alake____only ariver was before.

A.which

B.where

C.whether

D.when

8.方式狀語從句

考試中涉及方式狀語從句的,用來引導方式狀語從句的連詞主要有:as和as if/though。

As if/as though經常用在be,act,appear,behave,feel,look,seem,smell,sound,taste及其他描寫行為舉止的動詞之后。如果as從句出現在句首,在書面英語中,主句之前常加上so。

Just as amoth is attracted by alight,so he was fascinated by her.

像飛蛾撲向燈光一樣,他也被她深深吸引。

另外名詞the way也可以用來引導方式狀語從句。

I did not like the way he eyed me.

我不喜歡他瞪著眼睛瞧我的樣子。

(二)定語從句

定語從句的考查主要有以下幾個方面。

1.關系詞的選擇

總的說來關系詞的選擇一要看先行詞,二要看關系詞在從句中的作用,在此基礎上熟記幾個常用的固定句式,如:the same...as,such...as。當看到先行詞前有the same或such修飾時,可直接從選項中找出as,選擇就變得比較簡單了。關于關系詞的選擇考生應該注意以下幾點:

1)在涉及關系詞在句中作定語時,同學們應該熟悉關系詞作定語時的各種變體。

作定語的關系詞可有以下變體,試比較:the car whose window is broken;the car the window of which is broken;the car of which the window is broken。

We came within sight of the mountain,____has attracted so many climbers.

A.as summit

B.which summit

C.the summit of it

D.the summit of which

此題就屬于the window of which這種形式。如考生能熟練掌握這些變體,則很容易做選擇,此題答案為D。另外,先行詞是人時,同樣也可有這3種形式,如:the boy whose mother is ateacher;the boy the mother of whom is ateacher;the boy of whom the mother is ateacher.

當然考試中也有對一般形式的考查,只要能夠看出關系詞作定語修飾先行詞,就不難判斷答案為whose。

The damaged ship,____crew had been saved,was completely drowned.

A.whose

B.which

C.that

D.what

2)“介詞+關系代詞”中介詞的選擇往往是命題的要點,也是定語從句的難點。

“介詞+which/whom”主要有以下幾種情況:

a)介詞是句中短語搭配的一部分,通常情況下,在正式文體中,介詞位于關系代詞之前,在非正式文體或口語中,介詞位于詞尾。如:表示“結識某人”要用“be acquainted with...”,所以作定語時,應該是:with whom...be acquainted。

Konald is aman____,partly because of his influence in politics.

A.with whom you will be glad to be acquainted

B.in whom you will be glad to be acquainted

C.who you will be glad to be acquainted of

D.whom you will be glad to be acquainted on

但當介詞與從句中的動詞沒有依賴關系時,無論在何種文體中,介詞都必須位于關系代詞之前。

Another important source of income are the famous Andorran stamps,which most stamp collectors are familiar with.

After several publishers had returned the manuscript,the author no longer knew anyone to whom to sent it.

b)“部分+of+整體名詞”的結構,該結構作關系詞也就是“部分名詞+of which/whom”的結構。常用量詞none,half,both,neither,each,all,a few,a little of whom或which。

In chemical works there are many waste materials,some of which can be turned into useful things under certain conditions.

另外,考生要注意這一結構的變體。即“of whom/which+部分名詞”。例如:

It now has20,000hectares of land,____more than two-thirds are under cultivation.

A.of which

B.of whom

C.of whose

D.whose lands

此題也可以寫成more than two-thirds of which。

c)另一種介詞是表示最高級范圍的介詞。例如:

Living in the western part of the country has its problems,____obtaining fresh water is not the least.

A.with which

B.for which

C.of which

D.which

選項中只有C中的介詞是表示最高級范圍的,所以答案為C。

介詞的選擇更多的是看關系詞與先行詞之間的關系,例如:

She has written many novels popular with young people,of which this is an example.這里用of which源自結構:an example of the novels。

d)有時介詞與先行詞構成短語,例如:to which,源于to...extent的短語搭配。

It is useful to be able to predict the extent____which aprice change will affect supply and demand.

A.from

B.with

C.to

D.for

2.準關系代詞的用法

as,but,than等原來被認為是連詞引導狀語從句,現多當關系代詞來解釋,稱作準關系代詞,也譯作擬關系代詞。

以as當連詞分析:

He is as brave asoldieras the soldier who(=what)ever lived.

他的英勇不下于古往今來的任何軍人。

在as和than之后的what可省略,故本句=He is as brave asoldier as ever lived.

以as當關系代詞分析:

He is as brave asoldier as(關系代詞)ever lived.

1.as的用法

1)as本為連詞,但為省略其后的代詞,它本身兼有代詞的作用而成為關系代詞。其用法有以下三種:

a)前面有as的時候,引導定語從句的關系代詞用as。

As many children as came were given cakes.來的那些孩子們都分到了蛋糕。

=All the children that came were given some cakes.

He is as diligent aman as ever lived.他是世界上最聰明的人。

b)前面有such的時候,引導定語從句的關系代詞用as。

I will provide you with such thing as(關系代詞)you may need.我給你提供一些你可能用得著的東西。

He does not possess such amind as(關系代詞)is necessary to ascientist.他缺乏科學家所必須具備的頭腦。

c)前面有the same的時候,引導定語從句的關系代詞通常用as。

I have bought the same bicycle as you have.我買了跟你一樣的自行車。

Bees like the same odors as we do.蜜蜂喜歡的氣味跟我們一樣。

the same之后的關系代詞也可以用that,但兩者含義不同。

the same...as(指同樣的或同類的)

the same...that(指同一個)

This is the same watch as Ilost.(這和我丟的表是一樣的。——不是同一塊。)

This is the same watch that Ilost.(這是我丟的那塊表。——同一塊。)

2)as作為關系代詞還可以作為關系代詞代替整個主句所表達的意思。as可置于句首或句子后部,在它所引導的定語從句中必須承擔一定的語法成分,即不是作主語就是作

賓語。

As is reported,a foreign delegation will visit the city.(不可以說As it is reported,因為as引導定語從句同時作主語,it是多余的)

As apoet points out,life is but adream.(不可說As apoet points it out,as引導從句同時作賓語。)

注意:不要把用作關系代詞的as和用作連詞的as混淆起來。as用作關系代詞時,只能代表一個句子,絕不能代表一個單詞。

English as spoken in Australia is slightly different from British English.

分析:as前面只有English一個單詞,故as便不是關系代詞而是連詞,as spoken in Australia=as(it is)spoken in Australia,it指English。

又如Oxford as Isee it(我所見到的牛津大學),as之前只有一個單詞Oxford,故是連詞,在它引導的從句中see是及物動詞,后面的it代表Oxford作其賓語,不能省掉。

The telephone____was the invention of Alexander Graham Bell.

A.as is known by usB.as do we know it

C.as we know itD.as we know

as前只有單詞telephone,不能用作關系代詞,而應作連詞用,故正確的選擇應是C。如果把上題中的as從句置于句首或句末,這時as便指主句所表達的意思,變成關系代詞,做know的賓語,我們就該選D,即As we know,the telephone was the invention of Alexander Graham Bell。(或The telephone was the invention of Alexander Graham Bell,as we know.)

3)as和which用來指代主句所表達的內容時用法上的區別:

a)which作為關系代詞也可以指前面的一個句子或詞組所包含的內容,但which指的通常是前面提到過的情況或事實,而不是后面提到的情況或事實;which引導的非限制性定語從句只能放在主句之后。as既可指前面已經提到的情況,也可指后面將要提到的

情況。

b)as后若為is或was+過去分詞構成的被動態,is或was可省掉。which后的is或was則不可省。

c)as引導非限制性定語從句作主語時,還可以用be以外的其他連系動詞作謂語,如seem,become等,一般不用其他行為動詞;但which引導非限制性定語從句作主語時,則可用各類動詞作主語。但as和which都可以作動詞的賓語。

As(不用which)might be expected,John was admitted to the university.

More American troops are being sent to the Middle East,as/which Ihave learnt from the newspaper.

The structure is very complicated,as(不用which,is省略)shown in the figure.

He married her,as/which was natural.

He saw the girl,which(不用as)delighted him.

He saw the girl,as/which he had hoped.

4)as作為代詞引導的一些常見結構:

as is well known/as is known to all眾所周知

as is often the case情況常常如此

as may be imagined可以想象

as often happens這種情況常常發生

as has been said before如前所述

as is usual with sb.某人經常如此

as is natural很自然

as is supposed/expected/anticipated恰如所料

as will be shown in...將在……中指出

as has been pointed out正如已經指出的

5)結構as is hoped,as is usual with sb.,as is natural,as is supposed,as is anticipated,as is the custom with sb.,as is often the case等中的as既可以視為關系代詞,相當于which,引導定語從句,也可以視為連詞,后省略了it,引導狀語從句。

He stayed late into the night,as is often the case.(=which is often the case=as it is often the case)

6)as構成的短語

as likely as not多半

(with greater probability)

as often as not常常(very frequently)

as soon as not更愿(more willingly)

as far as至某地,就……而言

as follows如下(as comes next)

as from自……之日起(dating from)

as(so)long as只要,在……的時候(while)

as much as to say好像是說

as concerning關于

as far as...is concerned關于,至于

as good as像……一樣,幾乎等于

as such作為……的身份,……的本身

(just)as soon寧可

as yet至今,尚

as well as和

without so much as+動名詞連……都不

such as如,像

in so far as在……的范圍內,就……來說

as arule通常,照例

not/never so much as+動詞連……都不

as regards關于

as concerns關于

as well也,亦

without so much as+動名詞連……都不

not such as+動名詞不至于

as against與……相比

as many again多一倍

2.but的用法

but本身含有否定的意思,其作用相當于that...not,之前的主句應有否定詞(如no,not,scarcely,hardly等),使前后的雙重否定變成肯定。所以,含有關系代詞but的句子相當于一個有形容詞every的肯定句,只不過用but語氣較強。

(There)is no rule but has exceptions.(沒有規則是沒有例外的。)

=There is no rule that has not exceptions.

=Every rule has exceptions.

(There)is no man but errs.(沒有人不犯錯誤。)

=There is no man who does not err.

=Every one errs.

注意下面兩句中的but不是關系代詞,而是純粹的連詞,引導表結果的狀語從句。

No one is so old but he may learn.

=No one is so old that he may not learn.

直譯:沒有人太老了而不能學習。

意譯:無論年事多高都能學習。

Nothing is so hard but it becomes easy by practice.

=Nothing is so hard that it does not become easy by practice.

直譯:沒有事情困難到不能通過練習而變得容易。

意譯:無論多么困難的事情經由練習都會變得容易。

因為but前后均為完整的從句,but之前無先行詞,意義上表示結果,所以它是純粹的連詞而非關系代詞。

3.what用作關系代詞

1)用于“what is/was+形容詞比較級”結構中

本結構中,what是關系代詞,泛指上文或下文,意為“更……,尤其……”。這種結構通常作插入語。

He attended the contest and what was more surprising,won agold medal.

She was born in arich family;what was better still,some of her relatives were famous scholars.

Great man are often unknown,or what is worse,misknown.

If,what seldom happens,he would repent,he would be agood boy.

He knows how to write and,what is adifferent thing,how to make money.

He has(what is more precious)a noble heart.(放在括號中作出某種說明)

2)what=the thing(s)which或the person(s)that

what既可以指人,也可以指物。指人時相當于the person(s)that,指物時相當于the thing(s)which。值得注意的是,這種用法的what本身已包括先行詞,故前面不能再有先行詞。也就是說,前有先行詞時,視具體情況用that,which或who,沒有先行詞時,就要用what。what在其中所引導的從句中可以作主語、賓語和表語。

She is what you call asnob.(=She is the woman that you call asnob.)

That is the furniture what you want to buy.(誤)

That is the furniture that/which we want to buy.(正)

what的其他常用用法:

1)A is to Bwhat Xis to Y.此結構表示比喻。其中A、B是主體,X、Y是喻體。相當于漢語的“A對于B猶如(就如,正如)X對于Y一樣”。

Intellect is to the mind what sight is to the body.智力對于思想,猶如視力對于身體一樣。

Parks are to the city what lungs are to the body.公園對都市是正如肺對于人的身體一樣。

2)what在從句中作定語時,還可以和few,little連用,修飾名詞,有時也可省去few,little,表示“盡管不多但已是全部……”的意思。

I will lend you what few reference books(=all the few reference books that)I can spare.我愿把我現在現在不用的為數不多的參考書全部借給你。

We contributed what little money(=all the money that)we had towards the earthquake stricken area.我們把僅有的為數不多的錢全捐獻給了地震災區。

The father gave what money he had to his son.(=all the money that)

3)what is called,what we call,what they call等表示“所謂的”,有時含有貶義。

He is what is called a“child prodigy”.他就是所謂的“神童”。

It is what yo call a“new fashion”.這就是你所謂的“新潮”。

4)no sense whatever的含義

Whatever可作形容詞,常同not,any,no,nothing,anything一起用于否定句或疑問句中,放在名詞或代詞之后,意為“一點也……”,相當于副詞短語at all.

I have no doubt whatever about it.(=I have no doubt about it at all.)

She has no sense whatever.她沒有頭腦。

I know nothing of it whatever.

5)what one is

What one is表示“某人現在的樣子,某人今日的成就,某人的人品”;what one has表示“某人所有的,某人的財產”;what one was或used to be表示“某人過去的樣子”。

I admire him for what he is,not for what he has.我因他的人品而羨慕他,不是因他的財富。

Her painstaking efforts made her what she is.她今天的成就是她勤奮努力的結果。

He is not what he was.他已非從前的他了。

6)what...do with...處置;度過(時間等)

What shall we do with the back numbers of those magazines?我們怎樣處理那些過期的

雜志。

What did you do with yourself during the winter holidays?你寒假是怎樣度過的?

4.注意先行詞表示時間、地點時,關系詞的選用

如果用when,where引導定語從句,關系詞在從句中應該是作狀語,否則應該用which/that等。

例如:

Beijing is the place Iwant to visit most./Beijing is the place where Iwas born.

I will never forget the day we spent together./I will never forget the day when we met the first time.

5.適當注意that和which的區別

that和which在指物時常可以替換,但在下列情況下一般都用that引出從句。

1)先行詞前的定語為序數詞或形容詞最高級時,只能用that。

The first thing(that)we should do is to make aplan.

This is one of the most exciting film(that)I have ever seen.

2)先行詞為all,everything,nothing,something,anything,little等不定代詞時,只能用that。

Is there anything that Ican do for you?

此外that不能引出非限定性定語從句。that亦不可作介詞賓語。因此只能用介詞+which引出定語從句。

(三)名詞從句

名詞性從句包括主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句和同位語從句。名詞性從句的考查主要集中在以下幾點:

1.從句的語序為陳述語序

They are teachers and don’t realize____to start and run acompany.

A.what it takesB.what takes itC.what they takeD.what takes them

此句為what引導的賓語從句,故應用陳述語序,從句中直接主語為不定式,it為形式主語,故選A。

2.名詞性從句的連詞的選擇

名詞性從句的連詞中what的使用最為廣泛,考查得也最多。涉及what連詞的占5/8。

In some countries,____is called“equality”does not really mean“equal rights for all people.”

A.whichB.whatC.thatD.one

3.連詞what為縮合連詞

相當于all that/everything that等,除what以外,when,where,why也都可作縮合連詞來用,考生也應引以注意。

4.注意whoever與who的差別

whoever相當于anyone who,而who為疑問連詞。但從考試來看,更傾向于whoever與whatever,whichever等的比較。也就是說,測試傾向于對句子的理解,而不只是語法規則的記憶。

We agreed to accept____they thought was the best tourist guide.

A.whateverB.whomeverC.whicheverD.whoever

選項在句中作主語,根據句意應選D。

5.同位語從句一般以that為連詞者多

這類從句的特點是從句表示與其同位的名詞的具體內容,連詞that沒有任何詞匯意義。

There are signs____restaurants are becoming more popular with families.

A.that

B.which

C.in which

D.whose

ii.真題舉隅

真題舉隅:

1. Have you ever been in a situation____you know the other person is right yet you cannot agree with him or her?(北京交通大學2013年真題)

A.by which

B.that

C.in that

D.where

2.____in amild climate,outdoors sports flourish in Australia.(北京交通大學2013年真題)

A.It could expected

B.As would be expected

C.Such should expect

D.That might be expected

3.____more societies are geared to retirement at around65,companies have alooming problem of knowledge management.(北京科技大學2013年真題)

A.Given that

B.Provided

C.Unless

D.While

4.After____seemed an endless wait,it was her turn to enter the persond manager’s office.(中國海洋大學2013年真題)

A.that

B.there

C.what

D.it

5.The company has now introduced apolicy____pay rises are related to performance at work.(中國海洋大學2013年真題)

A.which

B.where

C.whether

D.what

6.He is quite worn out from years of hard work.He is not the man____he was twenty years ago.(中國海洋大學2013年真題)

A.which

B.that

C.who

D.whom

7.In the cliff side you can see the layers of logical deposits dating from when the earth as____today was still being created.(中國海洋大學2012年真題)

A.we know

B.to be known

C.being known

D.we known it

8.Navigators on ships and aircraft use acompass to determine____they are heading.(中山大學2013年真題)

A.the direction in which

B.to where the direction

C.that direction of which

D.where the direction

9.He’s____as a“bellyacher”—he’s always complaining about something.(中山大學2012年真題)

A.who is known

B.whom is known

C.what is known

D.which is known

10.Things,____is often the case,will turn out to be contrary to one’s wishes.(廈門大學2012年真題)

A.as

B.which

C.that

D.it

11.China has hundreds of islands,____is Taiwan Island.(廈門大學2012年真題)

A.among them the largest

B.and the largest of which

C.and the largest of them

D.but among which the largest

12.The author of the novel was brought up in the country,____recounted in most of her works.(廈門大學2011年真題)

A.as it is

B.as is

C.that is

D.such is

答案與解析:

1.本題考查關系副詞where。當先行詞是暗指抽象處所的詞時,定語從句用關系副詞where。類似的先行詞有situation.position,stage,case等等。答案選D。

2.本題考查as引導的非限定性定語從句。as代指后面的整個句子,在定語從句中作主語,as引導的非限制性關系從句可以放句首。答案選B。

3.本題考查條件狀語。B選項。Provided(that)...表示主句內容只有在從句條件實現的情況下,才能成為事實。意為:只有……才會……A選項given that...主要強調以假定的方式提出前提條件。意為:如果……那么……。答案選A。

4.本題考查名詞性從句。after是介詞,后面跟一個名詞性從句作賓語,且從句中缺少從屬連詞。四個選項中,只有what是引導名詞性從句的從屬連詞。答案選C。

5.譯文:該公司推行了一項政策,在這項政策中,員工薪水與個人績效掛鉤。本題考查關系從句。先行詞暗指抽象處所,故用關系副詞where。答案選B。

6.本題考查that引導關系從句。當關系從句的謂語為be時,關系代詞在從句中又作表語時,應該用that,或省略。答案選B。

7.本題考查as引導定語從句作插入語。as we know=as is known,意為:像我們所知道的那樣……,答案選A。

8.本題考查介詞+which/whom。且介詞是句中短語動詞的一部分。句中包含的短語動詞是head in,意思是:朝向,關系從句中先行詞要放在關系代詞的前面。故答案選A。

9.本題考查表語從句。從句作主句be動詞的表語,且關系代詞在從句中作主語,代指人,故答案選A。

10.本題考查關系代詞as。從句as is often the case;as is usual with sb.;As is the custom with sb.;as is supposed;as is anticipated;as is natural;as is hoped等中的as可視為關系代詞,相當于which,引導定語從句;也可視為表狀態的連詞引導狀語從句,省略了as后面的it。答案選A。

11.本題考查的是關系從句“介詞+which/whom”。其中介詞表示最高級的范圍。答案有兩種形式:of which the largest;the largest of which。但關系從句不能和前面的主句用并列連詞連接。因為兩者是從屬關系。若改為并列句,則須將which改為them。答案選C。

12.本題考查非限定性關系從句。從句中as代替前面整個句子,在后面的句子中作主語,相當于which。故答案只能選B。

第三節比較級

i.考點分析

比較級的考查主要側重于比較級的一些固定搭配和比較對象的一致性,具體如下:

1.同級比較:as+形容詞/副詞原級+as+比較對象,否定形式為:not as/so+形容詞/副詞原級+as+比較對象

2.雙重比較:the+比較級,the+比較級

例如:The more you read the book,the more interesting you will find it.

3.倍數比較:倍數+比較級+than;倍數+as+形容詞/副詞+as...;...times+表示量的名詞

(size,length,height)+that of...

4.如有比較對象的選擇,應注意比較對象的一致性和互不包容性。這也是比較級常考的考點。如:

His English is better than anyone else’s in his class.

5.than的用法

先行詞有比較形容詞修飾時,關系代詞應該用than,兼有連詞和代詞的作用。也有學者認為這種用法的than是連詞,后省略了主語what。用法與as相似。

The boy has eaten more food than is good for his health.那個男孩吃得太多,對身體不好。

Never give him more money than is necessary.不要給他超出需用的錢。

That evening he drank more beer than had been his custom.那天晚上他喝酒比平常喝得多。

There are more demands than can be satisfied.需求難以滿足。

The house was more luxuriously decorated than suited his taste.那房子裝飾得太豪華,不合他的審美情趣。

The question is more complicated than appears on the surface.問題比表面上看起來復雜得多。

He did more than was required of him.他做的比他應該做的多。

There is more to it than meets the eyes.看見的并非全部。

6.有些形容詞本身就是比較級。如:superior to,inferior to,advantage over等。還有些形容詞沒有比較級和最高級,如:perfect,complete等。

ii.真題舉隅

1.In computer programming,this model is____to any of the others we have ever had.(北京航空航天大學2014年真題)

A.more superior

B.the more superior

C.the most superior

D.superior

2.There is more land in Australia than the government knows____.(中國海洋大學2013年真題)

A.what to do with

B.what to do with it

C.how to do

D.how to do it

3.The boy students in this school are nearly____as the girl students to say they intend to get acollege degree in business.(中國海洋大學2013年真題)

A.as likely twice

B.as twice likely

C.twice as likely

D.likely as twice

4.No bread eaten by man is so sweet as____earned by his own labor.(中國海洋大學2012年真題)

A.one

B.such

C.that

D.what

5.Do you enjoy listening to records?I find records are often____,or better than an actual performance.(中國海洋大學2012年真題)

A.as good as

B.as good

C.good

D.good as

6.The chief reason for the population growth isn’t so much arise in birth rates____a fall in death rates as aresult of improvements in medical care.(中國海洋大學2012年真題)

A.andB.asC.butD.or

7.The number of registered participants in this year’s marathon was half____.(中國海洋大學2012年真題)

A.of last year’s

B.those of last year’s

C.of those of last year

D.that of last year’s

8.At the time of Columbus’voyages,used an astounding diversity of languages,____the diversity used by Europeans.(中山大學2013年真題)

A.the greatest by far

B.by far than greater

C.by far the greatest

D.greater by far than

9.There ought to be less anxiety over the perceived risk of mountain climbing than____in the public mind today.(廈門大學2012年真題)

A.exist

B.exists

C.existing

D.to exist

10.That trumpet player was certainly loud.But Iwasn’t bothered by his loudness____by his lack of talent.(廈門大學2012年真題)

A.so much as

B.rather than

C.as

D.than

答案與解析:

1.本題考點是be superior to...:比……優越,superior本身就是比較級,前面不再加more。答案選D。

2.本題考查than引導出的比較結構。從句中的主語是the land。than引出后面的定語從句,在此的作用相當于than(the land which)the government knows what to do with。which代替主語the land在定語從句which the government knows what to do with中作介詞with的賓語。答案選A.

3.本題考查倍數的比較。倍數+as+形容詞/副詞+as...。故答案選C。

4.本題考查as之后的分句中常省略與主句重復的部分。在兩項同類事物進行比較、對照等時。that/those可用來代替句中前面已經出現的特指的名詞或名詞短語,以避免重復。這時that/those之后要有一個限定性定語,如介詞短語,分詞短語,或of短語。本題that代指前面已經出現的bread。故選C。

5.表示同級比較應該用as...as.故選A。

6.本題考察比較級的固定用法not so much...as...結構。not so much...as...意思是:與其說……不如說……。故答案選B。

7.本題考查比較對象的一致性。此句比較今年和去年參加馬拉松比賽的人數,即:the number of registered participants in this year’s marathon應該與the number of registered participants in last year’s marathon相對應,為了避免重復,the number of registered participants用that代替.因為the number為單數,故B不對,答案選D。

8.本題考查修飾形容詞比較級和形容詞的最高級的副詞。修飾形容詞比較級的副詞有:(very)much,(by)far,a great deal,even,yet,still,far and way,a little;修飾形容詞的最高級的副詞有:the very,much the,(by)far the,far and away the等。本題是比較結構,by far修飾形容詞的比較級時是意思是:……的多,放前后均可,故答案選D。

9.本題考查than引出的比較結構。從句中的主語應該是前面的anxiety,后面的over the perceived risk of mountain climbing部分作后置修飾語,修飾的是anxiety。than在此既構成比較結構,又相當于關系代詞,引出后面的定語從句。它在此句的作用相當于than(the anxiety which)exists in the public mind today,所以答案選B。

10.本題考查比較級的固定用法not so much...as...結構。not so much...as...意思是:與其說……不如說……。故答案選A。

第四節固定搭配

i.考點分析

綜觀全國英語專業考研基礎卷,我們發現對固定搭配的測試在考試中占很大的比重,為此考生應該注意平時看書時的積累。

ii.真題舉隅

1.It was as aphysician that he presented himself,and____he was warmly received.(中國海洋大學2013年真題)

A.as such

B.such as

C.as that

D.so that

2.Although Ihad been invited to the opening ceremony,I was unable to attend____such short notice.(北京科技大學2012年真題)

A.to

B.in

C.with

D.on

3.Helen’s been neglecting her homework lately.I’ll____with her parents about it.(北京科技大學2013年真題)

A.have words

B.have aword

C.have the word

D.have the last word

4.As the world has moved into ascientific age,the origin of herbal medicine in many countries remains____in mystery and often sounds fantastic to those trained in modern science.(北京科技大學2013年真題)

A.shroudedB.hiddenC.coveredD.hindered

5.They have left New York____good;they’ll never go back and live there again.(北京航空航天大學2012年真題)

A.for

B.at

C.by

D.in

6.Do you feel like to____a film or would you rather____at home?(北京航空航天大學2012年真題)

A.going...stay

B.to go...stay

C.going...staying

D.going...to stay

7.You hear me____!This is important.Don’t treat it49____a joke.(北京航空航天大學2012年真題)

A.of,as

B.from,like

C.out,as

D.about,like

8.She is always complaining____something.It____my nerves.(北京航空航天大學2012年真題)

A.of,gets to

B.about,gets on

C.about,got on

D.for,is getting on

9.____such abackdrop,to resolve this problem takes much longer time.(北京交通大學2012年真題)

A.Under

B.Within

C.Against

D.For

10.I think your sister is old enough to know____to spend all her money on fancy clothes.(北京科技大學2012年真題)

A.other than

B.more than

C.rather than

D.better than

答案與解析:

1.本題考查固定搭配。as such的意思是:作為……的身份;站在……的位置;……的本

身。答案選A。

2.本題考查固定搭配。on/at such short notice的意思是:一得到通知馬上就……;短時間

內。答案選D。

3.本題考查固定搭配。have aword with sb.意思是:與某人談話。have words with sb.意思

是:與某人爭吵。根據句意答案選B。

4.本題考查固定搭配。be shrouded in mystery意思是:籠罩在神秘氣息之中。答案選A。

5.本題考查固定搭配。for good意思是:永遠。答案選A。

6.本題考查固定搭配。feel like doing...意思是:想要做……;would rather do...:寧可……。答案選A。

7.本題考查固定搭配。hear sb.out意思是:聽某人把話說完。treat it as ajoke意思是:把它當做笑話。答案選C。

8.本題考查固定搭配。complain of sth.意思是:抱怨……。complain about sth.意思是:抱怨……。故答案在A、B、C中。get on one’s nerves意思是:令人不安;使人心煩

意亂。答案選B。

9.本題考查固定搭配。against such abackdrop意思是:在這樣的背景下。答案選C。

10.本題考查固定搭配。know better than...很懂得而不至于……,明白事理而不至于……。答案選D。

第五節虛擬語氣

i.考點分析

虛擬語氣是一項非常重要的語法項目,在研究生入學考試中幾乎每年都有涉及,虛擬語氣的考點主要為以下幾個方面:

1.其一(一般性):虛擬條件句中時態的運用

1)if引導的非真實條件句中主句和從句時態的選擇是虛擬語氣最基本的知識,考生必須掌握。有關if引導的非真實條件句中主句和從句時態的選擇,請參見下表。

60

If條件句

主句

現在

過去式

would/should/might/could+動詞原形

過去

had+過去分詞

would/should/might/could+have

將來

should/were to+動詞原形

would/should/might/could+動詞原形

2)常見的混合虛擬

混合虛擬包括時態的混合和語氣的混合,時態的混合常見如下:從句與過去事實相反,而主句與現在正在進行的事實相反:

If Ihadn’t stood under the ladder to catch you when you fell,you____now.

A.wouldn’t be smiling

B.couldn’t have smiled

C.won’t smile

D.didn’t smile

根據題意答案為A。

從句與現在事實相反,而主句與過去事實相反。

If you didn’t speak English,the boss wouldn’t have hired you.

總之,虛擬語氣的時態選擇一定熟記主從句動詞與不同事實相反時的時態運用規則。解題時根據句子所表達的時間概念確定與什么事實相反,然后采用相應的時態。

時態不變、語氣交叉常見如下:

前一部分用虛擬,后一部分用but,yet,however連接一個陳述句。

You should have taken part in yesterday’s activities,but you didn’t.

前一部分為陳述句,然后用or,or else,otherwise連接一個虛擬句。

I have been away on business for nearly amonth;otherwise Iwould have got your letter much earlier.

條件從句使用虛擬,主句用祈使句。

Should she come earlier than planned,please let me know as soon as possible.

條件從句用虛擬,主句用陳述句。

If this instrument should fail to give satisfaction,we guarantee to refund the purchase money.

3)含蓄虛擬

含蓄虛擬條件句指沒有明確的條件從句的虛擬條件句,一般是條件用介詞短語、分詞短語或并列句的方式表達,這時主句的時態要求與含有條件從句的主句要求相同。

4)if引導的非真實條件句中的省略問題

如果if從句中有were/had/should等可提至句首,省略if。

2.其二(特殊性):

1)表示“命令、建議、要求”的動詞后面的賓語從句中的謂語動詞用:should+原形動詞。

2)It is+“(表示)建議、命令、請求”的動詞的過去分詞+that+(should)+原形

動詞。

3)It is+“(表示)愿望、建議、命令、請求”的名詞+that+(should)+原形動詞。

4)it is+形容詞+that+should+原形動詞。常用的形容詞有:

It is time/about time/high time+that+一般過去時

lest/in case/for fear+that+should+原形動詞

5)wish后面的從句時態可以有以下幾種情況:

a)表示與現在事實相反用一般過去時。

b)表示與現在正在進行的事實相反可用過去進行時。

c)表示與過去事實相反的情況用過去完成時,也可以用could have done的形式。

d)表示將來不可能實現的情況用would/might+原形動詞。

6)would rather后從句的虛擬語氣形式只要記住以下規則即可:

a)如果表示當時未實現的愿望用過去時。

b)如果表示過去未實現的愿望則用過去完成時。

c)如果表示將來不大可能實現的愿望,用過去將來時。

7)if only引導的從句意思是“要是……就好了,但愿……”,因此需要用虛擬語氣。if only引導的從句的時態主要有以下3種:

a)表示與現在的愿望或事實相反,謂語動詞用過去時。

b)表示對過去發生的事情的遺憾,謂語動詞用過去完成時。

c)表示將來的某種愿望時,謂語部分用“情態動詞的過去時+原形動詞”。

8)as if從句中的虛擬在as if(though)引導的從句中,動詞一般用虛擬語氣:表示對現在的虛擬,謂語動詞用一般過去時;表示對過去的虛擬,謂語動詞用過去完成時;表示對將來的虛擬,謂語動詞用“would+原形動詞”。

9)下列動詞、形容詞和名詞后面從句需要接虛擬語氣結構:

動詞:advise/ask/decide/insist/order/suggest/command/demand/desire/propose/recom-mend/require/consent/deserve/maintain/move/urge/vote

形容詞:decided/important/ordered/advisable/demanded/desired/desirable/essential/impera-tive/inevitable/insistent/natural/necessary/preferable/proposed/recommended/required/urgent/vital

名詞:advice/decision/demand/desire/idea/motion/necessity/order/plan/preference/proposal/recommendation/requirement/suggestion

ii.真題舉隅

1.If only I____what you wanted!(北京航空航天大學2014年真題)

A.knew

B.know

C.had known

D.have known

2.If he hadn’t stood under the ladder to catch you when you fell,you____here now.(北京航空航天大學2014年真題)

A.wouldn’t be smiling

B.won’t smile

C.couldn’t have smiled

D.didn’t smile

3.He’26.It’s high time he____a trade to make aliving.(北京航空航天大學2014年真題)

A.learn

B.learns

C.must learn

D.learned

4.Your examination results were quite satisfactory,but____if you had spent less time in playing football?(北京航空航天大學2013年真題)

A.wouldn’t they have been better

B.wouldn’t they be better

C.won’t they have been better

D.won’t they be better

5.Why was the suggestion that she____to our party rejected the day before yesterday?(北京航空航天大學2013年真題)

A.be invited

B.to be invited

C.being invited

D.has been invited

6.____,explorers could never have found the cave.(中國海洋大學2013年真題)

A.But for the fissure had been spotted

B.Had the fissure not been spotted

C.Had not the fissure been spotted

D.If not the fissure had been spotted

7.“Has he gained weight?”“He would gain weight,but he____much.”(北京航空航天大學2012年真題)

A.does not eat

B.did not eat

C.hadn’t eaten

D.couldn’t eat

8.But for his help,I____.(北京航空航天大學2010年真題)

A.did not succeed

B.had not succeeded

C.should not have succeeded

D.have not succeeded

9.He might have been killed____the arrival of the police.(中山大學2012年真題)

A.except for

B.but for

C.with

D.for

10.The law requires that everyone____his car checked at least once ayear.(中山大學2012年真題)

A.hasB.would haveC.haveD.will have

11.They____so tired if they____for the whole day.(廈門大學2011年真題)

A.wouldn’t feel...didn’t walk

B.wouldn’t feel...weren’t walking

C.wouldn’t be feeling...weren’t walking

D.wouldn’t be feeling...hadn’t been walking

答案與解析:

1.if only引導的從句意思是“要是……就好了,但愿……”,因此需要用虛擬語氣。表示與過去的愿望或事實相反,謂語動詞用過去完成時。故答案選C。

2.本題考查if引導的非真實條件句中的混合虛擬語氣。從句與現在事實相反,而主句與過去事實相反。故答案選A。

3.本題考查固定結構It is time/about time/high time+that+一般過去時表示虛擬語氣,意思是:是該……的時候了。故答案選D。

4.本題考查if引導的非真實條件句虛擬語氣的使用。if引導的非真實條件句與過去事實相反,從句用過去完成,主句用would/should/could/might+have。故答案選A。

5.本題考查虛擬語氣。表示“愿望、建議、命令、請求”的名詞后面的同位語從句用虛擬語氣:(should)+原形動詞。故答案選A。

6.本題考查虛擬語氣。If從句可以由介詞短語代替。但是but for后面接短語而不是句子。表示條件的狀語從句中的if可以省略,但主語和動詞必須交換位置。并且只有were,had,should,would等可以放在主語前。not只能在主語之后,不能放到主語之前。故答案選B。

7.本題考查虛擬語氣中時態不變、語氣交叉的現象。前一部分用虛擬,后一部分用but,yet,however連接一個陳述句。本題后面一句表示一個現在的事實。故答案選A。

8.本題考查虛擬語氣。if從句可以由介詞短語but for代替。如果與將來或現在的事實相反,主句用should(would/could/might)+動詞原形;如果與過去事實相反,主句用should(would/could/might)+have+過去分詞。故答案選C。

9.本題考查if從句可以由介詞短語but for代替。類似的短語還有without。故答案選B。

10.本題考查表示“命令、建議、要求”的動詞后面的賓語從句中的謂語動詞用:should+原形動詞。故答案選C。

11.本題考查對過去情況的虛擬。該句中主句用would+原形動詞,從句用過去完成時had been doing的形式。故答案選D。

第六節平行結構

i.考點分析

關于平行結構考生應該注意以下幾點:

1.要求前后對稱的詞語,包括所有并列連詞,其中最常見的是for,and,nor,but,or,yet,so等等。此外,還有both...and,neither...nor,not only...but also,以及表示比較的詞語than,as...as,not so...as,prefer...to,rather than等。

2.在平行結構中,要確保各種并列詞語、句式語法形式上的一致,比如或者都是名詞,或者都是形容詞;或者都是不定式,或者都用動名詞;防止破壞對稱性的現象發生。

3.例外情況有兩種:一是表示方位的副詞和介詞短語可以并列,二是如果某個動詞沒有相應的名詞形式,可用動名詞代替。

ii.真題舉隅

1.The organization gives help and support to people in need,as well as____money for local charities.(北京科技大學2013年真題)

A.raises

B.raising

C.raise

D.to raise

2.People in prehistoric times created paints by grinding materials such as plants and clay into powder____.(中山大學2013年真題)

A.water to be added

B.for adding water then

C.and water added

D.and then adding water

答案與解析:

1.as well as為平行結構。as well as連接兩個并列的動詞give和raise,它們的性數應與主語保持一致。故答案選A。

2.本題考查并列結構。and連接by后面的兩個并列分詞表示先后順序。答案選D。

第七節時態和語態

i.考點分析

1.有關動詞時態的考點

1)對于時態的考查有兩種:一種是時態本身的選擇(主要是根據時間狀語判斷時態的選擇),另一種是根據時態選擇時間狀語,如:

Before the first non-stop flight made in1949,it____necessary for all planes to land for refueling.

A.would be

B.has been

C.had been

D.would have been

本題判斷時態的關鍵是時間狀語before...in1949(before+表示過去的時間狀語),由此可以判斷出謂語動詞表示的動作發生在過去某個時間(1949)以前,故用過去完成時。應選C。

He came back late,____which time all the guests had already left.

A.after

B.by

C.at

D.during

從句時態為過去完成時,表示:等到他回來,客人都已經離開了,與完成時態連用的,表示“到……為止”的應該是介詞by。所以選B。

2)完成時的時間狀語。

完成時的時間狀語一般表示“到……為止”,以by短語居多。如果句中的時間狀語是由by引出的短語或從句,謂語動詞一般是用完成時態,其中,如by后面的短語表示將來的時間,謂語動詞需用將來完成時;如果為表示過去的時間短語,則用過去完成時;如果是表示現在的時間短語,則需用現在完成時。例如:

By the time we got there,the train had already left.

By the end of this month,we will have learned five lessons.I have finished reading three chapters by now.

3)注意時間、條件和讓步狀語從句中時態的運用。

在一般在時間、條件和讓步狀語從句中用一般現在時表示將來發生的事或主語所處的狀態。

4)祈使句+and/or+句子,這一結構中,and后面的句子的謂語動詞用一般將來時。例如:

Turn on the television,and you will see advertisements.

2.被動語態中需要注意的問題

1)有些動詞的主動形式表示被動,其中又要特別注意“動名詞的主動形式表示被動意義”。例如:

My recorder needs repairing.

What alovely party!It’s worth____all my life.

A.to be remembered

B.being remembered

C.to remember

D.remembering

此題考查的是動名詞的主動形式表示被動意義。故選D。

2)不定式的主動形式表示被動。例如:

I am to blame.

I have nothing to complain.

3)動詞+副詞結構,主動表被動。例如:

The books sell well.

The pen writes well.

The car drives easily.

4)動詞+形容詞結構,主動表被動。例如:

The foods taste delicious.

ii.真題舉隅

1.A safety analysis____the target as apotential danger.Unfortunately,it was never done.(中國海洋大學2012年真題)

A.would identify

B.will identify

C.would have identified

D.will have identified

2.They____so tired if they____for the whole day.(廈門大學2011年真題)

A.wouldn’t feel...didn’t walk

B.wouldn’t feel...weren’t walking

C.wouldn’t be feeling...weren’t walking

D.wouldn’t be feeling...hadn’t been walking

3.I apologize if I____you,but Iassure you it was unintentional.(2011年對外經貿大學真題)

A.offend

B.had offended

C.should have offended

D.might have offended

4.You should have put the milk into the refrigerator.I expect it____bad by now.(中山大學2013年真題)

A.went

B.had gone

C.has gone

D.goes

5.Until then,his family____from him for six months.(中山大學2012年真題)

A.didn’t hear

B.hasn’t been hearing

B.hasn’t heard

D.hadn’t heard

6.Greater efforts to increase agricultural production must be made if food shortage____avoided.(對外經貿大學2011年真題)

A.is to be

B.can be

C.will be

D.has been

答案與解析:

1.本題考查would用在含蓄條件句中使用虛擬語氣。根據題的后半部分,前半句是對過去的事情所做的假設,還原為if it had been done,a safety analysis would have been identified the target as apotential danger.故答案選C。

2.feel是感官動詞,不用于進行時,故C、D排除。因為是已經走完了,所以已經成為過去的事實,用一般過去時。答案選A。

3.本題考查交錯時間的虛擬條件句。was暗示事情發生在過去。從后半句中可以看出說話者并不認為自己當初有意冒犯別人,所以虛擬條件句中的謂語動詞應該用表示與過去事實相反的虛擬形式。若說話者意識到自己冒犯過別人,則原題應用I apologize if Ihas offended you。答案選B。

4.我估計它現在已經壞了。本題考查現在完成時。現在完成時表示過去某時發生的動作,其結果影響到現在,或其狀態繼續到現在。答案選C。

5.本題考查過去完成進行時,表示某動作從較早的過去持續到過去某時,并強調這一動作在過去某時仍在持續進行。答案選B。

6.本題考查be+to+V(動詞原形)表示:預先的計劃;說話者的意志(如命令、勸告等)本題體現了說話者的意志。答案選A。

第八節倒裝

i.考點分析

倒裝結構也是比較常見的一種句式,但考查的比分不大。倒裝分為部分倒裝和全部倒裝,但就考試來講重點是部分倒裝。

1.通常要求全部倒裝的情況

1)當there,here,then,thus等副詞置于句首,謂語動詞為come,go,jump,rush,exist,lay,follow,arise,be等不及物動詞或系動詞,且主語不是代詞時,往往要求全部倒裝。

例如:There stands amonument in the center of the square.

2)做狀語的地點副詞和地點介詞on,down,out,at等短語置于句首,通常用全部

倒裝。

例如:On the hay lay awounded boy of not more than seventeen.

2.通常要求部分倒裝的情況

1)含有否定意味的詞置于句首,句子倒裝。常用的含有否定意味的詞有:hardly,barely,not,seldom,little,few,nowhere,never,at no time,by no means,in no way,in no case,under no circumstances,not until,not only...but also...,neither...nor...等。例如:

Not until the game had begun____at the sports ground.

A.had he arrivedB.would he have arrived

C.did he arriveD.should he have arrived

2)“only+狀語置于句首”,句子倒裝。

only后的狀語可以是單詞、短語,也可以是從句,要特別注意,從句并不倒裝,而是主句倒裝。

如:Only when the war was over was he able to get happily back to work.

3)so/neither置于句首,句子倒裝,表示“也/也不……”例如:

I could not persuade him to accept it,____make him see the importance of it.

A.if only Icould notB.no more than Icould

C.or Icould notD.nor could I

4)現在分詞和過去分詞可提至句首構成“分詞+be+主語+其他”的倒裝句式。例如:

Enclosed in the letter was aphoto of abeautiful girl.

Glooming in the test tube on the table was the mysterious something which they had been working so hard to find,radium.

5)so/such...that...句型中,so+形容詞/副詞提前,句子倒裝。例如:

So boring was the speech that the audience all left halfway.

Such anoise did they make that the neighbors could not go to sleep at night.

ii.真題舉隅

1.No sooner____than he realized that he should have remained silent.(北京航空航天大學2014年真題)

A.the words had spoken

B.had the words spoken

C.the words had been spoken

D.had the words been spoken

2.____the building did he realize that there was danger everywhere in it.(北京航空航天大學2014年真題)

A.Upon entering

B.When he entered

C.Only after entering

D.After he had entered

3.____the door when agust of wind blew the candle out.(北京航空航天大學2012年真題)

A.He had no sooner opened

B.Hardly had he opened

C.Scarcely did he opened

D.No sooner did he open

4.____,there is no place like home,wherever you go.(北京航空航天大學2010年真題)

A.It may be humble

B.As humble it may be

C.Humble it may be

D.Humble as it may be

5.____I would like to help you,I’m afraid Isimply too busy at the moment.(中國海洋大學2012年真題)

A.As much

B.Much as

C.Much thought

D.Though much

6.Nowhere but in the continuous research work____find the meaning of his life.(中山大學2012年真題)

A.for him to

B.he can

C.he could

D.can he

7.Lover of towns____I am,I realize that Iowe adebt to my early country life.(中山大學2012年真題)

A.because

B.where

C.who

D.as

8.____,I must do another experiment.(中山大學2012年真題)

A.Be it ever so late

B.It is ever so late

C.It be ever so late

D.So late it be ever

答案解析:

1.本題考查no sooner...than...,常放在句首,表示強調,這時主句要倒裝。話是被說出口,應該用被動。故答案選D。

2.本題考查“only+狀語置于句首”,句子倒裝。A、B、D后面的句子都不用倒裝。答案選C。

3.本題考查本題考查hardly/scarcely...when...放到句首,主句用過去完成時,并且用倒裝。故答案選B。

4.本題考查as引導讓步狀語從句用倒裝。as引導讓步狀語從句有下列兩種形式。a.名詞(不帶冠詞)/形容詞/副詞/分詞+as+主語+動詞;b.動詞+as+主語+助動詞。本題屬于第一種形式,故答案選D。

5.本題考查as引導讓步狀語從句用倒裝。as引導讓步狀語從句有下列兩種形式。a.名詞(不帶冠詞)/形容詞/副詞/分詞+as+主語+動詞;b.動詞+as+主語+助動詞。本題屬于第一種形式,故答案選B。

6.本題考查含有否定意義的詞用在句中用倒裝。例如hardly,barely,not,seldom,little,few,nowhere等。故答案選D。

7.本題考查as引導讓步狀語從句用倒裝。as引導讓步狀語從句有下列兩種形式。a.名詞(不帶冠詞)/形容詞/副詞/分詞+as+主語+動詞;b.動詞+as+主語+助動詞。本題屬于第一種形式,故答案選D。

8.本題考查“be+主語+形容詞”,或“命令動詞+疑問詞+主語+助動詞”等沒有連詞的句型,也可以表示讓步。本題中be it ever so late=no matter how late it is。故答案選A。

第九節情態動詞

i.考點分析

在英語專業考研基礎卷中對情態動詞的測試所占比重很小,所以考生大體上了解以下幾點就足夠了。

1.情態動詞的基本用法

1)can

表示能力,客觀可能性,允許;表示驚訝、懷疑、不信任(主要用于否定、疑問或感嘆句中);could作為can的過去時,除了具有與can相同的用法以外,還可以用于比較委婉客氣的提出請求、疑問或陳述看法。這種用法在時態上與can沒有差別。

2)may

表示允許、可能性、或許會,詢問一件事可不可以做,may還可以表示祝愿。may as well表示“不妨”,用來提出建議。例如:

If you don’t like to swim,you____stay at home.

A.should as well

B.may as well

C.can as well

D.would as well

might是may的過去式,比may更客氣、委婉。但might的可能性比may更小。

3)must

意為:必須做某事,它的否定意思為:禁止,不允許等。

4)ought to

意為:應該做某事,(暗示有責任,有義務去做某事。)

5)need

用作情態動詞意為:需要,有必要。主要用于否定句和疑問句。

6)dare

作為情態動詞,其基本含義為:敢于……。主要用于否定、疑問和條件句。

7)shall

表示承諾、規定、命令、威脅和決心等。此外shall用于第一人稱或第三人稱疑問句,表示征求對方的意見。

特殊:

a)shall be doing...

b)The government of the people,by the people and for the people shall not perish from the earth.

8)will

用作情態動詞的will可用于各個人稱,表示“意志、意愿、習慣和預測”等等。在疑問句中用于第二人稱時,表示說話人向對方提出請求或詢問。

Will you please pass me the water?

would作為will的過去式,與will的用法和意義相同。只是在疑問句中用于第二人稱,表示說話人向對方提出請求或詢問時語氣更委婉。

9)might as well不妨,倒不如

2.情態動詞表示推測的用法

情態動詞表示推測的用法是考試中常常出現的,考生應該重點掌握。在情態動詞的推測性用法中,must,can,could,may,might各用于不同的句型,應注意分辨。具體使用規律為:must只用于肯定句中;can/could不能用于肯定句中;may/might不能用于疑問句中;另外還應注意can’t表示“不可能”,may not表示“可能不”。考試時,如果有原因說明自己的猜測,一般應該用must,can’t而不是may,may not。情態動詞表示推測的用法具體如下:

1)“can’t+原形動詞”表示對現在發生的事情的否定推測。意為:不可能。“can’t+have+過去分詞”表示對過去發生的事情的否定推測。例如:

The room is in aterrible mess;it____cleaned.

A.can’t have been

B.shouldn’t have been

C.mustn’t have been

D.wouldn’t have been

如果強調對正在發生的事情的不肯定的判斷,可以用“can’t+動詞的進行式”。

2)“may+原形動詞”表示對現在發生的事情的不大肯定的推測,“may+have+過去分詞”表示談論過去的某種可能性,且這種可能性現在還存在,意為:“或許已經”,“可能已經”。例如:Research findings show we spend about two hours dreaming every night,no matter what we____during the day.

A.should have done

B.would have done

C.may have done

D.must have done

如果強調對正在發生的事的不太肯定的推測,可以用“may+動詞的現在進行式”。

3)“must+動詞原形”表示對現在發生的事情的肯定的推測。意為:一定……,準

是……。“must+have+過去分詞”表示對過去發生的事情的肯定推測。同樣“must+動詞的現在進行時”強調對現在正在進行的事情的肯定的推測。

3.注意:有些“情態動詞+have+過去分詞”并不表示推測

1)“could have done”用于虛擬語氣表示本來能夠做某事而沒做,表示惋惜、委婉的

批評。

Some women____a good salary in ajob instead of staying home,but they decided not to work for the sake of the family.

A.would make

B.must make

C.could have made

D.should have made

2)“might+have+過去分詞”用于虛擬語氣表示:本來可以……而沒……,含有“勸告”“責備”的意思。

3)“should+have+過去分詞”表示:本應該做……而沒做……。其否定式表示:本不應該做……而做了。例如:

You____him so closely;you should have kept your distance.

A.shouldn’t follow

B.mustn’t follow

C.couldn’t have been following

D.shouldn’t have been following

4)“ought to+have+過去分詞”同“should+have+過去分詞”,其否定式同“shouldn’t+have+過去分詞”。

5)“needn’t+have+過去分詞”表示:本不必做而做了的事。

ii.真題舉隅

1.It was essential that they told the President that soldiers from other nations____in the front lines.(北京交通大學2012年真題)

A.should be

B.would be

C.be

D.have to be

2.It was impolite for you to leave without saying goodbye;you really____have done so.(中山大學2012年真題)

A.shouldn’t

B.wouldn’t

C.couldn’t

D.mustn’t

3.People thinking about the origin of language for the first time usually arrive at the conclusion that it developed gradually as asystem of grants,hisses and cries and____a very simple affair in the beginning.(廈門大學2012年真題)

A.must be

B.must have been

C.ought to be

D.should be

4.As it turned out to be asmall house party,we____so formally.(廈門大學2011年真題)

A.need not have dressed up

B.must not have dressed up

C.did not need to dress up

D.must not dress up

5.Much as____,I couldn’t lend him the money because Isimply didn’t have that much spare cash.(廈門大學2011年真題)

A.I should have liked to

B.I would like to have

C.I should have to like

D.I would have liked to

答案與解析:

1.本題考查情態動詞would表示過去將來。根據句意答案選B。

2.本題考查shouldn’t have done,表示本不應該做……實際上卻做了。含有責備的意義。答案選A。

3.本題考查must have been,表示對過去事實的肯定猜測。根據句意答案選B。

4.本題考查needn’t have done,表示本沒有必要……實際上卻做了。根據句意答案選A。

5.本題考查情態動詞would表示愿望或個人的想法。a.would like+to do:表示現在或將來的愿望;b.would like+to have done:表示過去沒有實現的愿望;c.would+have liked+to do:含義與用法b相同。與第一人稱連用時也可以用should.題干還原為as Iwould very much like to lend him money...,故不是與主語連用,不能用should,故答案在B、D中,B選項中缺少了done,故答案選D。

第十節一致原則

i.考點分析

一致原則包括主謂一致問題和數的一致以及修飾成分與被修飾成分之間要一致等原則。在考試中涉及得不多,但卻是一項基本的語法規則。

1.注意鄰近一致原則

1)由or,either…or…,neither…nor…,not only…but also…連接的詞作主語時,謂語動詞的形式要與靠近它的主語一致。例如:

Neither the teacher nor the students are going to the class today.

Neither the prices nor the quality has changed.

Not only you but also Iam to blame.

特殊:

together with;as well as;in addition to;followed by等,對主語的數量不產生影響。

2)在there,here引導的句子中,如有若干個主語,則謂語與鄰近的主語一致。例如:

There was adictionary,some books and several albums on the bookshelf.

Here are afew envelops,a pen and some paper in the drawer.

特殊:

There appears20people.

2.用作主語時,謂語用單數

1)either,neither,one,each(of),every(of)作主語或修飾主語時,謂語動詞用單數。例如:

Every silver knife,fork,and spoon has to be counted.

Neither is satisfactory.

Either of these buses goes past the university.

2)everyone,everybody,no one,nobody,anyone,someone,somebody,one of,anything,everything,nothing,what,whoever等詞后面,動詞用單數。

3)動詞不定式,動名詞以及從句作主語時,謂語動詞用單數。但and連接上述結構時動詞用復數。

例如:Singing and dancing are their greatest pleasure.

4)國家、機構、書刊、事件等的名稱作主語時,謂語動詞用單數。例如:

The United Nations was founded in1945.

The Thirty-Nine Steps was written by John Buchan.

3.作主語時謂語動詞用復數

1)both/few/many/several/a number/the majority of等結構作主語或修飾主語時,謂語動詞用復數。

2)用and和both...and...連接兩個主語時,謂語動詞一般多用復數。但注意:當并列主語指的是一個人或一個事物時,謂語動詞用單數。例如:

Ice—cream and cake is what she wants after dinner.

3)當兩個單數名詞前都有the時,謂語動詞多用復數。

The manager and the secretary of the firm are very able men.

但是:The editor and publisher of the newspaper is avery able man.(指同一個人)

4)某些集合名詞(如:few,people,the rest,cattle,police等)作主語時,謂語動詞用

復數。

5)a great many,a good many,a number of等短語修飾復數名詞時,謂語動詞用復數。但是,many a要修飾單數名詞時,謂語動詞用單數。例如:

Many astudent wants to apply for the scholarship.

6)在正式語體中,“one of those+復數名詞”之后的定語從句中的謂語動詞要用復數。例如:

Jane is one of those persons who always think they are right.

但是,當one之前有the only等詞修飾時,定語從句中的謂語動詞用單數。例如:

She is the only one of the girls who is willing to take amake-up examination.

4.作主語時,謂語動詞既可以用單數又可以用復數

1)family,army,class,crowd,herd,public,group,party,committee,company,government,group,team等集合名詞作主語時,謂語動詞的數取決于它們的意義。但它們表示不可分割的整體時,用單數;但當它們強調集體中的各個成員時,用復數。例如:

Class Two is having English class.

Class Two are playing on the sports ground.

2)Chinese,Japanese,English,French等詞指語言時,用單數;指人民是用復數。

3)時間、金錢、距離、體積等名詞作主語時,謂語動詞一般用單數。

例如:Twenty dollars is too expensive.

但如果它們表示具體的、個別的單位,謂語動詞用復數。

例如:The last two years have been very difficult for us.

4)一些以-ics結尾的詞作主語表示“學科領域”時,謂語動詞用單數。用來表示具體的“行為”“觀點”“數字”時,謂語動詞用復數。例如:

Statistics is afield of study.

The statistics in the report are accurate.

ii.真題舉隅

1.Which of the following sentences is grammatically INCORRECT?(北京交通大學2014年真題)

A.Politics are the art or science of government.

B.Ten miles seems like along walk to me.

C.Mumps is akind of infectious disease.

D.All the furniture has arrived undamaged.

2.The factory manager and secretary____our party.(北京航空航天大學2014年真題)

A.is to attendB.are to attendC.were to attendD.is attended

答案與解析:

1.A:有些名詞雖然為復數形式,但意義為單數,用單數動詞。大多數復數形式的抽象名詞屬于此類。如:physics(物理學);phonetics(語音學);politics(政治學);statistics

(統計學);economics(經濟學);appendicitis(盲腸炎);mumps(腮腺炎);dominoes

(多米諾骨牌);故A選項be動詞應該用is;C選項正確。B:主語為“一段時間”“一筆錢”“一段距離”“一個重量”時,若形式為復數,而意義上為單數時,則用單數動詞。故B選項正確。D選項furniture是不可數名詞故謂語動詞應該用單數,D選項正確。本題答案為A。

2.本題考查復合主語主謂一致。當A、B表示兩個不同的單數名詞或代詞時,謂語動詞通常用復數。當A、B表示同一個人、物或概念是,用單數動詞。表示同一個人只用一個冠詞,表示不同的兩個人,就要用兩個冠詞。故答案選A。

第十一節強調和省略

i.考點分析

強調和省略在考試中出現得不多,但作為一個語法項目考生還是應該了解。強調句的考查主要有:

1.強調句的基本結構

1)強調句的基本句型是“It is(was)+所強調的成分+that/who(whom)”,其中,所強調的成分小到一個詞,大到一個從句均可。that視具體情況可由who,whom替代,但是常見的還是that,注意不能誤用when,where來替代that.例如:

It is your mother whom(that)I want to see.It was he who(that)told me the news.

It is because Ilove him that Ican do everything for him.

2)上述強調句可以演變為:It was not until that…;It was because…that…;It was only...after…that…等句式。

3)強調句可以強調動詞謂語以外的任何成分,如主語、賓語、狀語等。動詞謂語強調應用助動詞。

2.有關省略,常見以下幾種情況

1)并列句中的省略在并列句中,后一個分句中與前一個分句相同的成分往往可以

省略。

The news made some people happy,but(it made)some(other people)angry.

2)在復合句中的省略:比較狀語從句中的省略

I like English more than(I like)Spanish.

Most girl students are more diligent than boy students(are).

時間狀語和條件狀語從句中的省略

You don’t need to go there immediately if(it is)not urgent.

While(I was in)Beijing,I visited many historical sites.

If(it is)necessary,we will hold ameeting immediately.

3)way,place,reason,day等詞后面的定語從句常可以省略關系代詞或關系副詞。

This is the place(where)I once lived.

The day(when)he was in London is unforgettable.

ii.真題舉隅

1.While driving along the treacherous road,____.(北京航空航天大學2014真題)

A.my right rear tyre blew out

B.my right rear tyre had ablowout

C.I had ablowout on my right rear tyre

D.I had my right rear tyre blowout

2.____on aclear day,far from the city crowds,the mountains give him asense of infinite peace.(北京航空航天大學2013年真題)

A.If walking

B.Walking

C.While walking

D.When one is walking

3.It is only when you nearly lose someone____fully conscious of how much you value him.(北京航空航天大學2013年真題)

A.do you become

B.then you become

C.that you become

D.have you become

4.Steven hardly ever washes the dishes and he rarely,____does any cleaning.(中國海洋大學2012年真題)

A.as ever

B.as never

C.if ever

D.never ever

5.____for the timely investment from the general public,our company would not be so thriving as it is.(廈門大學2012年真題)

A.Had it not been

B.Were it not

C.Be it not

D.Should it not be

6.____for the war,the two countries would have normalized their relations thirty years earlier.(廈門大學2011年真題)

A.If it was not

B.If had it not been

C.Were it not

D.Had it not been

答案與解析:

1.本題考查時間狀語從句省略主語與be時,從句主語必須與主句主語保持一致。從句還原是while Iwas driving along the treacherous road,故主句的主語是I。答案選C。

2.本題考查時間狀語從句省略主語與be時,從句主語必須與主句主語保持一致。本題主句的主語是the mountains,放到從句中不同,故從句應有自己的主語。答案選D。

3.本題考查強調句型:it is...that...。本題強調條件狀語從句。答案選C。

4.本題考查避免動詞的重復而省略動詞。答案選C。還原為if he ever does the cleaning,意思是:即便他掃除。

5.本題考查虛擬語氣中,表示條件的狀語從句中的if可以省略,但主語和動詞必須交換位置。并且只有were,had,should,would等可以放在主語前。本題考查if條件句中的混合虛擬。從句表示與過去事實相反,故答案選B。

6.本題考查虛擬語氣中表示條件的狀語從句中的if可以省略,但主語和動詞必須交換位置。并且只有were,had,should,would等可以放在主語前。根據主句用的時態可以推斷出答案選D。

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