第二章 語法

概述

一、此階段的語法學(xué)習(xí)非常重要

這不僅是因?yàn)樗窃S多學(xué)校MTI考研的直接考點(diǎn)，而且它是語言水平和質(zhì)量的重要體現(xiàn)，是我們做考卷其他部分時(shí)不可或缺的知識(shí)基礎(chǔ)。較深厚的語法知識(shí)可幫助我們分析閱讀理解和翻譯中的長句、難句的處理，確保正確性和準(zhǔn)確性。

如語法題：

1.No sooner____than he realized that he should have remained silent.（北京航空航天大學(xué)2014年真題）

A.the words had spoken

B.had the words spoken

C.the words had been spoken

D.had the words been spoken

本題考查no sooner...than...，常放在句首，表示強(qiáng)調(diào)，這時(shí)主句要倒裝。話是被說出口，應(yīng)該用被動(dòng)。故答案選D。

2.While driving along the treacherous road,____.（北京航空航天大學(xué)2014真題）

A.my right rear tyre blew out

B.my right rear tyre had ablowout

C.I had ablowout on my right rear tyre

D.I had my right rear tyre blowout

本題考查時(shí)間狀語從句省略主語與be時(shí)，從句主語必須與主句主語保持一致。從句還原是while Iwas driving along the treacherous road,故主句的主語是I。答案選C。

3.He is quite worn out from years of hard work.He is not the man____he was twenty years ago.（中國海洋大學(xué)2013年真題）

A.which

B.that

C.who

D.whom

本題考查that引導(dǎo)關(guān)系從句。當(dāng)關(guān)系從句的謂語為be，關(guān)系代詞在從句中又作表語時(shí)，應(yīng)該用that或省略。答案選B。

4.There is more land in Australia than the government knows____.（中國海洋大學(xué)2013年真題）

A.what to do with

B.what to do with it

C.how to do

D.how to do it

本題考查than引導(dǎo)的比較結(jié)構(gòu)。從句中的主語是the land，than引出后面的定語從句，在此的作用相當(dāng)于than(the land which)the government knows what to do with，which代替主語the land在定語從句which the government knows what to do with中作介詞with的賓語。答案選A。

5.There ought to be less anxiety over the perceived risk of mountain climbing than____in the public mind today.（廈門大學(xué)2012年真題）

A.exist

B.exists

C.existing

D.to exist

本題考查than引出后面的定語從句。從句中的主語應(yīng)該是前面的anxiety,后面的over the perceived risk of mountain climbing部分作后置修飾語，修飾的是anxiety。than在此句的作用相當(dāng)于than(the anxiety which)exists in the public mind today，所以答案選B。

如在翻譯題中：

1.Most commonly,we come to books with blurred and divided minds,asking of fiction that shall be false,of biography that it shall be flattering,of history that it shall enforce our own prejudices.(How Should One Read aBook?—Virginia Woolf)

該句為省略句，of前省略asking，避免重復(fù)。然而中文可將其還原。

參考譯文：我們打開書，往往是思想模糊，頭腦割裂，對(duì)其求非所予。苛求小說真實(shí)，苛求詩歌造作，要求傳記美化、史書認(rèn)同一己之見。

2.And speaking of freedom,is not the author free,as few men are free?Is he not secure,as few men are secure?(The Joys of Writing—Winston Churchill）

本句迷惑之處在于表面是疑問句、否定句，實(shí)則為強(qiáng)烈的肯定句。據(jù)此，可試譯為：

至于自由，時(shí)間鮮有，卻為作家獨(dú)享；世人生活皆有岌岌可危之感，作家心中卻獨(dú)存一份安然恬淡。

如在閱讀理解題中：

1.All these stories are based on similar scripts：callous doctors convert harsh criminals into docile individuals who,once operated upon,become dull and lose their critical capacities,or,conversely,neurosurgeons remodel exemplary citizens in remorseless warriors who are unstoppable from committing cruelties afterwards.

提取出句子主干All these stories are based on similar scripts：doctors convert criminals into individuals,or neurosurgeons remodel citizens in warriors.由于插入語以及定語從句等成分，使得我們對(duì)句子不能提綱挈領(lǐng)，撥云見霧抓住句子主干。可見，扎實(shí)的語法功底不論在美文欣賞還是在應(yīng)試技巧上都必不可少。

2.Imagine all the devotees of the humanities suddenly withdrawing to amonastery,taking with them all that belongs to them;the workaday world we know would turn before our astonished faces into something bleak,dark,soundless,bare of sensuous charm,and empty of any meaning beyond that of immediate needs and their fulfillment by mechanical aids.

這是由分號(hào)連接的并列句，對(duì)于其中分號(hào)后面的句子中的謂語turn，語法知識(shí)敏感的人立即就可以看出turn后面接著的before our astonished faces是介詞短語做狀語修飾turn,而turn與后面的into構(gòu)成搭配。這樣整個(gè)句子結(jié)構(gòu)就明了清楚了，意為：“我們所了解的世界就會(huì)在我們的面前驚人地變成……”如果能分析句子成分，閱讀理解就可以完全達(dá)成。

二、英語語法、用法中的“一般”和“特殊”

這個(gè)層次的語法學(xué)習(xí)需切記：要把握好英語語法的一般性和特殊性的關(guān)系。以一個(gè)改錯(cuò)題為例：

He has takenhonors Acourses throughout his tenure at his suburban high school,has already qualifiedfor Badvance placementin Ctwo subjects and expects to qualifyfor Dseveral others.

考生往往會(huì)選擇A項(xiàng)，因?yàn)檎Z法的一般規(guī)律規(guī)定：當(dāng)一個(gè)名詞修飾另一個(gè)名詞時(shí)應(yīng)用原型，故honors應(yīng)改為honor；但是特殊的是honors也是原型，只不過意思有些變了，honors不是“榮譽(yù)”之意而是“優(yōu)等成績(jī)”之意了。這類特殊性有：waters（大水、水域）、readings（讀物）、communications（通信）、regards（致意）、apologies（歉意）、brains（智力）、damages（索賠）等等，所以我們學(xué)習(xí)語法要多查勤查，萬不可想當(dāng)然。尤其針對(duì)考試更是如此，因?yàn)榭荚囂貏e是國內(nèi)出題的考試或多或少信奉“特殊大于一般”的原則。此題答案為D，for應(yīng)改為in，與前面的in two subjects中的in構(gòu)成并列一致。

1.有關(guān)定冠詞的一般性與特殊性

一般性：天體的名稱加定冠詞the。

the moon,the stars,the constellations（星座），the sun,the planet等。

特殊性：除地球以外其他行星不可以加the。

Mars（火星），Jupiter（木星），Saturn（土星），Neptune（海王星），Mercury（水星），Venus（金星），Pluto（冥王星），Uranus（天王星）。

2.有關(guān)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞will和shall的一般性和特殊性

一般性：shall用于第一人稱，will用于所有人稱。

特殊性：shall亦可用于其他人稱，表示講話人的意志和決心。

如：Lincoln的The Government of the people,for the people and by the people shall never perish from the earth.（注：此處的shall要重讀。）

另外，

一般說I shall see you.而其特殊性：Since Ishall be seeing you tomorrow,you can explain everything to me then.

前者句子表達(dá)講話人的“意志”，而后者表達(dá)“事先已約定好的事。”

3.有關(guān)英語時(shí)態(tài)的一般性和特殊性

一般性：always,often,invariably這些詞用于一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的句子中。

特殊性：亦可用一般或過去進(jìn)行時(shí)表示“不耐煩，不滿”等情緒。

如：She is always complaining.

三、英語語法中的“其一”和“其他”

英研層次的語法要求同學(xué)知“其一”，更知“其他”。所謂“其一”就是人所眾知的語法常識(shí)，“其他”指的是令人頗覺生疏的語法現(xiàn)象，只知“其一”，不知道“其他”是最有害的，因?yàn)閲鴥?nèi)考試所信奉的另一個(gè)原則就是：“其他”大于“其一”。正如Alexander Pope所言：A little knowledge is adangerous thing.往往似是而非的“其一”就成了典型陷阱。

有關(guān)詞慣用法的“其一”和“其他”之辯舉隅：

1.“如果”

“其一”（一般性）：if

“其他”（特殊性）：suppose/supposing/assuming/providing/provided that/on condition that/do…and…/should/were/had/but for

如：

1）suppose(that)(conj.)

Suppose you are in acity where you are astranger,what will you do?

假如你到了一個(gè)完全陌生的城市里，你會(huì)怎么做？

2）supposing(that)(conj.)

Supposing you were in my shoes,what would you do?

假設(shè)你處在我的境地，你怎么辦？

3）assuming(that)(conj.)

Assuming(that)this is no good,what alternative is there?

假定這個(gè)不好，有其他選擇嗎？

4）providing/provided(that)(conj.)

Overseas students are eligible to apply for admission to almost all the courses in British universities,provided they have the necessary qualifications.

海外學(xué)生，只要具備必要的資格，都有條件申請(qǐng)學(xué)習(xí)英國大學(xué)的幾乎所有課程。

5）on condition that(adv.;conj.)

He was employed by acompany in Chicago on condition that he should move into the city.

他被芝加哥的一家公司錄用，條件是他得搬到芝加哥去。

6）do...and...

Care for others and others will love you.

多關(guān)心下別人，別人會(huì)喜歡你。

7）should(aux.)

Should you need my help again,just give me aring.

如果你需要我的幫助，就給我打個(gè)電話。

8）were（虛擬倒裝）

Were you to ask him,he might help you.

如果你請(qǐng)他幫忙，他也許會(huì)幫助你。

9）had（aux.虛擬倒裝）

Had he taken alittle more time to think,he might have acted more sensibly.

如果他能多考慮考慮，他可能做得更明智些。

10）but for=were it not for

He could have failed in his business but for your help.

要不是有你幫他，他的經(jīng)營就失敗了。

2.“盡管”

“其一”：although,even though（盡管）

“其他”：

1）for all(that)(adv.;conj.)

For all(that)he has lots of money,he’s far from being happy.

盡管他腰纏萬貫，但他并不快樂。

2）notwithstanding(that)(adv.;conj.;prep.)

Notwithstanding(that)the weather was bad,we pushed on.

盡管天氣惡劣，我們明天也得出發(fā)。

The end of the Cold War notwithstanding,the world is still adangerous place.

盡管冷戰(zhàn)已經(jīng)結(jié)束，但世界仍然處在危險(xiǎn)之中。

3）as(conj.)

Lover of town as Iam,I realize that Iowe adebt to my early country life.

盡管我愛城市，但我知道，以往的鄉(xiāng)村生活使我受益匪淺。

4）be+主語+...（常用be it/that）：不管，盡管

I accept that he is old and frail,be that as it may,he’s still agood politician.

我承認(rèn)他年事已高，身體虛弱，但盡管如此，他仍然是一位杰出的政治家。

The business of each day,be it selling goods or shipping them,went quite smoothly.

每天的業(yè)務(wù)，不管是銷售還是運(yùn)送貨物，都進(jìn)行得非常順利。

3.advise

“其一”（一般）：

1）advise sb.to do sth.

You are strongly advised to take out medical insurance when visiting America.

強(qiáng)烈建議您去美國之前買醫(yī)療保險(xiǎn)。

2）advise+that clause

Experts advise that sunscreen be reapplied every one to two hours.

專家建議每一到兩小時(shí)都要涂一次防曬霜。

“其他”（特殊）：

1）advise sb.against sth.

After he recovered,he advised her against going along with the crowd,of course.

他恢復(fù)以后建議她不要和那群人來往。

2）advise+n.(n.p./p.+g./g.)

The makers advise extreme caution when handling this material.

制造者建議在處理這種物質(zhì)時(shí)一定要極為小心。

I advised(you)waiting until tomorrow.我建議（你們）等到早晨。

3）advise+on

She has been asked to advise on training the new sales team.

她被邀請(qǐng)來為新銷售隊(duì)伍的培訓(xùn)提供建議。

4）advise+of(=to tell)

We’ll advise you of any changes in the delivery dates.

如果遞送日期有任何變化我們將通知您。

be well/ill advised to do sth.(be wise/unwise to do sth.)

You would be well advised to stay in bed and rest.臥床休息一下很明智。

4.agree

“其一”（一般）：

1）agree that

Most people nowadays would agree that agood pub is one of our best traditions.

一個(gè)好酒館是我們傳統(tǒng)的重要體現(xiàn)，現(xiàn)在大多數(shù)人都同意這點(diǎn)。

2）agree with sb.

If she felt he was right,she would agree with him.

如果她覺得他是對(duì)的那她就會(huì)同意他。

3）agree with（一致）

Your story doesn’t agree with what the police have told us.

你說的和警方告訴我們的可不一致啊。

4）agree with（同意）

I have never agreed with animal experimentation.我從沒有支持過用動(dòng)物做實(shí)驗(yàn)。

5）agree on/about

It’s the budget that the President and Congress cannot agree on.

總統(tǒng)和國會(huì)在預(yù)算問題上有分歧。

6）agree to do sth.

The conservatives surprised everyone by agreeing to defy the government and overspend by almost as much as ten million dollars.

保守黨決定違背政府并超支一千萬美元，真是令每個(gè)人都感到震驚。

“其他”（特殊）：

1）agree to sb.doing

My sister won’t agree to our mother going into anursing home.

我姐姐不會(huì)同意把媽媽送到養(yǎng)老院的。

2）agree on+wh-

They managed to agree on when to start the program.

他們已經(jīng)商量好何時(shí)開始項(xiàng)目了。

3）agree in

They agree in their taste.他們志趣相投。

The two parties agreed in changing agovernment.兩黨一致同意更換政府。

5.ask

“其一”（一般）：

1）ask sb.about sth.

They’ll probably just ask you about your education and work experience.

他們很可能只問問你的學(xué)歷和工作經(jīng)歷。

2）ask for

Some people find it difficult to ask for help.有人在需要幫助時(shí)覺得很難開口求助。

3）ask sb.to do sth.

Would you ask the visitors not to park their cars in front of the entrance?

能告訴來賓不要將車停放在入口前么？

4）ask sth.of sb.

You have no right to ask anything of me.你沒權(quán)力要我做什么。

5）ask...if...could

Betty’s been asking me if she could take the dog out for awalk.

貝蒂一直問我能不能帶狗出去遛遛彎。

6）ask...if...would

She asked me if Iwould leave early.她問我愿不愿意早一點(diǎn)走。

“其他”（特殊）：

1）ask for sb(want to talk to)

There’s someone at the door asking for Dad.門口有人要和爸爸說話。

2）be sb.for the asking

With three years’experience behind her,the promotion was Kate’s for the asking.

憑著三年的工作經(jīng)驗(yàn)，凱特只要申請(qǐng)就肯定會(huì)得到升職。

3）ask too much/a lot of sb.

Expecting the children to do an hour’s homework after school is asking alot of them.

放學(xué)后讓孩子做一個(gè)小時(shí)的功課實(shí)在是要求得過多。

4）ask after sb.

She appreciated it when you asked after her elderly father this morning.

今早你對(duì)他父親的問候使她很高興。

6.believe

“其一”（一般）：

1）believe

Labour still believes that it has abetter story about its own plans for improving public services than the Tories.工黨仍然認(rèn)為他們提高公共服務(wù)的計(jì)劃比保守黨好。

2）believe in

You’ve got to believe in yourself,or you’ll never succeed.不相信自己就不會(huì)成功。

We believe in letting everyone have the right to see their own medical records.

我們認(rèn)為每個(gè)人都有權(quán)利去看他們的醫(yī)療記錄。

Do you believe in God?你信神么？

“其他”（特殊）：

believe sb.to do sth.

The police believed the robbers to have escaped via Heathrow Airport.

警方認(rèn)為強(qiáng)盜們是從希思羅機(jī)場(chǎng)逃跑的。

7.concentrate

“其一”（一般）：

1）concentrate on

Sherman sat hunched forward and staring through the windshield,trying to concentrate on the traffic.謝爾曼身體前傾緊盯窗外，盡力注視著交通狀況。

2）concentrate in/at

Radium is readily absorbed into the body where it concentrates in the bone marrow and gives off very damaging alpha particles.鐳已經(jīng)完全被身體吸收，集中在骨髓之中，向外放射著極為有害的阿爾法粒子。

“其他”（特殊）：

concentrate to do sth.

You must concentrate to do this.要做好這項(xiàng)工作你就必須專心致志。

8.consider

“其一”（一般）：

1）consider+n./g.

The mayor needs to consider local residents when she decides where to put the new stadium.

市長在決定新的運(yùn)動(dòng)場(chǎng)的位置時(shí)需要考慮當(dāng)?shù)鼐用瘛?/p>

Have you considered getting anew car?想過買一輛新車么？

2）consider sb./sth.to be

The society had become so perverted by power and corruption that honest people were considered to be stupid.社會(huì)被權(quán)力與腐敗所扭曲，以至于那些誠實(shí)的人反被認(rèn)為是愚蠢的。

3）consider+that clause

The local authority considered that the school did not meet requirements.

當(dāng)?shù)貦C(jī)關(guān)認(rèn)為那所學(xué)校沒有達(dá)到要求。

“其他”（特殊）：

1）consider sth.sth.

I would consider it an honor to serve on the Executive Committee.

為執(zhí)委工作真是我的榮幸。

2）consider yourself lucky/fortunate(=believe you are lucky,etc.)

Consider yourself lucky you weren’t in the car at the time.你當(dāng)時(shí)不在車中真是幸運(yùn)。

3）consider+n.

Henry considered the sculpture with an expert eye.亨利用專家的眼睛凝視著雕塑。

9.decide

“其一”（一般）：

1）decide to do

Tina’s decided to go to Prague for her holidays.蒂娜決定假期去布拉格。

2）decide that

The parents decided that Sean might be more successful elsewhere,so they enrolled him in arecommended local private school.父母認(rèn)為肖恩在別的地方也許會(huì)更加出色，所以他們讓他上了當(dāng)?shù)匾凰鶄涫芡瞥绲乃搅W(xué)校。

“其他”（特殊）：

1）decide on

We couldn’t decide on anew color for the kitchen,so we left it white.

我們決定不了給廚房刷什么顏色，就只好留著白色。

2）decide against/in favor of

For asecond he thought about using his gun,but decided against it.

一瞬之間他想用他的槍，但隨后又放棄了。

10.have,help,let,make,get——“使”類動(dòng)詞，注意有沒有to

“其一”（一般）：

1）have

I’ll have the bellboy take up your bags.我讓侍者幫您拿包。

2）help（可有可無to）

The union thus helps people develop agreater sense of money management.

協(xié)會(huì)以此幫助人們提高了理財(cái)?shù)囊庾R(shí)。

3）let

So let us look at what factors appear to affect the performance of individuals in their jobs.

那么就讓我們看看有哪些因素影響了個(gè)人在工作之中的表現(xiàn)吧。

4）make

The vet put something down the dog’s throat to make it vomit.

獸醫(yī)往狗的喉嚨里灌了些東西讓它嘔吐。

“其他”（特殊）：

get sb.to do sth.

Parents learn ways to talk to and carry ababy to get it to stop crying.

父母學(xué)習(xí)與嬰兒交流和抱他的方法以讓他停止大哭。

11.“防止”

“防止”類動(dòng)詞，注意所跟介詞及動(dòng)詞的形式。

stop/discourage/prevent/ban/bar/block/prohibit/keep/dissuade/disqualify/distract/divert/enjoin/exclude/exempt/hinder/hold back/preclude/protect/restrain/restrict/forbid

“其一”（一般）：

1）stop

When Iasked Jasper what had stopped him from accepting these large offers,the question startled him.當(dāng)我問到杰斯帕是什么阻止他接受那些慷慨的施與時(shí)，他被我的問題嚇壞了。另外，stop還有個(gè)特殊性，就是stop sb.doing。

2）discourage

If this report that the army is planning acoup is serious,then the army must be discouraged from doing that.如果那份關(guān)于軍隊(duì)正在計(jì)劃實(shí)施政變的報(bào)告是嚴(yán)肅的，那么一定要阻止他們。

3）prevent

There were reports that some people had been prevented from voting in the election.

有報(bào)告稱一些人在選舉中投票時(shí)受到阻撓。

4）ban

The government has banned public officials from accepting gifts from foreigners.

政府嚴(yán)禁公務(wù)員接受外國人的禮物。

5）bar

The fans were barred from ever attending football matches in England again.

這些球迷在英格蘭被永遠(yuǎn)禁止到場(chǎng)觀看足球比賽。

6）block

Drugs that block acetylcholine from interfering with memory.

防止乙酰膽堿影響記憶力的藥物。

7）prohibit

GM yesterday announced anew policy prohibiting its managers from discussing specific companies with the media.

昨天通用公司出臺(tái)新政策，防止本公司經(jīng)理對(duì)媒體議論某些公司。

8）keep

Still,the only thing ever kept me from doing in sports was being afootball referee.

不過始終阻止我當(dāng)足球運(yùn)動(dòng)員的唯一原因是我是裁判。

9）dissuade

But none of these horrors had dissuaded Godolphin from travelling in the Reconciled Dominions.但是這些恐懼都沒有阻止戈多爾芬在和解領(lǐng)土上的旅行。

10）disqualify

They can also be disqualified from acting as directors of companies in the future.

他們也可能被取消在未來擔(dān)當(dāng)公司經(jīng)理的資格。

11）distract

Not that his pursuers would be distracted from finding him by such petty secrecy.

他的追隨者們不會(huì)因?yàn)檫@點(diǎn)小秘密而轉(zhuǎn)移注意力不去找他。

12）divert

Shrub roses were trussed to let people pass;signs erected to divert visitors from seeing the non-scenic compost heap.玫瑰叢被捆在一起方便人們通過，立起的牌子使人們的注意從傷風(fēng)景的肥料堆上移開。

13）enjoin

The defendant was enjoined from using the patent.被告被判無權(quán)使用專利。

14）exclude

Potter was excluded from military service due to his poor eyesight.

伯特因?yàn)橐暳Σ患盐茨苋ボ婈?duì)服役。

15）exempt

Prisons are exempt from having regular visits from environmental health officers.

不允許環(huán)境健康官員對(duì)犯人進(jìn)行定期的訪問。

16）hinder

The lowering clouds hindered their aircraft from bombing and strafing his men and made parachuting supplies to their beleaguered garrison nearly impossible.低空云層阻止了飛機(jī)的轟炸和掃射，并幾乎使給他們被圍攻的要塞空運(yùn)補(bǔ)給成為不可能。

17）hold back

Republicans have expressed interest in the plan but have held back from making acommitment.共和黨人已經(jīng)表示對(duì)計(jì)劃感興趣，但是他們還不能給出什么承諾。

18）preclude

Jehovah’s Witnesses’religious beliefs precludes them from undertaking compulsory national service.耶和華目擊證人們的宗教信仰使他們無法為國家提供必需的服務(wù)。

19）protect

It was just that Iwanted,foolishly,to protect you from being hurt by the cruel world.

我只是愚蠢地希望保護(hù)你不讓你受殘酷世界的傷害。

20）restrain

His arm was hurting him and he had to be restrained from doing too much.

他胳膊很疼，不得不少做一些。

21）restrict

Can the school board restrict teachers from expressing their views?

校董事會(huì)可以限制老師表達(dá)他們的觀點(diǎn)嗎?

“其他”（特殊）：

forbid（接to do形式）

Post office rules forbid employees to accept tips.郵政法規(guī)禁止員工收取小費(fèi)。

而被動(dòng)則不然，如：

Women are forbidden from going out without aveil.女子如果不帶面紗就不允許出門。

12.“當(dāng)做”

“當(dāng)做”類動(dòng)詞：regard,refer,remember,count,look on,see

“其一”（一般，必須加as）：

1）regard

Though20years old,the book is still regarded as the authority on the subject.

20年了，這本書仍然被認(rèn)為是這個(gè)學(xué)科中的權(quán)威。

2）refer

Medieval texts refer to it as one of the fifty-one most sacred places for Hindus.

中世紀(jì)的文獻(xiàn)稱這里是印度51個(gè)最神圣的地方之一。

3）remember

Johnson wanted to be remembered as“the education president.”

約翰遜希望被人們紀(jì)念為“教育總統(tǒng)”。

4）count

I think Mexico should be counted as part of Central America.

我認(rèn)為墨西哥應(yīng)該被算作中美洲的一部分。

5）look on

You’ve got to remember that at the time,deregulation was looked on as an open cash-register.

你必須記住，在那個(gè)時(shí)候違反常規(guī)被認(rèn)為是搖錢樹。

6）see

Climbers see the Himalayas as the final frontier.

攀登者們視喜馬拉雅山為最后的邊界。

7）choose

The company has chosen London as its base.公司選倫敦作為根據(jù)地。

8）intend

The Ministry of Agriculture statement said that the warning had been intended as preventative advice.農(nóng)業(yè)部的聲明稱這個(gè)警告只是一個(gè)預(yù)防性的通知。

此類動(dòng)詞還有：

accept/acknowledge/adopt/bill/brand/cast/categories/characterize/classify/condemn/confirm/construe/count/define/denounce/depict/describe/diagnose/disguise/dismiss/enlist/establish/give/hail/have/identify/install/interpret/know/mean/perceive/portray/present/recognize/regard/represent/scorn/see/suggest/take as/for/treat/use/view

其二（特殊——沒有as）：

1）consider

He is currently considered the best British athlete.他被認(rèn)為是眼下英國最好的運(yùn)

動(dòng)員。

Nevertheless,green manuring should not be considered as ameans of stimulating quick plant growth.但是，綠色施肥不應(yīng)被認(rèn)為是一種刺激植物生長的方法。

2）make（注：make沒有as）

The President has made Lloyd Bentsen his Secretary of the Treasury.

總統(tǒng)任命勞埃德本森為財(cái)政部大臣。

3）name

The magazine has named Bonnie Fuller as deputy editor.

邦妮富勒被任命為雜志副主編。

It named Thomas Ashmore president of the top-10-market organization,which will be based in Dallas.托馬斯阿施莫被任命為將建立在達(dá)拉斯的top-10-market機(jī)構(gòu)的

主席。

4）label

Campbell has labeled the commission’s recommendations as sheer nonsense.

坎貝爾稱委員會(huì)的推薦純屬廢話。

The newspapers had unjustly labeled him atroublemaker.

報(bào)紙不公正地稱其為麻煩制造者。

5）appoint

They have appointed Jane Green as their new East Coast manager.

他們?nèi)蚊?jiǎn)·格林為東海岸的新經(jīng)理。

The board appointed her the chief operating officer of the company.

董事會(huì)任命她為公司的首席執(zhí)行官。

6）ordain

The church voted to allow women to be ordained(as)priests.

教會(huì)投票批準(zhǔn)婦女成為牧師。

此類動(dòng)詞還有：designate,elect,imagine,nominate,proclaim,rate,report.

13.mean

“其一”（一般）：

1）“Downsizing”simply means that firms are tending to buy smaller computers to do jobs which used to require big ones.

“縮小化”意味著公司傾向于購買小型電腦來做那些以前要靠大機(jī)器才能完成的任務(wù)。

2）Bush’s tax cuts and the slowing economy mean that Pentagon policy choices will have to be made this year.布什的減稅與經(jīng)濟(jì)的放慢意味著五角大樓的政策選擇必須在今年完成。

“其他”（特殊）：

1）You are meant to fill in atax form every year.你該每年都填一份稅務(wù)表。

2）I meant you to get it but Iforget to tell you.我原打算讓你把它拿來，但是忘了告訴你。

14.intend

“其一”（一般）：

1）Her lawyers stated that they intended to call at least five witnesses.

她的律師稱她們決定叫至少5個(gè)證人。

2）The book is intended for children aged5-7.這本書的對(duì)象是5到7歲的孩子。

“其他”（特殊）：

1）I didn’t intend her to see the painting until it was finished.

我不想在畫完這幅畫前讓她看到它。

2）The comment was not intended as aput-down but simply astatement of fact.

這個(gè)評(píng)論不是有意貶低，只是實(shí)事求是罷了。

15.succeed

“其一”（一般）：

succeed in

In one year,we’ve succeeded in increasing profits by40%.

一年之中我們成功地使利潤提高了百分之四十。

“其他”（特殊）：

1）make asuccess of

Both have made asuccess of their lives,both are very affectionate and both have children and happy marriages.兩人都非常的成功，充滿摯愛之情，有孩子和完滿的婚姻。

2）have success with

She has great success with the boys.她在男孩子面前吃得很開。

3）succeed sb.as sb.

Wolcott will succeed Dr.Johansen as director of the museum next year.

明年沃爾考特將接任漢森博士出任博物館館長。

4）succeed to the throne

When Edward VI succeeded to the throne,he was only nine years old.

愛德華五世九歲便繼承了王位。

16.suspect

“其一”（一般）：

1）suspect sb.

Although they were in the area on the day of the robbery,no one suspected them.

盡管搶劫案發(fā)生當(dāng)天他們都在那里，但是沒有人懷疑他們。

2）suspect sth.

A man has been found dead in his home and the police suspect foul play.

一個(gè)男人死在家中，警方懷疑這是場(chǎng)謀殺。

3）suspect that clause

He suspected Hubert had erred in some way,but did not care to ask.

盡管他懷疑休伯特在哪錯(cuò)了，但他沒有過問。

“其他”（特殊）：

1）suspect sb.of sth.

Both men had originally been suspected of Brown’s murder.

兩人一開始都被懷疑謀殺了布朗。

2）suspect sb.to do sth.

The police suspected the driver to have murdered the singer.

警方懷疑是司機(jī)殺害了那位歌手。

17.take

“其一”（一般）：

take to be

The parents took the young man to be ateacher.家長把那個(gè)年輕人當(dāng)成老師了。

“其他”（特殊）：

1）take to sth.

Charles was an odd character whom Kelly had never really taken to.

查爾斯性格古怪，凱利從來都沒有喜歡過他。

2）take up sth.

We are not very good at French.We only took it up recently.

我們法語不怎么好，最近才開始學(xué)。

3）She took my saying in very bad part.她認(rèn)為我說的話不懷好意。

18.inversion倒裝

“其一”（一般）：

1）否定性狀語前置表示強(qiáng)調(diào)

Under no circumstances are you to leave the house.你絕對(duì)不能離開這幢房子。

In no country will you be offered stranger coffee than in England.在任何國家你也不會(huì)喝到比在英國喝到的更奇特的咖啡。

2）to such用在肯定句中的倒裝

To such straits was he reduced by his extravagance that he took to begging.

他因?yàn)閾]霍浪費(fèi)弄到這等境地，竟然開始要起飯來。

3）引用時(shí)

“Well Inever!”remarked my grandfather.“喔，我決不！”爺爺說道。

“其他”（特殊）：

1）肯定句中的狀語前置

In front of me lay the whole valley like an untouched paradise on earth.

展現(xiàn)在我們面前的整個(gè)山谷，猶如一個(gè)無人到過的人間天堂。

2）副詞提前

Off you go!你走開！

Down fell aclutter of cartons and boxes.亂七八糟的一堆紙匣和木箱倒了下來。

總而言之，語言規(guī)則性反映出語言的穩(wěn)定性和保守性；而語言的反規(guī)則性則反映語言的求變性和革命性。后者是語言變化的動(dòng)因，使語言成為不斷變化的，吐舊納新，兼容并蓄的知識(shí)和文化的載體。而對(duì)考試而言要時(shí)刻牢記：語言實(shí)際上只有兩個(gè)規(guī)則：一是規(guī)則，二是反規(guī)則。從某種意義上講“反規(guī)則”更為生動(dòng)，更為重要，尤其是對(duì)應(yīng)考試這件事。故有必要再重申一遍考試的原則：“特殊”大于“一般”，要知“其一”，更要知“其他”。