第二節(jié) 推理判斷

一、考點介紹

推理判斷是指根據(jù)閱讀材料中的內(nèi)容推斷出題目要填寫的內(nèi)容或要選擇的選項。大多數(shù)的推理判斷只需要一般推理即可判斷出答案，少數(shù)題目需要經(jīng)過比較復雜的推理才能判斷出答案。

二、真題示例

Example 1（Cambridge IELTS 8 Test 1 READING PASSAGE 2 Questions 24 and 25）

【真題回顧】

READING PASSAGE 2

AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL IN THE USA

E To meet this challenge, the following elements were put into effect. First, ATC extends over virtually the entire United States. In general, from 365m above the ground and higher, the entire country is blanketed by controlled airspace. In certain areas, mainly near airports, controlled airspace extends down to 215m above the ground, and, in the immediate vicinity of an airport, all the way down to the surface. Controlled airspace is that airspace in which FAA regulations apply. Elsewhere, in uncontrolled airspace, pilots are bound by fewer regulations. In this way, the recreational pilot who simply wishes to go flying for a while without all the restrictions imposed by the FAA has only to stay in uncontrolled airspace, below 365m, while the pilot who does want the protection afforded by ATC can easily enter the controlled airspace.

F The FAA then recognised two types of operating environments. In good meteo-rological conditions, flying would be permitted under Visual Flight Rules (VFR), which suggests a strong reliance on visual cues to maintain an acceptable level of safety. Poor visibility necessitated a set of Instrumental Flight Rules (IFR), under which the pilot relied on altitude and navigational information provided by the plane's instrument panel to fly safely. On a clear day, a pilot in controlled airspace can choose a VFR or IFR flight plan, and the FAA regulations were devised in a way which accommodates both VFR and IFR operations in the same airspace. However, a pilot can only choose to fly IFR if they possess an instrument rating which is above and beyond the basic pilot's license that must also be held.

G Controlled airspace is divided into several different types, designated by letters of the alphabet. Uncontrolled airspace is designated Class F, while controlled airspace below 5,490m above sea level and not in the vicinity of an airport is Class E. All airspace above 5,490m is designated Class A. The reason for the division of Class E and Class A airspace stems from the type of planes operating in them. Generally, Class E airspace is where one finds general aviation aircraft (few of which can climb above 5,490m anyway), and commercial turboprop aircraft. Above 5,490m is the realm of the heavy jets, since jet engines operate more efficiently at higher altitudes. The difference between Class E and A airspace is that in Class A, all operations are IFR, and pilots must be instrument-rated, that is, skilled and licensed in aircraft instrumentation. This is because ATC control of the entire space is essential. Three other types of airspace, Classes D, C and B, govern the vicinity of airports. These correspond roughly to small municipal, medium-sized metropolitan and major metropolitan airports respectively, and encompass an increasingly rigorous set of regulations. For example, all a VFR pilot has to do to enter Class C airspace is establish two-way radio contact with ATC. No explicit permission from ATC to enter is needed, although the pilot must continue to obey all regulations governing VFR flight. To enter Class B airspace, such as on approach to a major metropolitan airport, an explicit ATC clearance is required. The private pilot who cruises without permission into this airspace risks losing their license.

【考點點撥】

24 Class F airspace is airspace which is below 365m and not near airports.

答案：TRUE

關鍵詞：Class F、365m、not near airports

定位句：根據(jù)關鍵詞Class F定位到G段第二行：

（1）Uncontrolled airspace is designated Class F．非管制空域被定為F級。

再根據(jù)關鍵詞365m定位到E段第二行：

（2）In general, from 365m above the ground and higher, the entire country is blanketed by controlled airspace. In certain areas, mainly near airports, controlled airspace extends down to 215m above the ground, and, in the immediate vicinity of an airport, all the way down to the surface．一般來說，在整個國家范圍內(nèi)，離地面365米以及更高的地方都是管制空域。在某些地區(qū)，主要是靠近機場的地區(qū)，管制空域向下延伸至距離地面215米以上的范圍，而在緊鄰機場的區(qū)域，管制空域包括地面及以上所有的區(qū)域。

解 析：定位句（1）可以理解為“Class F = 非管制空域”，根據(jù)定位句（2）可以推斷出，“365米以下并且遠離機場的領空 = 非管制空域”，把這兩個定位句的意思相結(jié)合，就是“Class F = 365米以下并且遠離機場的領空”。題目說的就是“F級領空就是365米以下并且遠離機場的領空”。題目和定位句意思相符，答案就是TRUE。

考 點：推理判斷。

25 All aircraft in Class E airspace must use IFR.

答案：FALSE

關鍵詞：all、Class E、IFR

定位句：根據(jù)關鍵詞定位到G段第八行：The difference between Class E and A airspace is that in Class A, all operations are IFR. E級和A級之間的區(qū)別在于A級空域中所有的操作都遵循儀表飛行規(guī)則（IFR）。

解 析：定位句說A級空域中的所有飛行都必須遵循IFR，而E級在這一點上和A級不同，可見，E級空域的所有飛機并不是都必須遵循IFR。題目和定位句意思不相符，答案就是FALSE。

考 點：推理判斷。

Example 2（Cambridge IELTS 8 Test 4 READING PASSAGE 3 Questions 37-40）

【真題回顧】

READING PASSAGE 3

Collecting Ant Specimens

Many ants are small and forage primarily in the layer of leaves and other debris on the ground. Collecting these species by hand can be difficult. One of the most successful ways to collect them is to gather the leaf litter in which they are foraging and extract the ants from it. This is most commonly done by placing leaf litter on a screen over a large funnel, often under some heat. As the leaf litter dries from above, ants (and other animals) move downward and eventually fall out the bottom and are collected in alcohol placed below the funnel. This method works especially well in rain forests and marshy areas. A method of improving the catch when using a funnel is to sift the leaf litter through a coarse screen before placing it above the funnel. This will concentrate the litter and remove larger leaves and twigs. It will also allow more litter to be sampled when using a limited number of funnels.

【考點點撥】

One method of collecting ants

答案：Q 37 heat

Q 38 leaf litter

Q 39 screen

Q 40 alcohol

關鍵詞：funnel

定位句：根據(jù)圖示中的關鍵詞定位到第四行：This is most commonly done by placing leaf litter on a screen over a large funnel, often under some heat. As the leaf litter dries from above, ants (and other animals) move downward and eventually fall out the bottom and are collected in alcohol placed below the funnel．最常見的做法是把落葉放在一個大漏斗上面的一個篩子上，通常在它們的上方進行加熱。隨著上面的葉子漸漸變干，螞蟻（以及其他的動物）就會向下移動，并最終從漏斗底部漏出，這樣就被收集到了置于漏斗下方的酒精中。

解 析：題目中的關鍵詞funnel（漏斗）在定位句中兩次重現(xiàn)。定位句說的是placing leaf litter on a screen over a large funnel, often under some heat，可見漏斗上面的東西就是a screen，第39題空格前給出了a，該題的答案就是screen；而screen上面放的東西是leaf litter，第38題的答案就是leaf litter；樹葉、篩子和漏斗都是under some heat，第37題空格前給出了some，該題的答案就是heat；定位句后面又說alcohol placed below the funnel，可見，放在漏斗下面的東西就是alcohol，第40題的答案就是alcohol。

考 點：推理判斷。