第一節(jié)　新老觀點(diǎn)型

（1）判斷標(biāo)志：第一部分出現(xiàn)老觀點(diǎn)，即過(guò)去的、傳統(tǒng)的、大眾的觀點(diǎn)

（2）行文模式：老觀點(diǎn)——反對(duì)老觀點(diǎn)——新觀點(diǎn)（有時(shí)不出現(xiàn)）——論述新觀點(diǎn)

（3）TS位置：第一段中間或第二段句首，前面出現(xiàn)強(qiáng)轉(zhuǎn)折和強(qiáng)對(duì)比詞匯

下面舉例進(jìn)行說(shuō)明：

例如：

第二段開(kāi)頭However說(shuō)明第二段是反對(duì)第一段的觀點(diǎn)，由most historians可知第一段的觀點(diǎn)都是老觀點(diǎn)。第二段第二句話用for example來(lái)舉例論證新觀點(diǎn)。文章的行文模式是老觀點(diǎn)——反對(duì)老觀點(diǎn)——論述新觀點(diǎn)。根據(jù)主題句的位置和特征，可以知道第二段首句是這篇文章的主題句。

這篇文章重點(diǎn)閱讀的文字應(yīng)是反對(duì)老觀點(diǎn)的內(nèi)容和后面的詳細(xì)論述。

如果考生能理解文章的套路，在應(yīng)試時(shí)就可以分清重點(diǎn)，跳讀一些文字，閱讀有效內(nèi)容，預(yù)測(cè)考點(diǎn)，并知曉考試考查的角度。

閱讀心得

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第二節(jié)　結(jié)論解釋型

（1）判斷標(biāo)志：總分結(jié)構(gòu)

（2）行文模式：結(jié)論——解釋結(jié)論——評(píng)價(jià)

（3）TS位置：第一段的段首句或段尾句

下面舉例進(jìn)行說(shuō)明：

例如：

文章第一段結(jié)尾處提出結(jié)論，陸地蛇為了適應(yīng)陸地生活必須有調(diào)節(jié)（adaptations）。第二段來(lái)論證陸地蛇是有調(diào)節(jié)的。第三段論證調(diào)節(jié)具體是什么。文章的第一段尾句和第二段、第三段構(gòu)成了總分結(jié)構(gòu)，所以文章的主題句就是第一段的尾句。

閱讀心得

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第三節(jié)　現(xiàn)象解釋型

（1）判斷標(biāo)志：第一部分提出自然現(xiàn)象或社會(huì)現(xiàn)象

（2）行文模式：現(xiàn)象——解釋——評(píng)價(jià)解釋

（3）TS特點(diǎn)：主題句不明確，注意正評(píng)價(jià)句子

下面舉例進(jìn)行說(shuō)明：

例如：

從上面的文章分析來(lái)看，第一段開(kāi)頭提出滅絕動(dòng)物的牙齒斷裂頻率比現(xiàn)今動(dòng)物的牙齒斷裂頻率高這個(gè)現(xiàn)象。第二段作者對(duì)現(xiàn)象提出了4種解釋，并分別進(jìn)行評(píng)價(jià)。

考生在備考和應(yīng)試時(shí)，了解現(xiàn)象解釋型套路后，可以知道不會(huì)考查現(xiàn)象，進(jìn)行瀏覽性閱讀即可，重點(diǎn)閱讀現(xiàn)象的解釋和評(píng)價(jià)。

閱讀心得

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第四節(jié)　問(wèn)題解決型

（1）判斷標(biāo)志：第一部分出現(xiàn)問(wèn)題，設(shè)問(wèn)句，或problem一詞

（2）行文模式：?jiǎn)栴}——解決方案——評(píng)價(jià)方案

（3）TS特點(diǎn)：主題句不明確，重點(diǎn)關(guān)注正負(fù)評(píng)價(jià)

下面舉例進(jìn)行說(shuō)明：

例如：

文章第一段開(kāi)頭提出宇宙會(huì)無(wú)限擴(kuò)張，還是會(huì)停止運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)這樣的問(wèn)題。針對(duì)這個(gè)問(wèn)題，給出了問(wèn)題的答案，即達(dá)到每立方米三個(gè)氫原子時(shí)，宇宙會(huì)停止擴(kuò)張。

第二段和第三段對(duì)上述解決方案進(jìn)行評(píng)價(jià)和進(jìn)一步解釋。

了解問(wèn)題解決型文章的套路后，在備考和應(yīng)試時(shí)，對(duì)問(wèn)題部分可以簡(jiǎn)單瀏覽，重點(diǎn)閱讀的文字是問(wèn)題的解決方案和對(duì)方案的評(píng)價(jià)。

總結(jié)：

為了幫助考生能夠更好地了解文章套路，筆者將結(jié)論解釋型、現(xiàn)象解釋型和問(wèn)題解決型統(tǒng)一劃分為解釋型文章，若考查這類文章，那么其主要目的就是解釋。每一類文章的目的可以參考下面的圖表：

在了解文章的寫(xiě)作目的后，可以快速地解決文章主旨題。下面舉例加以詳細(xì)說(shuō)明。

例如：

Scientists long believed that two nerve clusters in the human hypothalamus, called suprachiasmatic nuclei （SCNs）, were what controlled our circadian rhythms. Those rhythms are the biological cycles that recur approximately every 24 hours in synchronization with the cycle of sunlight and darkness caused by Earth's rotation. Studies have demonstrated that in some animals, the SCNs control daily fluctuations in blood pressure, body temperature, activity level, and alertness, as well as the nighttime release of the sleep- promoting agent melatonin. Furthermore, cells in the human retina dedicated to transmitting information about light levels to the SCNs have recently been discovered.

Four critical genes governing circadian cycles have been found to be active in every tissue, however, not just the SCNs, of flies, mice, and humans. In addition, when laboratory rats that usually ate at will were fed only once a day, peak activity of a clock gene in their livers shifted by 12 hours, whereas the same clock gene in the SCNs remained synchronized with light cycles. While scientists do not dispute the role of the SCNs in controlling core functions such as the regulation of body temperature and blood pressure, scientists now believe that circadian clocks in other organs and tissues may respond to external cues other than light—including temperature changes—that recur regularly every 24 hours.

The primary purpose of the passage is to

（A） challenge recent findings that appear to contradict earlier finding

（B） present two sides of an ongoing scientific debate

（C） report answers to several questions that have long puzzled researchers

（D） discuss evidence that has caused a long-standing belief to be revised

（E） attempt to explain a commonly misunderstood biological phenomenon

【解析】文章第一段開(kāi)頭提出long believed that，可知開(kāi)頭提出了一個(gè)老觀點(diǎn)“SCNs控制著生物鐘”。接著論述了老觀點(diǎn)的論據(jù)。第二段，作者反駁了老觀點(diǎn)，后面舉例證明新觀點(diǎn)。所以，這篇文章的主要目的是反對(duì)老觀點(diǎn)，正確答案選D。

例如：

A recent study has provided clues to predator-prey dynamics in the late Pleistocene era. Researchers compared the number of tooth fractures in present-day carnivores with tooth fractures in carnivores that lived 36,000 to 10,000 years ago and that were preserved in the Rancho La Brea tar pits in Los Angeles. The breakage frequencies in the extinct species were strikingly higher than those in the present-day species.

In considering possible explanations for this finding, the researchers dismissed demographic bias because older individuals were not overrepresented in the fossil samples. They rejected preservational bias because a total absence of breakage in two extinct species demonstrated that the fractures were not the result of abrasion within the pits. They ruled out local bias because breakage data obtained from other Pleistocene sites were similar to the La Brea data. The explanation they consider most plausible is behavioral differences between extinct and presentday carnivores—in particular, more contact between the teeth of predators and the bones of prey due to more thorough consumption of carcasses by the extinct species. Such thorough carcass consumption implies to the researchers either that prey availability was low, at least seasonally, or that there was intense competition over kills and a high rate of carcass theft due to relatively high predator densities.

The primary purpose of the passage is to

（A） present several explanations for a well-known fact

（B） suggest alternative methods for resolving a debate

（C） argue in favor of a controversial theory

（D） question the methodology used in a study

（E） discuss the implications of a research finding

文章第一段談到了一種現(xiàn)象，第二段解釋了這種現(xiàn)象的原因，所以這篇文章屬于解釋型文章，其主要目的是解釋一個(gè)事物的原因。本題答案選（E），implications是第二段解釋的內(nèi)容，a research fnding是第一段的現(xiàn)象。（A）選項(xiàng)中的well-known錯(cuò)誤。

總結(jié)：文章套路對(duì)于考生掌握文章行文模式、主題句、作者態(tài)度和定位有很大的幫助，考生只有在備考時(shí)大量練習(xí)，才可以將這些套路分析的方法內(nèi)化成為一種閱讀習(xí)慣，在考試中應(yīng)用時(shí)才能更加得心應(yīng)手。