- GMAT官方指南閱讀解析：圖解邏輯法
- 趙洪波
- 176字
- 2019-09-29 13:34:25
第一節 新老觀點型
（1）判斷標志：第一部分出現老觀點，即過去的、傳統的、大眾的觀點
（2）行文模式：老觀點——反對老觀點——新觀點（有時不出現）——論述新觀點
（3）TS位置：第一段中間或第二段句首，前面出現強轉折和強對比詞匯
下面舉例進行說明：
例如：
第二段開頭However說明第二段是反對第一段的觀點，由most historians可知第一段的觀點都是老觀點。第二段第二句話用for example來舉例論證新觀點。文章的行文模式是老觀點——反對老觀點——論述新觀點。根據主題句的位置和特征，可以知道第二段首句是這篇文章的主題句。
這篇文章重點閱讀的文字應是反對老觀點的內容和后面的詳細論述。
如果考生能理解文章的套路，在應試時就可以分清重點，跳讀一些文字，閱讀有效內容，預測考點，并知曉考試考查的角度。
閱讀心得
第二節 結論解釋型
（1）判斷標志：總分結構
（2）行文模式：結論——解釋結論——評價
（3）TS位置：第一段的段首句或段尾句
下面舉例進行說明：
例如：
文章第一段結尾處提出結論，陸地蛇為了適應陸地生活必須有調節（adaptations）。第二段來論證陸地蛇是有調節的。第三段論證調節具體是什么。文章的第一段尾句和第二段、第三段構成了總分結構，所以文章的主題句就是第一段的尾句。
閱讀心得
第三節 現象解釋型
（1）判斷標志：第一部分提出自然現象或社會現象
（2）行文模式：現象——解釋——評價解釋
（3）TS特點：主題句不明確，注意正評價句子
下面舉例進行說明：
例如：
從上面的文章分析來看，第一段開頭提出滅絕動物的牙齒斷裂頻率比現今動物的牙齒斷裂頻率高這個現象。第二段作者對現象提出了4種解釋，并分別進行評價。
考生在備考和應試時，了解現象解釋型套路后，可以知道不會考查現象，進行瀏覽性閱讀即可，重點閱讀現象的解釋和評價。
閱讀心得
第四節 問題解決型
（1）判斷標志：第一部分出現問題，設問句，或problem一詞
（2）行文模式：問題——解決方案——評價方案
（3）TS特點：主題句不明確，重點關注正負評價
下面舉例進行說明：
例如：
文章第一段開頭提出宇宙會無限擴張，還是會停止運轉這樣的問題。針對這個問題，給出了問題的答案，即達到每立方米三個氫原子時，宇宙會停止擴張。
第二段和第三段對上述解決方案進行評價和進一步解釋。
了解問題解決型文章的套路后，在備考和應試時，對問題部分可以簡單瀏覽，重點閱讀的文字是問題的解決方案和對方案的評價。
總結：
為了幫助考生能夠更好地了解文章套路，筆者將結論解釋型、現象解釋型和問題解決型統一劃分為解釋型文章，若考查這類文章，那么其主要目的就是解釋。每一類文章的目的可以參考下面的圖表：
在了解文章的寫作目的后，可以快速地解決文章主旨題。下面舉例加以詳細說明。
例如：
Scientists long believed that two nerve clusters in the human hypothalamus, called suprachiasmatic nuclei （SCNs）, were what controlled our circadian rhythms. Those rhythms are the biological cycles that recur approximately every 24 hours in synchronization with the cycle of sunlight and darkness caused by Earth's rotation. Studies have demonstrated that in some animals, the SCNs control daily fluctuations in blood pressure, body temperature, activity level, and alertness, as well as the nighttime release of the sleep- promoting agent melatonin. Furthermore, cells in the human retina dedicated to transmitting information about light levels to the SCNs have recently been discovered.
Four critical genes governing circadian cycles have been found to be active in every tissue, however, not just the SCNs, of flies, mice, and humans. In addition, when laboratory rats that usually ate at will were fed only once a day, peak activity of a clock gene in their livers shifted by 12 hours, whereas the same clock gene in the SCNs remained synchronized with light cycles. While scientists do not dispute the role of the SCNs in controlling core functions such as the regulation of body temperature and blood pressure, scientists now believe that circadian clocks in other organs and tissues may respond to external cues other than light—including temperature changes—that recur regularly every 24 hours.
The primary purpose of the passage is to
（A） challenge recent findings that appear to contradict earlier finding
（B） present two sides of an ongoing scientific debate
（C） report answers to several questions that have long puzzled researchers
（D） discuss evidence that has caused a long-standing belief to be revised
（E） attempt to explain a commonly misunderstood biological phenomenon
例如：
A recent study has provided clues to predator-prey dynamics in the late Pleistocene era. Researchers compared the number of tooth fractures in present-day carnivores with tooth fractures in carnivores that lived 36,000 to 10,000 years ago and that were preserved in the Rancho La Brea tar pits in Los Angeles. The breakage frequencies in the extinct species were strikingly higher than those in the present-day species.
In considering possible explanations for this finding, the researchers dismissed demographic bias because older individuals were not overrepresented in the fossil samples. They rejected preservational bias because a total absence of breakage in two extinct species demonstrated that the fractures were not the result of abrasion within the pits. They ruled out local bias because breakage data obtained from other Pleistocene sites were similar to the La Brea data. The explanation they consider most plausible is behavioral differences between extinct and presentday carnivores—in particular, more contact between the teeth of predators and the bones of prey due to more thorough consumption of carcasses by the extinct species. Such thorough carcass consumption implies to the researchers either that prey availability was low, at least seasonally, or that there was intense competition over kills and a high rate of carcass theft due to relatively high predator densities.
The primary purpose of the passage is to
（A） present several explanations for a well-known fact
（B） suggest alternative methods for resolving a debate
（C） argue in favor of a controversial theory
（D） question the methodology used in a study
（E） discuss the implications of a research finding
文章第一段談到了一種現象，第二段解釋了這種現象的原因，所以這篇文章屬于解釋型文章，其主要目的是解釋一個事物的原因。本題答案選（E），implications是第二段解釋的內容，a research fnding是第一段的現象。（A）選項中的well-known錯誤。
總結：文章套路對于考生掌握文章行文模式、主題句、作者態度和定位有很大的幫助，考生只有在備考時大量練習，才可以將這些套路分析的方法內化成為一種閱讀習慣，在考試中應用時才能更加得心應手。