第三章 論說文

方法介紹——結(jié)構(gòu)式閱讀

我們沒有必要將議論文和說明文分家，統(tǒng)稱為論說文即可。這是我們?cè)诟呖贾凶畛Ｓ龅降囊环N文章體裁。它文字難度大，有深度，是同學(xué)們最頭疼的一類文章。在高考中，做一篇閱讀一般是8分鐘左右，這對(duì)于應(yīng)用文和記敘文時(shí)間還算夠用，而往往一遇到論說文，很多同學(xué)都會(huì)感受到時(shí)間的壓力。所以在應(yīng)對(duì)論說文時(shí)，我們要調(diào)整閱讀方法。

請(qǐng)同學(xué)們思考一個(gè)問題：假設(shè)我們拿到一篇論說文，后面只有一道主旨題，那大家準(zhǔn)備怎么來讀文章呢？現(xiàn)在給大家兩分鐘時(shí)間先思考一下這個(gè)問題，然后再看后文。我在教學(xué)過程中問過很多同學(xué)這個(gè)問題，回答歸結(jié)起來無非以下幾種：1.讀文章第一句話；2.讀文章第一段；3.讀文章的第一段和最后一段；4.讀文章的首段末端以及各段首句。大家講的都好像很有套路，但真正開始做一道題，很多同學(xué)是不會(huì)按自己講的套路去做的。這就說明理論與實(shí)踐是脫節(jié)的，尤其是當(dāng)以上說的這些部分讀不太懂的時(shí)候，很多同學(xué)就選擇了一種閱讀模式，就是趕緊把文章從頭讀到尾。這樣的閱讀方法一定是低效的，而且解題正確率很難得到保證。那么在考場(chǎng)上究竟應(yīng)該怎么讀文章呢？我們采取的策略是讀文章結(jié)構(gòu)，這就是我們將要介紹的“結(jié)構(gòu)式閱讀”。

Passage 1

2000全國C

Decision-thinking is not unlike poker—it often matters not only what you think，but also what others think you think what you think they think you think.The mental process（過程）is similar.Naturally，this card game has often been of considerable interest to people who are，by any standards，good thinkers.

The great mathematician John von Neumann was one of the founders of game theory.In particular，he showed that all games fall into two classes；there are what he called games of‘perfect information’，games like chess where the players can’t hide anything or play tricks；they don’t win by chance，but by means of logic and skills.Then there are games of“imperfect information”，like poker，in which it is impossible to know in advance that one course of action is better than another.

One mistaken idea about business is that it can be treated as a game of perfect information.Quite the reverse Business，life itself are games which we must normally play with very imperfect information.Business decisions are often made with many unknown and unknowable factors（因素），best poker players.But few business people find it comfortable to admit that they are taking a chance，and many still prefer to believe that they are playing chess，not poker.

59.The subject discussed in this text is____.

A.the process of reaching decisions B.the difference between poker and chess

C.the secret of making good business plans D.the value of information in winning games

通過這道題我們要介紹結(jié)構(gòu)式閱讀的一些基本概念，首先要對(duì)英文文章的整體結(jié)構(gòu)有一個(gè)了解。英文文章一般是總—分的敘述模式，這是由英語思維方式?jīng)Q定的，英語表達(dá)一般習(xí)慣將重點(diǎn)放在前面，所以我們讀文章時(shí)也要重點(diǎn)讀前面。我們現(xiàn)在想象一個(gè)三角形，這就是一篇英文文章的基本結(jié)構(gòu)。在這個(gè)正三角的尖頂是文章最為重要的地方，我們稱之為文章的開篇。在寫作開篇的時(shí)候，每個(gè)作者、每篇文章都不盡相同，但也有規(guī)律性的特點(diǎn)可以把握。我們接下來就介紹一種非常常見的開篇方法：“直敘型”開篇。道理很簡單，就是作者寫作的時(shí)候開門見山把文章的主題交代出來，一般是在文章第一句，少數(shù)情況會(huì)在首段末句。

上面這篇文章就是一個(gè)典型的直敘型開篇，它的首段首句就是文章的主題。這里用到了這樣一個(gè)句型結(jié)構(gòu)：A is B。這種句型叫做判斷句，A是文章主題對(duì)象所在。對(duì)應(yīng)到這句話中，我們抓住Decision-thinking is not unlike poker即可，因?yàn)楹竺娴钠普厶?hào)在解釋說明前面的內(nèi)容，相對(duì)而言不是很重要。于是我們知道decision-thinking是這篇文章的主題對(duì)象，對(duì)應(yīng)答案為A選項(xiàng)。其他選項(xiàng)都是在利用文章當(dāng)中出現(xiàn)的一些細(xì)節(jié)來進(jìn)行干擾。如果不能夠把握住文章重點(diǎn)所在，就容易上當(dāng)。

Passage 2

2007北京D

The Best of Friends

The evidence for harmony may not be obvious in some families.But it seems that four out of five young people now get on with their parents，which is the opposite of the popularly held image（印象）of unhappy teenagers locked in their room after endless family quarrels.

An important new study into teenage attitudes surprisingly shows that their family life is more harmonious than it has ever been in the past.“We were surprised by just how positive today’s young people seen to be about their families，”said one member of the research team.“They’re expected to be rebellious（叛逆的）and selfish but actually they have other things on their minds；they want a car and material goods，and they worry about whether school is serving them well.There’s more negotiation（商議）and discussion between parents and children，and children expect to take part in the family decision-making process.They don’t want to rock the boat.”

So it seems that this generation of parents is much more likely than parents of 30 years ago to treat their children as friends.“My parents are happy to discuss things with me and willing to listen to me，”says 17-years-old Daniel Lazall.“I always tell them when I’m going out clubbing.As long as they know what I’m doing，they’re fine with it，”Susan Crome，who is now 21，agrees.“Looking back on the last 10 years，there was a lot of what you could call negotiation.For example，as long as I’d done all my homework，I could go out on a Saturday night.But I think my grandparents were a lot stricter with my parents than that.”

Maybe this positive view of family life should not be unexpected.It is possible that the idea of teenagers rebellion is not rooted in real facts.A researcher comments，“Our surprise that teenagers say they get along well with their parents comes because of a brief period in out social history when teenagers were regarded as different beings.But that idea of rebelling and breaking away from their parents really only happened during that one time in the 1960s when everyone rebelled.The normal situation throughout history has been a smooth change from helping out with the family business to taking it over.”

71.What is the passage mainly about?

A.Negotiation in family. B.Education in family.

C.Harmony in family. D.Teenage trouble in family.

這篇文章的開篇跟上一篇不一樣，它不是第一句話就直接把主題告訴讀者，而是講完第一句后進(jìn)行了轉(zhuǎn)折，在開篇中形成了一個(gè)這樣的結(jié)構(gòu)：A.But B.這里A是一件事情，后面用句號(hào)結(jié)束，然后再由but引出另一件事情。這里but表示“但是”的意思。在高考文章中還有兩個(gè)常用的表示“但是”的詞：yet和however。“轉(zhuǎn)折型”開篇請(qǐng)大家注意兩點(diǎn)：1.文章的重點(diǎn)在于B；2.A和B形成相反關(guān)系。對(duì)于這種開篇模式的把握是有幾個(gè)層次的，如果整個(gè)第一段“A.But B.”都能讀懂，證明語言功底是不錯(cuò)的，注意把重點(diǎn)放在B即可；如果只能理解B也沒有問題，因?yàn)檫@里是文章重點(diǎn)；如果只能理解A呢？其實(shí)也可以，理解了A然后取反就是B的內(nèi)容。如果對(duì)應(yīng)到這篇文章中來：The evidence for harmony may not be obvious in some families.But it seems that four out of five young people now get on with their parents，which is the opposite of the popularly held image（印象）of unhappy teenagers locked in their room after endless family quarrels.第一句話比較簡單，應(yīng)該可以理解其含義“關(guān)于和諧的證據(jù)可能在一些家庭中不明顯”，那么這句話要表達(dá)的意思是家庭不和諧，那么取反可知But后應(yīng)該在講家庭和諧。更簡單的一個(gè)理解方法就是，But后面的含義就是把之前那句話中的not去掉，所以應(yīng)理解為“家庭和諧”。由此可知這道題的答案應(yīng)該是C選項(xiàng)。我們?cè)賮砝斫庖幌翨ut后面這句話以驗(yàn)證答案，But這句話的含義是：但是五個(gè)年輕人當(dāng)中有四個(gè)都與家長相處很好，這是與大眾的印象相反的，在大眾的印象里年輕人總是在無休止的家庭爭吵之后把自己鎖在屋子里。可以確認(rèn)文章的主題就是講家庭和諧的。

Passage 3

2007上海A

What do you want to be when you grow up？A teacher？A doctor？How about an ice-cream taster？

Yes，there really is a job where you can get paid to taste ice cream.Just ask John Harrison，an“Official Taste Tester”for the past 21 years.Testing helps manufacturers to be sure of a product’s quality.During his career Harrison has been responsible for approving large quantities of the sweet ice cream—as well as for developing over 75 flavors.

Some people think that it would be easy to do this job；after all，you just have to like ice cream，right？No—there’s more to the job than that，says Harrison，who has a degree in chemistry.He points out that a dairy or food-science degree would be very useful to someone wanting a career in this“cool”field.

In a typical morning on the job，Harrison tastes and assesses 60 ice-cream samples.He lets the ice cream warm up to about 12 F.Harrison explains，“You get more flavor from warmer ice cream，which is why some kids like to stir it，creating ice-cream soup.”

While the ice cream warms up，Harrison looks over the samples and grades each one on its appearance.“Tasting begins with the eyes，”he explains.He checks to see if the ice cream is attractive and asks himself，“Does the product have the colour expected from that flavor？”Next it’s time to taste！

Continuing to think up new ideas，try out new flavors，and test samples from so many kinds of ice cream each day keeps Harrison busy but happy—working at once cool job.

68.Which of the following is probably the best title of the passage?

A.Tasting with Eyes B.Flavors of Ice Cream

C.John Harrison’s Life D.One Cool Job

這篇文章的開篇是先提出問題，讓讀者思考，然后順理成章就引出了回答。這樣的開篇稱為“問答型”開篇，文章重點(diǎn)會(huì)落在回答的部分。對(duì)應(yīng)到這篇文章：What do you want to be when you grow up？A teacher？A doctor？How about an ice-cream taster？Yes，there really is a job where you can get paid to taste ice cream.在讀到問題時(shí)，我們可以理解：當(dāng)你長大之后你想成為什么樣的人？當(dāng)老師？當(dāng)醫(yī)生？當(dāng)冰淇淋品嘗師怎么樣？讀問題的過程中我們要明白一個(gè)道理，就是提問的部分不是那么重要，要趕緊去把握回答就能得到工資是什么。所以后面這句：是的，的確有這么一份工作，你只要去品嘗冰淇淋就能得到工資。這句話的中心概念是job，這就是文章的主題對(duì)象了，只有D選項(xiàng)中出現(xiàn)了job這個(gè)主題對(duì)象，故答案為D選項(xiàng)。

Passage 4

2005全國II E

At Dallas／Fort Worth Airport，the lights are controlled by sensors that measure sunlight.They dim immediately when it’s sunny and bright when a passing cloud blocks the sun.

A wall of windows at a University of Pennsylvania engineering building has built-in blinds controlled by a computer program that follows the sun’s path.

Buildings are getting smarter—and the next generation of building materials is expected to do even more.Windows could catch the sun’s energy to heat water.Sensors that measure the carbon dioxide breathed out bypeople in a room could determine whether the air conditioning needs to be turned up.

Many new materials and technology have been designed in the last 15 years.They are now being used in a wave of buildings designed to save as much energy as possible.They include old ideas，like“green roofs，”where a belt of plants on a roof helps the building keep heat in winter and stay cool in summer，and new ideas，like special coating for windows that lets light in，but keeps heat out.

As technologies such as sensors become cheaper，their uses spread.

The elevators at Seven World Trade Center，which is under construction in New York，use a system that groups people traveling to nearby floors into the same elevator，thus saving elevator stops.People who work in the building will enter it by swiping ID cards that will tell the elevators their floor；readouts will then tell them which elevator to use.The building also has windows with a coating that blocks heat while letting in light.

More new building materials and technology are in development.A Philadelphia building firm is now working on“smart wrap”that uses tiny solar collectors to catch the sun’s energy and transmitters the width of a human hair to move it.They are expected to change the face of the construction industry in the next ten years or so.

Q.What might be the most suitable title for the text?

A.Buildings Are Becoming Smarter B.Buildings Are Getting More Sunlight

C.Buildings Are Lacking in Much Energy D.Buildings Are Using Cheaper Materials

這篇文章又有不同之處，大家能看出作者第一段說什么嗎？作者在講很具體、很細(xì)節(jié)的東西，這是在進(jìn)行舉例。作者是出于這樣一種考慮，就是在一開始先不直接交代文章主題，而是先給個(gè)例子讓讀者有一個(gè)感性的認(rèn)識(shí)，然后再引出主題。例子和主題之間的差異在于，例子具體，而主題語言抽象，也就是說主題是對(duì)例子的總結(jié)。我們管這種開篇叫做“舉例＋總結(jié)型”開篇。第一段的大概內(nèi)容是：在某個(gè)機(jī)場(chǎng)當(dāng)中，燈光的強(qiáng)度是由一些能測(cè)量陽光強(qiáng)度的感應(yīng)器所控制的。當(dāng)外面陽光燦爛的時(shí)候，燈光就會(huì)調(diào)暗。我們?cè)倏催x項(xiàng)，A選項(xiàng)“建筑物變得越來越智能”，這個(gè)選項(xiàng)能總結(jié)這個(gè)例子，答案就是這個(gè)選項(xiàng)了。如果這里看不出來，我們就繼續(xù)讀文章，看到第二段依然在舉例，講了在一棟樓的窗戶上安裝了由電腦控制的百葉窗，依然指向主題“建筑物變智能”。有的文章比較簡單，作者已經(jīng)在文章中進(jìn)行了總結(jié)，這篇文章就是如此。我們看到第三段第一句：Buildings are getting smarter，這句話總結(jié)了上面的兩個(gè)例子，是文章的主題句，直接對(duì)應(yīng)A選項(xiàng)。如果拿掉文章的第一和第二段，則這篇文章就是直敘型開篇了。

Passage 5

2004湖南D

Do you want to live another 100 years or more？Some experts say that scientific advances will one day enable humans to last tens of years beyond what is now seen as the natural limit of the human life span.

“I think we are knocking at the door of immortality，”said Michael Zey，a Montclair State University business professor and author of two books on the future.“I think by 2075 we will see it and that’s a conservative estimate.”

At the conference in San Francisco，Donald Louria，a professor at New Jersey Medical School in Newark said advances in using genes as well as nanotechnology make it likely that humans will live in the future beyond what has been possible in the past.“There is a great push so that people can live from I20 to 180 years，”he said.“Some have suggested that there is no limit and that people could live to 200 or 300 or 500 years.”

However，many scientists who specialize in ageing are doubtful about it and say the human body is just not designed to last past about 120 years.Even with healthier lifestyles and less disease，they say failure of the brain and organs will finally lead all humans to death.

Scientists also differ on what kind of life the super aged might live.“It remains to be seen if you pass120，you know；could you be healthy enough to have good quality of life？”said Leonard Poon，director of the University of Georgia Gerontology Centre.“At present people who could get to that point are not in goodhealth at all.”

Q.What would be the best title for this text?

A.Living Longer or Not B.Science，Technology and Long Living

C.No Limit for Human Life D.Healthy Lifestyle and Long Living

結(jié)構(gòu)式閱讀第一點(diǎn)是要讀開篇，通過開篇把握文章主題。讀完開篇以后我們第二點(diǎn)要讀文章接下來的內(nèi)容，我們管這些叫展開內(nèi)容。通常在展開內(nèi)容中每一個(gè)段落都是一個(gè)相對(duì)獨(dú)立的個(gè)體，在每個(gè)段落中，我們重點(diǎn)要抓住首句。關(guān)于結(jié)構(gòu)式閱讀我們要掌握的第三點(diǎn)是讀文章的走向，文章的走向只有兩種：一種是“順”，如順承關(guān)系、遞進(jìn)關(guān)系、因果關(guān)系、舉例關(guān)系等；另一種是“反”，如轉(zhuǎn)折轉(zhuǎn)系、讓步關(guān)系等。這三點(diǎn)就構(gòu)成了我們結(jié)構(gòu)式閱讀的基本思想，請(qǐng)大家在實(shí)踐中注意體會(huì)和使用。

這篇文章是問答型開篇：你還想再活100年，甚至更久嗎？一些專家說科學(xué)的進(jìn)步有一天將使人類超越現(xiàn)在的生命極限，再活數(shù)十年。從開篇而言，我們可以看出對(duì)是否能活更久這個(gè)問題作者持肯定態(tài)度，題干下每個(gè)選項(xiàng)都有長壽的概念，沒有辦法選出答案就繼續(xù)看文章吧。我們要形成一種意識(shí)：不要一味去讀文章內(nèi)容，而要去觀察結(jié)構(gòu)特征。可以看出第二段是在舉例，那就是一個(gè)“順”的關(guān)系，也就是說第二段的內(nèi)容一定是表明可以活更久。第三段里面有具體的人物，有人說話，可以判斷也是在舉例，所以內(nèi)容也應(yīng)該是能活更久。接下來的一個(gè)段落中出現(xiàn)了一個(gè)非常重要的詞匯however，表明接下來的內(nèi)容跟前面的關(guān)系是“反”的，那么后面兩個(gè)段落的內(nèi)容應(yīng)該表明“不能活更久”。把整個(gè)文章結(jié)構(gòu)看清楚以后，這道題的答案就可以確定為A選項(xiàng)。