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PRINTING METHODS

Transferring an image from one material to another is called printing. This process plays an essential role in visual communications.

Printed matter is produced by eight basic processes: Relief or let-terpress printing, Gravure or intaglio printing, Planographic or lithographic printing (offset printing), Screen process printing, Photographic printing, Heat transfer printing, Xerographic and printing, and Ink Jet printing.

Each process will be described in more detail later. They all can produce printed matter in single colors and in full color. The first three methods account for most printed matter produced each year.

RELIEF OR LETTERPRESS PRINTING

Relief or letterpress printing is the oldest printing method. Today a wide variety of letterpress plates are used on several types of presses to print a rich and varied assortment of products including newspapers, books and magazines. Figure 2-1.

Figure 2-1. Relief or letterpress printing. The lowered surface does not print be-cause it doesn't come in contact with the ink or the paper.

GRAVURE OR INTAGLIO PRINTING

Relief printing transfers ink from a raised surface to paper.The gravure process is just the opposite. In gravure printing, ink is transferred from a lowered surface to paper. The image area of a gravure plate is cut below or into the surface of the plate, Figure 2-2.

Figure 2-2. Gravure or intaglio printing. Ink is transferred from the lowered surface of the plate to the paper. The top surface of the plate does not print because the ink has been removed.

兒!

機場常用英語詞匯

國際機場 international airport

登機手續辦理 check-in

國內機場 domestic airport

登機牌 boarding pass (card)

機場候機樓 airport terminal

護照檢查處 passport control immigration

國際候機樓 international terminal

行李領取處 luggage claim; baggage claim

國際航班出港 international departure

國際航班旅客 international passengers

國內航班出站 domestic departure

中轉 transfers

中轉旅客 transfer passengers

中轉處 transfer correspondence

過境 transit

進站(進港、到達) arrivals

報關物品 goods to declare

不需報關 nothing to declare

貴賓室 V.I.P. room

海關 customs

登機口 gate; departure gate

付款處 cash

候機室 departure lounge

航班號 FLT No (flight number)

出租車乘車點 Taxi pick-up point

大轎車乘車點 coach pick-up point

預計時間 scheduled time (SCHED)

航空公司汽車服務處 airline coach service

前往…… departure to

登機 boarding

貨幣兌換處 money exchange; currency exchange

座艙等級 class

登機口 gate

免稅 duty free

Intaglio (Pronounced in tal yo) is another name for gravure. Figure 2-3 also illustrates the gravure or intaglio process. The entire surface of the plate is inked and then wiped clean. This leaves ink in the lowered areas of the plate. Paper is then pressed against the plate and ink transfers to it.

Figure 2-3. Paper is flexible. It can bend and stretch to get into the lowered areas of a gravure plate. Ink then transfers to the paper.

OFFSET PRINTING

Lithographic printing is often called offset printing. Unlike plates for letterpress and gravure (which have their printing surfaces shaped to form the desired image), the printing image on a lithographic plate simply rests upon the plate's surface. The image can rapidly wear away when paper rubs against it during the printing process. This is especially true when the plates are used on high-speed printing presses. To minimize wear the image on the plate is first offset (transferred) to a rubber blanket,Figure 2-4A. Note that the right-reading image is reversed on the blanket. Figure 2-4B shows how the paper receives the image from the blanket. The paper does not make contact with the printing plate. The entire offset lithographic process is diagrammed in Figure 2-4C.

Figure 2-4. Offset printing.(A) The image is first transferred to a rubber blanket. (B) The paper then receives the image from the blanket. (C) Major parts of an offset lithographic press.

Today a wide variety of lithographic plates is used on high-speed offset presses and duplicators to print more products than any other printing method.

SCREEN PROCESS PRINTING

Another printing method is to print by forcing ink through openings or holes in a stencil, Figure 2-5. One common type of stencil printing is screen-process printing. This method is also called stencil printing, screen printing and silk screen printing.

Figure 2-5. Screen-process printing. A squeegee is used to force ink through holes in a stencil onto the paper.

印刷方法

把圖文從一種材料轉移到另一種材料上稱為印刷。印刷工藝在視覺信息傳播中扮演著必不可少的角色。

印品生產有8種基本的印刷工藝方法:凸版印刷,凹版印刷,平版印刷(膠印),絲網印刷,照相復印,熱轉移印刷,靜電復印和噴墨印刷。

每種印刷方法都可以印刷單色和全色彩印品。前三種印刷方法在每年的印刷品中占有絕大部分。

凸版印刷

凸版印刷是最古老的印刷方法。現在有多種不同的印版被用在不同類型的印刷機上來印刷豐富多彩、變化萬千的產品,包括報紙、書籍和雜志等。如圖2-1所示。

凹版印刷

凸版印刷把油墨從一個凸起的表面傳遞到紙上,而凹印過程正好與此相反。在凹版印刷中,油墨從一個凹陷的表面傳遞到紙上,凹版上的圖文部分低于或陷入印版表面,如圖2-2所示。

凹版印刷(gravure)又稱作intaglio。圖2-3也說明了凹版印刷過程。整個印版表面先涂上油墨,然后把版面擦干凈,這樣就在印版的凹陷部分留下了油墨。紙張接著壓在印版上,油墨就傳到了紙上。

平版印刷

平版印刷也常被稱為膠印。與凸版印刷及凹版印刷不同(它們的印版表面被制作成所需要的圖像的形狀),平版印刷的印刷圖像僅僅平置于印版表面上。在印刷過程中,當紙張和圖像相摩擦,圖像會很快被磨損。當印版用于高速運轉的印刷機上時尤其如此。為了減少印版上圖像的磨損,圖像首先轉移到橡皮布上,如圖2-4A所示。請注意正向的圖文在橡皮布上是反向的。圖2-4B說明紙張怎樣從橡皮布上接收圖文,它并沒有和印版直接接觸。整個膠印過程如圖2-4C所示。

現在各種不同的平版被用于高速膠印機和小膠印機來印刷,其產量比其他任何一種印刷方法都要多。

絲網印刷

另一種印刷方法通過把油墨擠壓過孔版的孔來進行印刷,如圖2-5所示。一種普通的用孔版印刷的方式是絲網印刷,這種方法也稱作孔版印刷、網版印刷和絲網印刷。

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