LEVEL 2

List 1

n. 托兒所；育兒室

例 When nursery colours were introduced, pink was actually considered the more masculine colour, a pastel version of red, which was associated with strength. 當托兒所引入色彩概念時，粉紅色其實被認為是一種更為男性化的顏色，是紅色的柔和版，讓人聯想到力量。

n. 食欲；欲望

例 Certain jobs have gone away for good, outmoded by machines. Since technology has such an insatiable appetite for eating up human jobs, this phenomenon will continue to restructure our economy in ways we cannot immediately foresee. 一些工作因機器的使用而被淘汰，永遠消失了。由于科技在吞噬人類工作方面“貪得無厭”，所以這一現象將會繼續以我們無法即時預料的方式重組經濟結構。

adj. 生理學的；生理上的

例 Since evolution has given rise to few, if any, purposeless physiological response, it is logical to assume that crying has one or more functions that enhance survival. 由于進化幾乎沒有導致無目的的生理反應，即使有也為數甚少，所以認為哭泣對強化生存有一種或多種作用是合情合理的。

v. 回收利用

例 The public needs to realise the seriousness of the environmental problems and learn how to prevent, minimise, reuse and recycle waste. 公眾需要認識到環境問題的嚴重性，并學會如何防止、盡量減少以及重復利用和回收廢物。

n. 商業

例 In a brand-new era of market economy, the significance of computer science and commerce speaks for itself. 在一個嶄新的市場經濟時代，計算機科學和商業的重要性不言而喻。

adj. 商業的；營利性的 n. 商業廣告

例 Chewing gum, once bought primarily by adolescent boys, is now featured in commercials as a breath freshener and teeth cleanser for use after a meal. 口香糖，以前主要是青春期男孩購買，現在在商業廣告中被作為一種飯后口氣清新劑和牙齒清潔劑而進行宣傳。

v. 使商業化；使商品化

例 The launches of some spacecrafts will be commercialised to help pay for more space research. 一些航空飛船的發射將會商業化，以幫助支付更多太空研究的費用。

v. 管理，統治；支配；控制

例1 Reforming the system would help both lawyers and their customers. Sensible ideas have been around for a long time, but the state-level bodies that govern the profession have been too conservative to implement them. 進行體制改革會使律師和委托人雙方都受益。人們早就有一些合理的（改革）想法，但是管理該行業的國家級機構卻過分保守，不愿實施。

例2 The average scientist's primary task is not to think about the moral code, which governs his activity, any more than a businessman is expected to dedicate his energies to an exploration of rules of conduct in business. 普通科學家的首要任務并不是考慮支配其行為的道德規范，正如我們并不指望商人專注于探索商業行為準則一樣。

adj. 大規模的；廣闊的，巨大的

例 To deliver results to its users quickly, Google has to maintain vast data centres round the world, packed with powerful computers. 為了把搜索結果迅速傳輸給用戶，谷歌不得不維護全世界范圍內配有大功率計算機的大型數據中心。

v. 打擾，干擾；使不安

例 Under the plan, the agency said it would not prosecute landowner or businesses that unintentionally kill, harm, or disturb the bird, as long as they had signed a range-wide management plan to restore prairie chicken habitat. 根據這個計劃，管理局聲稱，只要他們簽署一份廣泛的牧場管理計劃以恢復草原榛雞棲息地，它將不會對無意殺害、傷害或者干擾草原榛雞的土地所有者或者企業提起訴訟。

n. 學者

例 The legal issues in the case are obscure: Whereas the Supreme Court has ruled that states do have some regulatory authority over nuclear power, legal scholars say the Vermont case will offer a precedent-setting test of how far those powers extend. 該事件涉及的法律問題很模糊，盡管最高法院已經判定各州對核電站的確有一定的監管權，但法律學者們認為，佛蒙特州案件會成為考量州政府核監管權限的一個先例。

v. 增強；提高

例 While comment and reaction from lawyers may enhance stories, it is preferable for journalists to rely on their own notions of significance and make their own judgements. 雖然律師的意見和反饋可能會提高新聞報道的質量，但是記者依靠自己的價值觀做出判斷會更加難能可貴。

n. 勝利；成功 v. 戰勝

例1 In summary, difficulty is an unavoidable part of everyone's life, and the triumph over it will make you an unbeatable person. 總之，困難是每個人的人生中不可避免的一部分，而戰勝困難則會讓你成為一個打不倒的人。

例2 In both oral and written English, talking is triumphing over speaking, spontaneity over craft. 無論是在英語口語還是書面語中，隨意言談勝過雅致的言辭，即興發揮也勝過精雕細琢。

v. 1 咀嚼；咬 2 （~over）深思，仔細考慮

例 Some people think that bunnies make very good pets but they will chew everything in the house and wreck the furniture. 有些人認為兔子是很好的寵物，但它們會啃咬房子里的所有東西，破壞家具。

n. 廚師

例 Lansley has also criticised the celebrity chef Jamie Oliver's high-profile attempt to improve school lunches in England as an example of how "lecturing" people was not the best way to change their behaviour. 蘭斯利還批評了名廚杰米·奧利弗努力改善英國學校午餐的高調行為，以此說明“說教”并不是改變人們行為的最佳方式。

v. 1 說服，勸說 2 使相信

例 After this accident, it will be more difficult for the government to persuade people that nuclear power stations are safe. 這次事故之后，政府更難以讓人們相信核電站是安全的。

n. 怪物 adj. 巨大的，龐大的

例 Hydroelectric power, flood control and irrigation are possible without building monster dams. 即使不建大型水壩，水力發電、治理洪水以及灌溉也是可能實現的。

n. 管弦樂團，管弦樂隊

例 As a description of the next music director of an orchestra that has been led by musicians like Gustav Mahler and Pierre Boulez, that seems likely to have struck at least some Times readers as faint praise. 這樣描寫曾經由古斯塔夫·馬勒和皮埃爾·布列茲等音樂家擔任指揮的樂隊的下一任指揮，顯得有點輕描淡寫了，至少《泰晤士報》的一些讀者會這么想。

adj. 管弦樂（隊）的

例 To be sure, Gilbert performs an impressive variety of interesting compositions, but it is not necessary for me to visit Avery Fisher Hall, or anywhere else, to hear interesting orchestral music. 可以確定的是，吉爾伯特指揮過很多令人印象深刻的有趣的作品，但我沒有必要非得去艾弗瑞·費舍爾音樂廳或者別的什么地方才能聽到有趣的交響樂。

n. 化石

例 The fossil record shows that many species have endured for millions of years—so why shouldn't we? 化石記錄表明，許多物種已經存活了數百萬年之久，那么人類為何不可呢？

v. 1 實行，進行 2 傳導（熱、電等） 3 指揮（音樂演出）

n. 行為，表現

例1 Ericsson grew up in Sweden, and studied nuclear engineering until he realised he would have more opportunity to conduct his own research if he switched to psychology. 埃里克森在瑞典長大，早先從事核工程學的研究，直到后來他認識到如果轉向心理學領域，他就會有更多機會進行自己的研究。

例2 Freedom and dignity are the possessions of the autonomous man of traditional theory, and they are essential to practices in which a person is held responsible for his conduct and given credit for his achievements. 自由和尊嚴是傳統理論的自治者所擁有的，是要求一個人對自己的行為負責并因其業績而給予肯定的必不可少的前提。

n. 1 （樂隊）指揮 2 列車長 3 導體

例 Even Tommasini, who had advocated Gilbert's appointment in the Times, calls him "an unpretentious musician with no air of the formidable conductor about him". 甚至連在《泰晤士報》上發文支持吉爾伯特上任的托馬西尼都稱其為“一位謙遜的音樂家，在他身上沒有指揮家那種令人望而生畏的神態”。

n. 半導體

例 A new optical method and the advanced semiconductor photoelectric technology were used in this device. 該儀器采用了一種新的光學測量方法，結合先進的半導體光電技術進行設計。

n. 1 獸群 2 民眾 v. 使成群，使集結

例 Dr Russel is creating an elite herd by cross-breeding goats from around the globe. 為了培育一個優良種群，拉塞爾博士把全球各地的山羊品種進行雜交。

v. 招生，招收

例 Mr Roth has three community-college students enrolled in a work-placement programme, with a starting wage of $13 an hour that rises to $17 after two years. 羅思先生聘用了三位社區大學的學生加入工作實習項目中，起薪13美元/小時，兩年后增至17美元/小時。

v. 計算；估計

例 People who perceived greater social support were less likely to come down with a cold, and the researchers calculated that the stress-reducing effects of hugging explained about 32 per cent of that beneficial effect. 感受到的社會支持越多，人們就越不容易患感冒。據研究人員估算，之所以會產生上述積極的影響，約32%的原因是來自擁抱的減壓效果。

adj. 軍人的，軍隊的 n. 軍方

例1 There are reports that some military aircraft flew in formation when they were low on fuel during the Second World War, but Dr Lissaman says they are unsubstantiated. 有報道稱，二戰期間有一些軍用飛機在燃料不足的情況下就會編隊飛行，但利薩曼博士稱這些報道是沒有事實依據的。

例2 Native American languages are indeed different, so much so in fact that Navajo could be used by the U.S. military as a code during World War II to send secret messages. 美國的土著語言的確與眾不同，正因為如此，二戰期間納瓦霍語才能被美軍用作密碼發送秘密電報。

adj. 安全的 v. 獲得

例 Their idea is to do their best to force social scientists to integrate their work with other categories, including health and demographic change; food security; marine research and the bio-economy; clean, efficient energy; and inclusive, innovative and secure societies. 他們的想法是盡最大可能促進社會科學家把其工作與其他方面相融合，包括健康和人口變化、食品安全、海洋研究和生物經濟、高效清潔能源以及具有包容性、創新性和安全性的社會。

n. 安全（措施）；保安部門

例 First two hours, now three hours—this is how far in advance authorities are recommending people show up to catch a domestic flight, at least at some major U.S. airports with increasingly massive security lines. 開始是兩個小時，現在是三個小時——這是官方建議人們搭乘美國國內航班需要提前到達的時間，至少在一些安檢隊伍越來越長的主要機場是這樣。

v. 批評

例 We rose-tint our memories and put ourselves into self-affirming situations. We become defensive when criticised, and apply negative stereotypes to others to boost our own esteem. We stalk around thinking we're hot stuff. 我們會美化自己的記憶，讓自己處于自我肯定的狀態。受到批評時我們會自我防衛，并用負面的成見對待他人，以增強自尊心。我們總是趾高氣揚，認為自己能力非凡。

n. 批評；評論

例 In America, the existing body of criticism covers almost every aspect of the novel such as characters, themes, narrative techniques, mythological models and so on. 在美國，現有的對這部小說的評論幾乎涵蓋了它的各個方面，如人物、主題、敘事技巧以及神話原型等。

adj. 1 看得見的 2 明顯的；引人注目的

例 The same dramatic technological changes that have provided marketers with more （and more diverse） communication choices have also increased the risk that passionate consumers will voice their opinions in quicker, more visible, and much more damaging ways. 同樣巨大的技術變革為營銷人員提供了更多的（以及更多樣化的）通訊方式，同時也增加了風險，因為情緒激動的消費者會以更快、更明顯且破壞性比以往要大得多的方式表達他們的意見。

adj. 看不見的；隱形的

例 An invisible border divides those arguing for computers in the classroom on the behalf of students' career prospects and those arguing for computers in the classroom for broader reasons of radical educational reform. 對于計算機課堂教學，人們在觀點上存在著一條無形的界限：一種是以學生的就業前景為理由，另一種是以根本性的教育改革為理由。

n. 能見度

例 The astronomy community is making compromises to change its use of Mauna Kea. The TMT （Thirty Metre Telescope） site was chosen to minimise the telescope's visibility around the island and to avoid archaeological and environmental impact. 天文學界正在做出讓步，改變其對莫納克亞山的利用。TMT（30米望遠鏡）的選址將最大程度縮小望遠鏡在島上的可見范圍，避免對考古及環境產生影響。

n.道德準則 adj. 合乎道德的；道德上的

例1 Driving her point home, Elisabeth continued: "It's increasingly apparent that the absence of purpose, of a moral language within government, media or business could become one of the most dangerous goals for capitalism and freedom." 為闡明觀點，伊麗莎白接著指出：“政府、媒體或商界內部目標的缺乏、道德語言的缺失可能會成為資本主義和自由最為危險的目標之一，這一點已經越來越明顯。”

例2 This same absence of moral purpose was wounding companies such as News International, Elisabeth thought, making it more likely that it would lose its way as it had with widespread illegal telephone hacking. 伊麗莎白認為，同樣的道德目標的缺失正在傷害像新聞國際這樣的公司，使其更有可能像過去一樣因大范圍非法電話竊聽而迷失方向。

n./v. 一瞥

例 People are, on the whole, poor at considering background information when making individual decisions. At first glance this might seem like a strength that grants the ability to make judgements which are unbiased by external factors. 從總體上說，人們在做個人決策時對背景信息考慮不周。乍一看，能夠不受外界因素影響而做出沒有偏見的判斷似乎是一種優勢。

n. 成就

例 For years, studies have found that first-generation college students—those who do not have a parent with a college degree—lag other students on a range of education achievement factors. 多年來，研究發現第一代大學生——那些父母都沒有上過大學的大學生——在一系列教育成就方面落后于其他學生。

adj. 否定的；負面的，消極的n. 否定（詞）

例 Most people seem to have more bad dreams early in the night, progressing toward happier ones before awakening, suggesting that they are working through negative feelings generated during the day. 多數人似乎在前半夜做更多不好的夢，而在快睡醒前逐漸做開心一些的夢，這說明人們在夢里逐漸化解了白天產生的負面情緒。

v. 建議；推薦

例 The panel has not reached agreement on the crucial question, however, whether to recommend legislation that would make it a crime for private funding to be used for human cloning. 然而，該專家組尚未在這個關鍵問題上達成一致，即是否建議立法將私人資金用于克隆人的行為視為犯罪。

n. 建議；推薦

例 In a draft preface to the recommendations, discussed at the 17th of May meeting, Shapiro suggested that the panel had found a broad consensus that it would be "morally unacceptable to attempt to create a human child by adult nuclear cloning". 在5月17日會議上討論的建議序言草案中，夏皮羅表示，專家組已取得廣泛的共識，認為“試圖利用成人細胞核去克隆嬰兒將是違背道德倫理的”。

n./v. 前進；進步

例 In the last decade or so, advances in technology have allowed mass-market labels such as Zara, H＆M, and Uniqlo to react to trends more quickly and anticipate demand more precisely. 在過去十年左右的時間里，科技的進步使得諸如Zara、H＆M和優衣庫之類的大眾市場品牌能夠更加快速地對流行趨勢做出反應，并能更準確地預知（消費者的）需求。

v. 警告

例 The health experts warn that the obesity epidemic, caused by an increase in consumption of junk food and a decline in exercise levels, will lead to increased levels of heart disease, diabetes and cancer. 健康專家警告稱，由過量食用垃圾食品和運動量減少而引起的肥胖流行病會增加人們患心臟病、糖尿病和癌癥的風險。

n. 警告，警示

例 While warnings are often appropriate and necessary—the dangers of drug interactions, for example—and many are required by state or federal regulations, it isn't clear that they actually protect the manufacturers and sellers from liability if a customer is injured. 雖然警示語常常是合理而必要的——比如關于藥物相互作用的風險的警示語——并且很多是州或聯邦法規所要求的，但是當有消費者受傷，這些警示語能否真正保護制造商和銷售商使之免責，這還很難說。

adj. 陳舊的，過時的

例 The kings and queens undoubtedly have a downside. Symbolic of national unity as they claim to be, their very history—and sometimes the way they behave today—embodies outdated and indefensible privileges and inequalities. 國王和女王們無疑還是有負面影響的。盡管他們聲稱自己是國家統一的象征，但是他們的歷史以及現在的一些行為方式，反而體現的是過時的、站不住腳的特權和不平等。

v. 1 追趕，追捕 2 追求

例 Before it was legally required for all children to attend school until a certain age, it was widely accepted that some were just not equipped by nature to pursue the traditional education. 在法律規定所有兒童到一定年齡必須上學之前，人們普遍認為有些兒童天生就不適合接受傳統教育。

n. 一家人 adj. 1 家庭的 2 廣為人知的

例 They are brought sport, comedy, drama, music, news and current affairs, education, religion, parliamentary coverage, children's programmes and films for an annual licence fee of ￡83 per household. 每戶每年交83英鎊的許可費便可收看體育、喜劇、戲劇、音樂、新聞時事、教育、宗教、議會報道、兒童節目以及電影等電視節目。

v. 包括；涉及

例 The fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders says "pathological gambling" involves persistent, recurring and uncontrollable pursuit less of money than of the thrill of taking risks in quest of a windfall. 《心理紊亂診斷數據手冊》第四版指出，“病態賭博”是指在追求意外橫財的過程中，持續地、反復地、無法自控地尋求冒險刺激，而并非僅僅為了錢。

n. 貨幣；流通

例 Markets have lost faith that the euro zone's economies, weaker or stronger, will one day converge thanks to the discipline of sharing a single currency, which denies uncompetitive members the quick fix of devaluation. 市場已經喪失了這種信念，即無論強弱，歐元區經濟體只要本著使用統一貨幣的原則，避免那些缺乏競爭力的國家采取貨幣貶值這一權宜之計，有朝一日定能實現統一。

adj. 絕對的；完全的 n. 絕對真理

例 The investigators have to maintain absolute secrecy, and all those recordings must be locked away until the day that they are able to make arrests of the dozens of suspects. 調查人員必須嚴格保守秘密，所有的錄音都必須鎖起來，直到他們逮捕幾十名嫌疑人的那一天。

n. 典禮，儀式

例 Parts of the wedding ceremony involve ritual hair cutting, tying cotton threads soaked in holy water around the couple's wrists, and passing a candle around a circle of happily married and respected couples to bless the union. 結婚典禮通常包括儀式性的理發，在新郎新娘的手腕上系上浸過圣水的棉繩，在一圈婚姻幸福、德高望重的夫妻中傳遞一根蠟燭來祝福新人的結合。

adj. 儀式的

例 The researchers mapped not only the city's vast and ornate ceremonial areas, but also hundreds of simpler apartment complexes where common people lived. 研究人員不僅繪制了該城市寬闊華麗的舉行各種儀式的場所，而且繪制出幾百座普通人居住的較為簡樸的住宅群。

n. 機器；機件

例 This factory has always specialised in making very robust, simply designed machinery. 這家工廠一直專注于制造結實耐用而且設計簡單的機器。

adj. 有毒的

例 America's new plan to buy up toxic assets will not work unless banks mark assets to levels which buyers find attractive. 美國收購有毒資產的新計劃只有在銀行以足夠吸引買家的價格水平來確定資產價值時才會有效。

adj. 廣泛的；普遍的

例 The overall result has been to make entrance to professional geological journals harder for amateurs, a result that has been reinforced by the widespread introduction of refereeing, first by national journals in the nineteenth century and then by several local geological journals in the twentieth century. 整體的結果是業余人員更難進入專業性的地質期刊，審稿制度的全面引進更使此難上加難，這一制度于19世紀開始在國家期刊實行，進入20世紀后在一些地方地質期刊實行。

n. 祖先

例 This DNA can reveal genetic information about only one or two ancestors, even though, for example, just three generations back people also have six other great-grandparents or, four generations back, 14 other great-great-grandparents. 舉個例子來說，哪怕僅僅上溯到三代前，一個人也有6個旁系的曾祖父母，如果上溯到四代以前，那就有14個旁系的高祖父母，但DNA 卻只能顯示一兩個祖先的基因信息。

v. 把…分類

例 They are only classified as voluntary part-time workers if they tell the survey taker they choose to work less than 35 hours a week. 只有告訴調查者他們選擇一周工作少于35小時，他們才會被歸為自愿兼職者。

n./v. 嘗試

例 Russell Gray at the University of Auckland and his colleagues consider the evolution of grammars in the light of two previous attempts to find universality in language. 基于先前對語言普遍性研究的兩次嘗試，奧克蘭大學的拉塞爾·格雷和他的同事們對語法的演化進行了思考。

adj. 有效的

例 The government said it wanted to overhaul the employment training scheme to make it cost effective. 政府表示希望徹底改革就業培訓計劃以實現低成本高效益。

v. 1 感謝 2 欣賞 3 升值 4 理解

例1 And history should be the story of the masses and their record of struggle. It needed to appreciate the economic realities, the social contexts and power relations in which each epoch stood. 歷史應該是人民大眾的故事，是他們的奮斗史。歷史需要理解每個時代的經濟現實、社會背景和權力關系。

例2 Sometimes it is easy to feel bad because you are going through tough times. You can be easily caught up by life problems that you forget to pause and appreciate the things you have. 有時候我們易于因遭遇困難而心情不佳，易于因生活中的問題纏身而忘了停下來欣賞自己所擁有的東西。

v. 1 維持；保持 2 供養 3 堅持認為

例1 The government has reaffirmed that it will take any steps necessary to maintain law and order. 政府已經重申，將采取一切必要措施維護法律和秩序。

例2 George Annas, chair of the health law department at Boston University, maintains that, as long as a doctor prescribes a drug for a legitimate medical purpose, the doctor has done nothing illegal even if the patient uses the drug to hasten death. 波士頓大學健康法律系主任喬治·安納斯堅持認為，只要醫生是出于合理的醫療目的開藥，那么即使服用此藥會加速病人的死亡，醫生的行為也沒有違法。

n. 保持，維持

例 Vitamins are organic compounds necessary in small amounts in the diet for the normal growth and maintenance of life of animals, including man. 維生素是有機化合物，飲食中必須含有少量維生素以維持動物（包括人類）的生命和正常生長。

v. 致力；把…專用于

例 If your work is your "passion", you’ll be more likely to devote yourself to it, even if that means going home for dinner and then working long after the kids are in bed. 如果工作是你“所愛”，你會更愿意投入其中，即使那意味著回家吃完晚飯，等孩子入睡后你還要工作很長時間。

v. （使）變化；（使）多樣化

例 Most importantly, the "brain training programme" constantly modifies and enhances the games you play to build on the strengths you are developing—much like an effective exercise routine requires you to increase resistance and vary your muscle use. 最重要的是，這項“大腦訓練項目”會經常調整并升級訓練游戲，以提升你正在鍛煉的能力，這與需要你增加抵抗力并調整肌肉運用的有效常規訓練類似。

n. 可變因素 adj. 變化無常的

例1 Building on the basic truth about interpersonal influence, the researchers studied the dynamics of social influence by conducting thousands of computer simulations of populations, manipulating a number of variables relating to people's ability to influence others and their tendency to be influenced. 基于人際影響力的基本事實，研究者們研究了社會影響的動態變化，他們對人群進行了成千上萬次計算機模擬，控制人們影響他人和受他人影響的各種變量。

例2 Even though there is plenty of evidence that the quality of the teachers is the most important variable, teachers' unions have fought against getting rid of bad ones and promoting good ones. 盡管有充足的證據表明教師的素質是最重要的變量，但教師工會仍然反對開除較差的教師，同時晉升優秀的教師。

n. 變化

例 Despite variations in detail, wholesale markets in the countries that have been closely examined—France, Germany, Italy, and Spain—are made out of the same building blocks. 仔細研究法國、德國、意大利和西班牙等國的批發市場，我們會發現，盡管它們在細節上存在差異，但基礎結構是一樣的。

n. 變體

例 The message of this survey of British land art—the most comprehensive to date—is that the British variant, typified by Richard Long's piece, was not only more domestically scaled, but a lot quirkier than its American counterpart. 此次對英國地景藝術的調查是迄今為止最全面的，以理查德·朗的作品為代表，英國藝術的變體，不僅在國內大規模推廣，而且比其美國同行要稀奇古怪得多。

v. 1 消化 2 理解

n. 文摘，摘要

例1 The organisation publishes a regular digest of environmental statistics. 該組織定期出版一份環境統計數據摘要。

例2 The milk product is not only nutrient rich, but also easy to digest and becoming an important food of consumption. 奶制品不僅營養豐富，而且易于消化吸收，正日益成為居民消費的重要食品。

v. 褪色；逐漸減弱

例 Even as the number of English speakers expands further, there are signs that the global predominance of the language may fade within the foreseeable future. 即使說英語的人數在進一步增加，但仍有跡象表明，英語的全球性優勢地位在不久的將來會逐漸減弱。

v.打敗，戰勝，征服；克服（困難）

例 Washington, who had begun to believe that all men were created equal after observing the bravery of the black soldiers during the Revolutionary War, overcame the strong opposition of his relatives to grant his slaves their freedom in his will. 在美國獨立戰爭時期，華盛頓目睹了黑人士兵的英勇之后，他開始相信人人生而平等。于是他不顧親友的強烈反對，把賦予奴隸自由的決定立進了遺囑。

v. 1 充實 2 使…富裕

例 All through the nineteenth century, America, Africa, India, Australia and parts of Europe were being developed by British capital, and British shareholders were thus enriched by the world's movement towards industrialisation. 整個19世紀，美洲、非洲、印度、澳洲及歐洲的部分地區都靠英國的資本發展起來，而英國的股東們則因世界性的工業化運動大發其財。

n. 火山

例 In geology, students can learn about the structure of the Earth, volcanoes and the formation of rocks. 在地質學中，學生們可以了解地球和火山的構造以及巖石的形成。

adj. 火山的

例 The hot spots and their volcanic trails are milestones that mark the passage of the plates. 熱點及其火山鏈是板塊移動的標志。

v. 1 意指，意思是 2 打算 adj. 吝嗇的；刻薄的

例 An increase in involuntary part-time work is evidence of weakness in the labour market and it means that many people will be having a very hard time making ends meet. 非自愿兼職工作崗位的增加是勞動力市場疲軟的表現，意味著很多人只能勉強維持生計。

n. 1 方法，手段 2 財富

例 The company has advanced management experience, production flow and quality control means to provide customers with guaranteed high-quality products. 該公司擁有先進的管理經驗、生產流程和質量控制方法，以保證為客戶提供高質量的產品。

adj. 有意義的

例 This policy does nothing to ensure that the homework students receive is meaningful or appropriate to their age and the subject, or that teachers are not assigning more than they are willing to review and correct. 在確保給學生布置的家庭作業有意義、符合年齡和學科特點，以及作業的量在教師愿意批改的范圍內這些方面，該政策沒有起到任何作用。

n. 一系列；一套

例 In 1924 America's National Research Council sent two engineers to supervise a series of experiments at a telephone-parts factory called the Hawthorne Plant near Chicago, hoping they would learn how shop-floor lighting affected workers' productivity. 1924年，美國國家研究委員會派了兩名工程師去芝加哥附近的一個叫作霍桑工廠的電話配件廠監督一系列實驗，希望他們能夠了解車間照明是如何影響工人生產效率的。

n. 衛星；人造衛星

例 It is the arrival of new satellite channels—funded partly by advertising and partly by viewers' subscriptions—which will bring about the biggest changes in the long term. 從長遠來看，新的衛星頻道的出現會引起最大的變化，其資金部分來自廣告收入，部分來自用戶收視費。

n./v. 投票，表決

例 The President and his supporters are almost certain to read this vote as a mandate for continued economic reform. 總統及其支持者幾乎肯定地認為這次投票是對繼續進行經濟改革的授權。

n. 選民

例 Unlike their absolutist counterparts in the Gulf and Asia, most royal families have survived because they allow voters to avoid the difficult search for a non-controversial but respected public figure. 與海灣地區和亞洲地區的專制主義君主不同的是，歐洲的大多數王室得以生存，因為他們允許選民無需費力就能找到一個毫無爭議并且令人尊重的公眾人物。

n. 實驗室，化驗室

例 Ericsson and his colleagues gather all the data they can, not just performance statistics and biographical details but also the results of their own laboratory experiments with high achievers. 埃里克森和他的同事收集了一切可能得到的資料，不僅包括個人表現的統計數據和成長資料，還包括他們對成功人士進行實驗的研究結果。

n. 厄運；不幸的事

例 Were it not for this misfortune, Davila might never have been forced into the business of grinding out novels to support his family. 要不是因為這一不幸變故，達維拉可能永遠都不會為了養家糊口而迫于無奈地開始流水線式地創作小說。

n. 內容 adj. 滿意的

例1 Even after the advent of widespread social media, a pyramid of production remains, with a small number of people uploading material, a slightly larger group commenting on or modifying that content, and a huge percentage remaining content to just consume. 即便是在社交媒體普及之后，金字塔形的創作模式仍然存在，即少數人會上傳資料，相對較多的人會評論或更改那些內容，而大部分人仍然滿足于只消費（即只下載那些內容）。

例2 Even if a job's starting salary seems too small to satisfy an emerging adult's need for rapid content, the transition from school to work can be less of a setback if the start-up adult is ready for the move. 即使一份工作的起薪看上去很微不足道，難以達到即將成年的孩子快速實現自我滿足的需求，但是如果這個孩子在成年初期做好了從學校到職場過渡的準備，那么這一過程也許能夠少一些挫折。

v. 使適應

例 Social science methodologies had to be adapted to a discipline governed by the primacy of historical sources rather than the imperatives of the contemporary world. 社會科學的研究方法必須適應這樣一條準則，即史料至上，而不是為當代社會之需。

adj. 適應的

例 Modern logistics is a quite complicated society systems engineering, its function needs an adaptive logistics information management system. 現代物流是一個相當復雜的社會系統工程，其運作需要一個與之相適應的物流信息管理系統。

adj. 可適應的，適應性強的

例 The older workers can be as adaptable and quick to learn as anyone else. 較年長的工人的適應能力和學習速度有時并不亞于其他任何人。

n. 障礙，壁壘

例 I believe that the most important forces behind the massive M＆A （Mergers and Acquisitions） wave are the same that underlie the globalisation process: falling transportation and communication costs, lower trade and investment barriers and enlarged markets that require enlarged operations capable of meeting customer's demands. 我認為引起這場大規模合并浪潮的最重要的力量與導致全球化進程的力量是相同的，即運輸與通信費用下降，貿易與投資壁壘減少，市場擴大。這一切都需要擴大業務往來以滿足消費者的需求。

n. 1 協會 2 關聯

例 Working with the American Statistical Association, the journal has appointed seven experts to a statistics board of reviewing editors （SBoRE）. 該雜志與美國統計協會合作，已任命七名專家組成了一個評審編輯統計委員會。

v. 聯系

例 The phrase "less is more" was actually first popularised by a German, the architect Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, who like other people associated with the Bauhaus, a school of design, emigrated to the United States before World War II and took up posts at American architecture schools. “少即是多”的說法實際上首先是由德國建筑師路德維格·米斯·范德羅厄推廣起來的，和包豪斯建筑學派相關的其他人一樣，他在二戰前移居美國，并在美國多個建筑學院任職。

n. 水平，標準；行為規范 adj. 標準的

例1 According to the standard history of American philosophy, nowhere else in colonial America was "so much importance attached to intellectual pursuits". 根據美國標準哲學史的記載，在美洲殖民地中，沒有其他任何地方能夠“如此重視對知識的追求”。

例2 The medical profession is taking steps to require young doctors to train in hospices, to test knowledge of aggressive pain management therapies, to develop a Medicare billing code for hospital-based care, and to develop new standards for assessing and treating pain at the end of life. 醫療行業正在采取措施，要求年輕醫生到臨終安養院進行培訓，以測試強效疼痛管理療法方面的知識，制定用于醫院護理的醫療計費規范以及用于評估和治療臨終時的疼痛的新標準。

v. 使標準化

例 As the world becomes more complex, some things do, of course, standardise and globalise. 隨著世界變得日益復雜，某些事物確實理所當然地規范化和全球化了。

n. 杰作；名著

例 Jaqueline commented that this novel was a masterpiece of American literature. 杰奎琳評論這部小說是美國文學的一部杰作。

n. 哺乳動物

例 Animal rights activists oppose using any mammal as an organ factory. 動物權利保護分子反對利用任何哺乳動物作為器官工廠。

n. 簽名；蓋章

例 Mies's signature phrase means that less decoration, properly organised, has more impact than a lot. 米斯的這句名言的意思是，如果安排合理，簡單裝飾也能比過多裝飾更有效果。

v. 組織

例 The skills the students learn—how to think logically through a problem and organise the results—can apply to any coding language, said Deborah Seehorn, an education consultant for the state of North Carolina. 北卡羅來納州的教育顧問德博拉·澤胡表示，學生們學到的用邏輯思維解決問題以及組織結果的技能可以應用于任何編程語言。

n. 組織

例 If the organisation cannot put in place the required systems to guarantee the welfare of rescued animals, it should consider exploring other ways to tackle the abandonment problem. 如果該組織不能建立必要的機制來保證被救助動物的福利，那么就應該考慮尋求其他方法來幫助解決動物遺棄的問題。

adj. 1 英勇的 2 與傳說中的英雄有關的

例 This was all a bit bourgeois for Thomas Carlyle, who focused his biographies on the truly heroic lives of Martin Luther, Oliver Cromwell and Napoleon Bonaparte. 這對于托馬斯·卡萊爾而言有些保守，他的傳記主要描寫的是馬丁·路德、奧利弗·克倫威爾以及拿破侖·波拿巴的英雄人生。

n. 鉤子 v. 1 鉤住 2 使入迷，吸引

例 In the early days, longlines would have been more saturated with fish. Some individuals would therefore not have been caught, since no baited hooks would have been available to trap them, leading to an underestimate of fish stocks in the past. 在早些年，多鉤長線本來可能會有更多魚上鉤。由于沒有掛魚餌的魚鉤來誘惑它們，因而有些魚就沒有被釣到，這樣一來就低估了過去海洋中的實際魚量。

adj. 鄉下的，農村的

例 In one case, many researchers working around the ancient Maya city of Copán, Honduras, have located hundreds of small rural villages and individual dwellings by using aerial photographs and by making surveys on foot. 在一個（考古）實例中，許多研究人員在洪都拉斯的瑪雅古城科潘附近勘察，用航拍和步行勘測兩種方式標出了數百個小村莊和民宅的位置。

adj. 電子的

例 The invention of electronic computers has a far-reaching effect on the development of science and technology. 電子計算機的發明對科學技術的發展具有深遠的影響。

n. 電子學；電子器件

例 Some huge American industries, such as consumer electronics, had shrunk or vanished in the face of foreign competition. 在面對國外競爭時，一些大型的美國工業產業，如消費電子產業，已經萎縮或完全消失了。