List 5

v. 1 對(duì)待 2 把…視為 3 治療

例 Many in Toronto's black community feel that the justice system does not treat them fairly. 多倫多的黑人群體中有很多人覺得司法制度對(duì)待他們有失公正。

n. 1 治療，療法 2 對(duì)待，待遇

例 In March 1998, a friend of Williams's got him involuntarily confined to a treatment centre for addictions, and wrote to inform the casino of Williams's gambling problem. 1998年3月，威廉斯的一個(gè)朋友在他不情愿的情況下將他送入治療中心，讓他戒除賭癮，并寫信告知賭場(chǎng)威廉斯賭博上癮的事實(shí)。

v. 1 促進(jìn)，增進(jìn) 2 倡議，提倡 3 促銷，推銷

例 Progress in education and economy is undoubtedly necessary for the social, political and intellectual development; however, the conventional view that education should be one of the very highest priorities for promoting rapid economic development in poor countries is wrong. 毫無疑問，教育和經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展對(duì)社會(huì)、政治及學(xué)術(shù)發(fā)展而言都是必要的。但是，那種認(rèn)為“教育應(yīng)該是促進(jìn)貧窮國(guó)家經(jīng)濟(jì)快速發(fā)展的最首要因素之一”的傳統(tǒng)觀點(diǎn)是錯(cuò)誤的。

n. 倡導(dǎo)者，提倡者；主辦者，承辦者

例 The promoter of the event must take care that there will be no more than one athlete from the same Member Association in the same shooting group. 這項(xiàng)賽事的主辦者必須注意，同一組中來自同一個(gè)會(huì)員協(xié)會(huì)的選手只能有一個(gè)。

n. 關(guān)節(jié)；接合處 adj. 聯(lián)合的，共同的

例 Congress has always envisioned joint federal-state immigration enforcement and explicitly encourages state officers to share information and cooperate with federal colleagues. 美國(guó)國(guó)會(huì)一直希望聯(lián)邦政府和州政府能聯(lián)合執(zhí)行移民法，并且明確鼓勵(lì)州政府官員與聯(lián)邦政府的同事加強(qiáng)合作、信息共享。

n. 連接；關(guān)聯(lián)，關(guān)系；人脈

例 The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought, which took root in Europe long before people realised how diverse language could be. 希臘人認(rèn)為，語(yǔ)言結(jié)構(gòu)與思維過程之間存在著某種聯(lián)系。這一觀點(diǎn)在人們認(rèn)識(shí)到語(yǔ)言的多樣性之前就已經(jīng)在歐洲扎下了根。

v. 使驚恐；使害怕

例 He knew that Soli was trying to frighten him, so he smiled to hide his fear. 他知道索利是想嚇唬他，所以他擠出笑容掩飾自己的恐懼。

v. 1 檢查；調(diào)查 2 仔細(xì)研究

例 Despite variations in detail, wholesale markets in the countries that have been closely examined—France, Germany, Italy, and Spain—are made out of the same building blocks. 仔細(xì)研究法國(guó)、德國(guó)、意大利和西班牙等國(guó)的批發(fā)市場(chǎng)，我們會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)，盡管它們?cè)诩?xì)節(jié)上存在差異，但基礎(chǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)是一樣的。

n. 1 調(diào)查；檢查 2 考試 3 仔細(xì)研究

例 In keeping with our examination of southern intellectual life, we may consider the original Puritans as carriers of European culture, adjusting to New World circumstances. 在對(duì)（美國(guó)）南部精神文化生活進(jìn)行研究時(shí)，我們可以將最初的清教徒們視為適應(yīng)新大陸環(huán)境的歐洲文化傳承者。

v. 應(yīng)得；值得

例 The Heart of the Matter, the just-released report by the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (AAAS), deserves praise for affirming the importance of the humanities and social sciences to the prosperity and security of liberal democracy in America. 美國(guó)人文與科學(xué)院（AAAS）最新發(fā)布的研究報(bào)告《問題的核心》值得稱贊，因?yàn)槠淇隙巳宋膶W(xué)科和社會(huì)科學(xué)對(duì)鞏固和繁榮美國(guó)自由民主的重要性。

v. 漂流；漂泊；移動(dòng) n. 漂流物

例 It is not possible to determine whether both continents are moving in opposite directions or whether one continent is stationary and the other is drifting away from it. 人們不能確定是兩個(gè)大陸都朝相反的方向運(yùn)動(dòng)，還是一個(gè)大陸靜止不動(dòng)而另一個(gè)大陸從其身邊漂走。

v. 斷言；聲稱；主張

例 During the discussion of rock singing verses at last month's stockholders' meeting, Levin asserted that "music is not the cause of society's ills". 在上個(gè)月股東大會(huì)上關(guān)于搖滾樂歌詞的討論中，萊文宣稱“音樂不是社會(huì)弊病的根源”。

n. 斷言；聲稱；主張

例 Their work makes a rather startling assertion: The inherited trait we commonly call talent is highly overrated. 他們的研究得出了一個(gè)令人驚訝的結(jié)論，即我們通常稱之為天賦的遺傳特性被高估了。

adj. 1 偏僻的 2 （過去或未來）遙遠(yuǎn)的 3 （可能性或機(jī)會(huì)）渺茫的

例 Is there any chance that Cardus's criticism will enjoy a revival? The prospect seems remote. 卡達(dá)斯的評(píng)論有沒有機(jī)會(huì)重新流行呢？前景似乎很渺茫。

n. 曲線；曲線變化 v. 沿曲線運(yùn)動(dòng)；（使）彎曲

例 For making the finished product cross section contain same inside circle radius, the free curve angle on the upper part shutting small side should be 4~8° more than the bottom. 為使成品斷面有相同的內(nèi)圓角半徑，上部閉合小邊自由彎曲的彎曲角應(yīng)比底部彎曲角大4~8度。

n. 1 質(zhì)量 2 （復(fù)數(shù)）群眾，平民 adj. 大量的

例 Under the law, using a fashion model that does not meet a government-defined index of body mass could result in a $85,000 fine and six months in prison. 該法令規(guī)定，雇用不符合政府規(guī)定的體重要求的時(shí)裝模特會(huì)導(dǎo)致8.5萬(wàn)美元的罰金和六個(gè)月監(jiān)禁。

n. 營(yíng)養(yǎng)物 adj. 營(yíng)養(yǎng)的，滋養(yǎng)的

例 Growth, which rarely continues beyond the age of 20, demands calories and nutrients—notably, protein—to feed expanding tissues. 身高的增長(zhǎng)一般在20歲以后就停止了，長(zhǎng)高需要熱量和營(yíng)養(yǎng)物質(zhì)——特別是蛋白質(zhì)——以供應(yīng)身體組織的擴(kuò)展。

adj. 海外的 adv. 在海外

例 Many American banks have established branches in important commercial centres overseas to handle the business that results from world trade. 為了處理世界貿(mào)易帶來的業(yè)務(wù)，美國(guó)許多銀行都在海外的重要商業(yè)中心開設(shè)了分行。

adj. 1 典型的 2 代議制的 n. 代表

例 Because representative government presupposes an informed citizenry, the report supports full literacy; stresses the study of history and government, particularly American history and American government; and encourages the use of new digital technologies. 因?yàn)榇h制政府預(yù)先提出全民要接受教育，所以這份報(bào)告提倡全面提高國(guó)民素質(zhì)，強(qiáng)調(diào)學(xué)習(xí)歷史和政體（尤其是美國(guó)歷史和美國(guó)政體），以及鼓勵(lì)使用新的數(shù)字技術(shù)。

n. 1 代表 2 描繪 3 表現(xiàn)

例 The southern states would not have signed the Constitution without protections for the "peculiar institution", including a clause that counted a slave as three fifths of a man for purposes of congressional representation. 如果不保護(hù)他們的“特殊制度”，南方各州是不會(huì)簽署憲法的。該“特殊制度”中有一條規(guī)定，即在國(guó)會(huì)選舉中，一個(gè)奴隸的選票可以算作五分之三個(gè)公民的選票。

adj. 具象的，寫實(shí)的

例 Expressionism is art that shows emotions and ideas through non-representational forms. 抽象表現(xiàn)主義是一門藝術(shù)，通過非具象的形式表達(dá)感情和想法。

n. 1 考慮，要考慮的因素 2 體貼，體諒

例 Heedless of time or any other consideration, the inquiry team began to search the underwater cave. 調(diào)查組顧不上考慮時(shí)間或任何其他因素就開始尋找水下洞穴。

v. 創(chuàng)立；創(chuàng)建

例 Founded in 1935 in Ohio, Alcoholics Anonymous is now a worldwide organisation. 嗜酒者互誡協(xié)會(huì)于1935年在俄亥俄州創(chuàng)立，現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)是一個(gè)世界性的組織。

n. 福利；幸福

例 Governments throughout the world act on the assumption that the welfare of their people depends largely on the economic strength and wealth of the community. 各國(guó)政府行使其職能都基于這樣一個(gè)前提，即人民的福祉很大程度上取決于本國(guó)的經(jīng)濟(jì)實(shí)力和社會(huì)財(cái)富。

adj. 不情愿的，勉強(qiáng)的

例 And dead markets partly reflect the paralysis of banks which will not sell assets for fear of booking losses, yet are reluctant to buy all those supposed bargains. 蕭條的市場(chǎng)在一定程度上反映了銀行系統(tǒng)的癱瘓，為避免賬面虧損，銀行既不愿出售資產(chǎn)，也不愿意去收購(gòu)所有的預(yù)期廉價(jià)資產(chǎn)。

n. 峭壁，懸崖

例 The cliff face has been steadily eroded by the sea. 峭壁表面逐漸被海水侵蝕。

adj. 坦率的；簡(jiǎn)單的，易懂的

例 While such numerical standards seem straightforward, they are not. 盡管這樣的數(shù)量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)看似淺顯易懂，但實(shí)際上并非如此。

n. 1 速度 2 比率 3 價(jià)格 v. 定級(jí)；評(píng)估

例 Many people talked of the 288,000 new jobs the Labour Department of the country reported for June, along with the drop in the unemployment rate to 6.1 per cent, as good news. 許多人談到該國(guó)勞工部公布的六月份28.8萬(wàn)新增就業(yè)崗位以及降至6.1%的失業(yè)率，都認(rèn)為那是好消息。

adj. 隨便的，非正式的

例 The casual friendliness of many Americans should be interpreted neither as superficial nor as artificial, but as the result of a historically developed cultural tradition. 許多美國(guó)人隨意表現(xiàn)出的友善不應(yīng)該被看作是表面或虛假的應(yīng)酬，而應(yīng)看作是一種文化傳統(tǒng)歷史發(fā)展的結(jié)果。

v. 控告，起訴

例 Now Williams is suing the casino, charging that it should have refused his patronage because it knew he was addicted. 現(xiàn)在威廉斯正在起訴該賭場(chǎng)，控告賭場(chǎng)既然知道他沉溺其中不能自拔，就應(yīng)該拒絕他光顧。

n. 1 總和，總數(shù) 2 金額 v. 總結(jié)，概括

例 To sum up: A system of conservation based solely on economic self-interest is hopelessly lopsided. 總之，一個(gè)僅僅建立在經(jīng)濟(jì)利己主義基礎(chǔ)上的保護(hù)系統(tǒng)是完全失衡的。

adj. 短暫的；簡(jiǎn)潔的 n. 摘要，概要

例 Straitford's briefs don't sound like the usual Washington back-and-forthing, whereby agencies avoid dramatic declarations on the chance they might be wrong. 斯特雷福公司的簡(jiǎn)報(bào)聽上去不像華盛頓當(dāng)局時(shí)常不著邊際的言辭，這是因?yàn)檎畽C(jī)構(gòu)往往避免發(fā)布引人注目的言論，以免言之有誤。

n. 1 版本；變體 2 說法；描述

例 The witness's version contradicted the Government's claim that they were shot after being challenged. 政府聲稱他們是在受到盤問后被開槍射殺的，而目擊者的說法卻與此相矛盾。

n. 行為；舉止；表現(xiàn)方式

例 Whether you can establish the right image and potential interpersonal relationship depends completely on your behaviour. 你是否能樹立良好的形象、建立潛在的人際關(guān)系，完全取決于你的舉止是否得體。

n. 物質(zhì)

例 We live in a society in which the medicinal and social use of substances is pervasive: an aspirin to quiet a headache, some wine to be sociable, coffee to get going in the morning, a cigarette for the nerves. 在我們生活的社會(huì)里，物質(zhì)在醫(yī)療和社交方面的使用都很廣泛。比如我們用阿司匹林來緩解頭痛，用酒來應(yīng)酬，早晨用咖啡來提神，用香煙定神。

v. 1 創(chuàng)立；建立 2 證實(shí)，確定 3 得到認(rèn)可

例 During the explorations of North America, thriving Spanish colonies had been established in Mexico, the West Indies, and South America. 在人們對(duì)北美洲進(jìn)行探索期間，蓬勃發(fā)展的西班牙殖民地已經(jīng)在墨西哥、西印度群島和南美地區(qū)建立起來了。

n. 1 創(chuàng)立；建立 2 機(jī)構(gòu)；單位

例 Giovanni Parmigiani believes that the establishment of the SBoRE （Statistics Board of Reviewing Editors） may set an example for other journals. 喬瓦尼·帕爾米賈尼認(rèn)為，評(píng)審編輯統(tǒng)計(jì)委員會(huì)（SBoRE）的建立也許會(huì)為其他雜志樹立榜樣。

v. 前進(jìn)；進(jìn)行；繼續(xù)

例 Once that decision is made, we must then proceed concretely with its implementation, that is to say the transfer of responsibility, which will take a little time. 一旦做出決定，我們就必須切實(shí)地繼續(xù)執(zhí)行，也就是說進(jìn)行責(zé)任移交，這將需要一些時(shí)間。

adj. 1 微弱的 2 模糊的 3 不熱情的 v. 暈倒

例 As a description of the next music director of an orchestra that has been led by musicians like Gustav Mahler and Pierre Boulez, that seems likely to have struck at least some Times readers as faint praise. 這樣描寫曾經(jīng)由古斯塔夫·馬勒和皮埃爾·布列茲等音樂家擔(dān)任指揮的樂隊(duì)的下一任指揮，顯得有點(diǎn)輕描淡寫了，至少《泰晤士報(bào)》的一些讀者會(huì)這么想。

v. 1 收費(fèi) 2 管理 3 指控（~with） n. 1 主管 2 指控

例 As the hacking trial concludes—finding guilty one ex-editor of the News of the World, Andy Coulson, for conspiring to hack phones, and finding his predecessor, Rebekah Brooks, innocent of the same charge—the wider issue of dearth of integrity still stands. 盡管竊聽審判已有定論——判定《世界新聞報(bào)》前編輯安迪·庫(kù)爾森“電話竊聽共謀罪”屬實(shí)，而面對(duì)同樣的指控，其前任麗貝卡·布魯克斯則被判定無罪——但是更大范圍的誠(chéng)信缺失問題依然存在。

adj. 1 較小的 2 次要的 3 輕微的，不嚴(yán)重的 n. 1 輔修科目 2 未成年人

例 Aloe may have an analgesic effect on inflammation and minor skin irritations. 蘆薈可能對(duì)身體炎癥以及輕微的皮膚發(fā)炎具有鎮(zhèn)痛作用。

n. 1 少數(shù) 2 少數(shù)民族

例 In his book The Tipping Point, Malcolm Gladwell argues that "social epidemics" are driven in large part by the actions of a tiny minority of special individuals, often called influentials, who are unusually informed, persuasive, or well connected. 馬爾科姆·格拉德威爾在其著作《引爆點(diǎn)》中指出，社會(huì)潮流在很大程度上是由極少數(shù)特殊個(gè)體的行為推動(dòng)的。這些特殊個(gè)體通常被稱為有影響力的人，他們或見多識(shí)廣，或能言善辯，或人脈廣。

adj. 1 特指的 2 特別的 3 挑剔的（~about） n. 1 細(xì)節(jié)（常用復(fù)數(shù)） 2 詳細(xì)資料

例 How we read a given text also depends to some extent on our particular interest in reading it. 我們?nèi)绾伍喿x一篇給定的文章在某種程度上也取決于我們每個(gè)人獨(dú)特的閱讀興趣。

v. 1 回憶 2 召回

n. 召回

例1 Toyota Motor, alleviated some of the damage from its recall crisis with a relatively quick and well-orchestrated social-media response campaign, which included efforts to engage with consumers directly on sites. 豐田汽車公司在其汽車召回危機(jī)中，利用比較快速和精心策劃的社交媒體公關(guān)活動(dòng)，包括在一些網(wǎng)站上直接與消費(fèi)者交流，減少了那次危機(jī)造成的一些損失。

例2 I can recall the day my grandfather died and the sadness I felt when we went to the hospital the day before. 我能夠回想起祖父去世那天的情景以及前一天我們?nèi)メt(yī)院時(shí)我有多么難過。

n. 1 方程式，等式 2 影響因素

例 It is very easy for us to see that the conclusions described in the text follow from this equation. 我們很容易可以看出文中所敘述的結(jié)論是由這個(gè)方程式推出的。

adj. 實(shí)踐的；切實(shí)可行的

例 Their thesis—that a relatively modest intervention could have a big impact—was based on the view that first-generation students may be most lacking not in potential but in practical knowledge about how to deal with the issues that face most college students. 他們的論文——小干預(yù)可能產(chǎn)生大影響——是基于這樣的觀點(diǎn)，即第一代大學(xué)生最缺乏的可能并不是潛力，而是關(guān)于處理多數(shù)大學(xué)生都會(huì)面臨的各種問題的實(shí)踐知識(shí)。

adv. 1 幾乎 2 實(shí)際地

例 Practically every week features at least one celebrity mom, or mom-to-be, smiling on the newsstands. 實(shí)際上，每周雜志上都會(huì)特別報(bào)道至少一位明星媽媽或者準(zhǔn)媽媽，報(bào)攤上擺放著她們笑容可掬的照片。

n. 可行性，實(shí)用性；實(shí)際情況（復(fù)數(shù)）

例 Practicality, common sense, and native intelligence have been considered more noble qualities than anything you could learn from a book. 實(shí)用性、常識(shí)以及與生俱來的智力一直被視作是比可以從書本里學(xué)得的任何東西都高貴的品質(zhì)。

adj. 不現(xiàn)實(shí)的，不切實(shí)際的；無實(shí)踐能力的

例 It may be difficult or impractical to structure policies aimed to fulfil all possible employee needs. 要制定一種滿足職工所有需求的政策是很難的，也是不現(xiàn)實(shí)的。

v. 1 達(dá)到，實(shí)現(xiàn) 2 獲得

例 When a new movement in art attains a certain fashion, it is advisable to find out what its advocates are aiming at, for, however far-fetched and unreasonable their principles may seem today, it is possible that in years to come they may be regarded as normal. 當(dāng)藝術(shù)領(lǐng)域的一個(gè)新運(yùn)動(dòng)帶有某種時(shí)尚元素時(shí)，最好弄清楚這場(chǎng)運(yùn)動(dòng)的倡導(dǎo)者的真正意圖，因?yàn)椋还芩麄兊脑瓌t在今天看來多么牽強(qiáng)無理，若干年后，人們都可能會(huì)認(rèn)為它們是正常的。

v. 1 出現(xiàn)，發(fā)生 2 起立

例 New forms of thought as well as new subjects for thought must arise in the future as they have in the past, giving rise to new standards of elegance. 同過去一樣，將來必然會(huì)出現(xiàn)新的思維方式和新的思考對(duì)象，給美以新的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。

n. 物種，種

例 The fossil record shows that many species have endured for millions of years—so why shouldn't we? 化石記錄表明，許多物種已經(jīng)存活了數(shù)百萬(wàn)年之久，那么人類為何不可呢？

n. 概念

例 The concept of man versus machine is at least as old as the industrial revolution, but this phenomenon tends to be most acutely felt during economic downturns and fragile recoveries. “人機(jī)對(duì)抗”這一概念至少可以追溯到工業(yè)革命時(shí)期，但這一現(xiàn)象在經(jīng)濟(jì)下滑和復(fù)蘇乏力的情形下給人的感受最為強(qiáng)烈。

n. 1 構(gòu)思 2 理解

例 This paper firstly introduces the conception of metatheory and discusses its importance in theoretical foundation of information science. 這篇論文首先介紹了元理論的設(shè)想，并探討了它在情報(bào)學(xué)基礎(chǔ)理論研究中的重要性。

adj. 概念（上）的

例 British Land Art as shown in this well selected, but relatively modestly scaled exhibition wasn't about imposing on the landscape, more a kind of landscape-orientated light conceptual art created passing through. 正如在這場(chǎng)規(guī)模相對(duì)不大但作品精良的展覽中所展示的一樣，英國(guó)的地景藝術(shù)并非強(qiáng)加于大地之上，更是一種穿越其中的地景光線概念藝術(shù)。

v. 1 擴(kuò)大；放大 2 （~on）詳細(xì)說明

例 It may be said that the measure of the worth of any social institution is its effect in enlarging and improving experience, but this effect is not a part of its original motive. 雖然我們可以說衡量任何一個(gè)社會(huì)機(jī)構(gòu)的價(jià)值的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是其在豐富和完善人生經(jīng)驗(yàn)方面所起的作用，但這種作用并不是其最初成立時(shí)的動(dòng)機(jī)。

v. 拒絕；排斥

例 If we know female job screeners are more likely to reject attractive female applicants, we can help screeners understand their biases—or hire outside screeners. 如果我們知道女性審查員更有可能拒絕有魅力的女性申請(qǐng)者，我們就能幫助審查員認(rèn)識(shí)到她們的偏見，或者從外部聘請(qǐng)審查人員。

n. 1 全體教員 2 才能 3 官能

例 The growth in public money for academic research has speeded the process: Federal research grants rose fourfold between 1960 and 1990, but faculty teaching hours fell by half as research took its toll. 學(xué)術(shù)研究方面公共資金的增長(zhǎng)加快了這一進(jìn)程，即聯(lián)邦政府的科研撥款在1960年至1990年間增長(zhǎng)了四倍，但教員們的課時(shí)卻減少了一半，因?yàn)樗麄兓ㄙM(fèi)了太多時(shí)間在研究上。

n. 1 出發(fā)；離開 2 違背

例 When people in developing countries worry about migration, they are usually concerned at the prospect of their best and brightest departure to Silicon Valley or to hospitals and universities in the developed world. 發(fā)展中國(guó)家的人擔(dān)心移民問題時(shí)，通常憂慮的是自己國(guó)家最優(yōu)秀和最聰明的人都離開去硅谷或發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家的醫(yī)院和大學(xué)里工作了。

adj.基本的，根本的 n. 基本原理，基本原則

例 "There are fundamental public health problems, like dirty hands instead of a soap habit, that remain killers only because we can't figure out how to change people's habits," said Dr Curtis. 柯蒂斯博士說：“像不用香皂洗手這樣基本的公共衛(wèi)生問題仍然在吞噬著人們的生命，只是因?yàn)槲覀冞€沒有想出如何去改變?nèi)藗兊男袨榱?xí)慣。”

n. 態(tài)度；看法

例 When all these shaping forces—schools, open attitudes, the premium system, a genius for spatial thinking—interacted with one another on the rich U.S. mainland, they produced that American characteristic, emulation. 當(dāng)所有這些成因——學(xué)校、開放的態(tài)度、獎(jiǎng)賞制度及空間思維天賦在富饒的美國(guó)大陸上相互作用時(shí)，便造就了美國(guó)人的特點(diǎn)——競(jìng)爭(zhēng)。

n. 委員會(huì)

例 Both the Romanow commission and the Kirby committee on health care—to say nothing of reports from other experts—recommended the creation of a national drug agency. 且不說其他專家的報(bào)告，就連羅曼諾委員會(huì)和柯爾比醫(yī)療委員會(huì)都建議成立一個(gè)全國(guó)性的藥物機(jī)構(gòu)。

v. 遭受；受苦

例 Those suffering from persistent nightmares should seek help from a therapist. 那些長(zhǎng)期受到噩夢(mèng)折磨的人應(yīng)該尋求心理醫(yī)生的幫助。

n. 命運(yùn)

例 By a strange twist of fate, Smith's first match is against the team that gave him the sack last season. 由于命運(yùn)的奇特安排，史密斯首場(chǎng)比賽的對(duì)手正是上個(gè)賽季將他解雇的那支球隊(duì)。

n. 缺乏；缺席

例 This same absence of moral purpose was wounding companies such as News International, Elisabeth thought, making it more likely that it would lose its way as it had with widespread illegal telephone hacking. 伊麗莎白認(rèn)為，同樣的道德目標(biāo)的缺失正在傷害像新聞國(guó)際這樣的公司，使其更有可能像過去一樣因大范圍非法電話竊聽而迷失方向。

v. 使驚奇，使驚訝

例 We are also astonished and convinced by the author's fertile imagination and scientific and geographical knowledge. 作者豐富的想象力和科學(xué)地理知識(shí)也使我們驚訝并折服。

v. 1 提議 2 求婚

例 The America's Federal Trade Commission （FTC） proposed adding a "do not track" （DNT） option to internet browsers, so that users could tell advertisers that they did not want to be followed. 美國(guó)聯(lián)邦貿(mào)易委員會(huì)曾提議在互聯(lián)網(wǎng)瀏覽器中添加一個(gè)“禁止追蹤”的選項(xiàng)，這樣用戶可以告知廣告商他們不想被追蹤。

v. （使）分開，（使）分離；（使）擺脫

例 The key to reforming higher education, concludes Mr Menand, is to alter the way in which "the producers of knowledge are produced." Otherwise, academics will continue to think dangerously alike, increasingly detached from the societies which they study, investigate and criticise. 梅南先生總結(jié)道，高等教育改革的關(guān)鍵在于改變“培養(yǎng)知識(shí)分子”的方式。否則，大學(xué)教師的想法仍然會(huì)驚人的相似，并且愈加脫離他們所研究、調(diào)查和批判的社會(huì)。

v. 1 使恢復(fù)活力，使提神 2 刷新

例 Press the ‘reload’ button on your web browser to refresh the site and get the most current version.點(diǎn)擊網(wǎng)頁(yè)瀏覽器上的“刷新”按鈕來刷新頁(yè)面就會(huì)顯示最新的版本。

adj. 精神上的；智力的；思想的

例 Technically, any substance other than food that alters our bodily or mental functioning is a drug. 嚴(yán)格地說，除了食物以外，任何改變我們身心機(jī)能的物質(zhì)都是藥物。

n. 1 心態(tài) 2 思維方式

例 Running a business requires a very different mentality from being a salaried employee. 經(jīng)營(yíng)一家企業(yè)所要求具備的心態(tài)和上班族的心態(tài)截然不同。

n. 一代人

例 Young and old converge on one key point: Overwhelming majorities of both groups said they believe it is harder for young people today to get started in life than it was for earlier generations. 年輕人和老年人在這一點(diǎn)上倒是觀點(diǎn)一致，即他們都普遍認(rèn)為與前幾代人相比，如今的年輕人若想開創(chuàng)自己的生活要難得多。

（英orientate）n. 東方（世界） v. 1 辨認(rèn)方向 2 使熟悉，使適應(yīng)

例1 You can orient yourself by remembering that the hill is due north. 只要記住這座小山位于正北方，你就能確定你所在的方位了。

例2 Anxiety comes from not being able to orient yourself in your own existence. 不能適應(yīng)生活便會(huì)產(chǎn)生焦慮。

v. 使恐懼，使害怕

例 Their movements through the region were calculated to terrify landowners into abandoning their holdings. 他們?cè)谠摰貐^(qū)的行動(dòng)是精心謀劃的，意在恐嚇土地所有者放棄手中的地產(chǎn)。

n. 心理（學(xué)）；心理特征

例 Ericsson grew up in Sweden, and studied nuclear engineering until he realised he would have more opportunity to conduct his own research if he switched to psychology. 埃里克森在瑞典長(zhǎng)大，早先從事核工程學(xué)的研究，直到后來他認(rèn)識(shí)到如果轉(zhuǎn)向心理學(xué)領(lǐng)域，他就會(huì)有更多機(jī)會(huì)進(jìn)行自己的研究。

adj. 心理的；心理學(xué)的

例 I had not realised how profoundly marketing trends dictated our perception of what is natural to kids, including our core beliefs about their psychological development. 我以前并沒有意識(shí)到市場(chǎng)營(yíng)銷趨勢(shì)對(duì)我們有關(guān)兒童天性的理解，包括我們對(duì)兒童心理成長(zhǎng)的核心認(rèn)知，有如此深刻的影響。

n. 心理學(xué)家

例 Generally costing several hundred dollars, the IQ tests are usually given only by psychologists, although variations of them populate bookstores and the World Wide Web. 盡管智力測(cè)試的各種改編版在書店和互聯(lián)網(wǎng)上都可以找到，但是一般情況下該測(cè)試通常由心理學(xué)家來操作，費(fèi)用為幾百美元。

n. 天堂

例 Facebook therefore, is a self-enhancer's paradise, where people can share only the most flattering photos, the cream of their wit, style, beauty, intellect and lifestyle. 因此，臉書就成了自我提升者的天堂，在這里人們可以只分享自己最漂亮的照片以及自己的智慧、風(fēng)格、美麗、學(xué)識(shí)和生活方式的精華。

v. 1 使具有資格 2 可被認(rèn)為是，可算作

例 Many collegiate and professional football players qualify as obese, though their percentage body fat is low. Conversely, someone with a small frame may have high body fat but a normal BMI （body mass index）. 許多大學(xué)的和職業(yè)的足球隊(duì)員可稱得上肥胖，盡管他們的體脂百分比很低。相反，體形小的人可能體內(nèi)脂肪含量高，但BMI（身體質(zhì)量指數(shù)）是正常的。

n. 1 資格 2 學(xué)歷 3 限制條件

例 Although more than half of Harvard undergraduates end up in law, medicine or business, future doctors and lawyers must study a non-specialist liberal-arts degree before embarking on a professional qualification. 盡管有超過半數(shù)的哈佛本科生最終選擇主修法律、醫(yī)學(xué)或商科，然而這些未來的醫(yī)生和律師在開始專業(yè)資格學(xué)習(xí)之前必須先獲得一個(gè)非專業(yè)的文科學(xué)位。

v. 1 產(chǎn)生（能量） 2 造成；引起

例 While fossil fuels—coal, oil, gas—still generate roughly 85 per cent of the world's energy supply, it's clearer than ever that the future belongs to renewable sources such as wind and solar. 盡管化石燃料，如煤炭、石油、天然氣，仍然在全球能源供應(yīng)中約占85%，然而比以往更清楚的趨勢(shì)是未來是屬于可再生能源的，例如風(fēng)能和太陽(yáng)能。

adj. 1 能生產(chǎn)的，有生產(chǎn)能力的 2 （語(yǔ)言學(xué)中）生成的

例 In physics, one approach takes this impulse for unification to its extreme, and seeks a theory of everything—a single generative equation for all we see. 在物理學(xué)領(lǐng)域，有一種做法將這種追求統(tǒng)一性的沖動(dòng)推向了極端，它試圖找出一種萬(wàn)有理論，即用一個(gè)生成等式概括我們所看到的一切。

v. 1 發(fā)射 2 發(fā)布（產(chǎn)品） 3 開展；發(fā)起

例1 A century ago, Octavia Hill launched the National Trust not to rescue stylish houses but to save "the beauty of natural places for everyone forever". 一個(gè)世紀(jì)前，奧克塔維婭·希爾啟動(dòng)了“國(guó)民信托”項(xiàng)目，目的不是挽救時(shí)尚的住宅建筑，而是挽救“自然景觀之美以供后世欣賞”。

例2 People are absorbed into "a culture of consumption" launched by the 19th century department stores that offered "vast arrays of goods in an elegant atmosphere". 從19世紀(jì)開始，百貨商店倡導(dǎo)的“消費(fèi)文化”深深地吸引著人們，這些百貨商店“環(huán)境舒適，商品琳瑯滿目”。

n. 畢業(yè)（典禮）

例 In order to decrease the risk of prolonged unemployment after graduation, students should consider whether a particular career is "hot" or not before settling upon a choice. 為了降低畢業(yè)后待業(yè)時(shí)間延長(zhǎng)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，大學(xué)生在做出選擇之前應(yīng)該考慮該職業(yè)是否“熱門”。

v. 喜歡；愛慕 n. 想象 adj. 奢華的

例 Fantasies of great wealth often involve visions of fancy cars and extravagant homes. Yet satisfaction with these material purchases wears off fairly quickly. 對(duì)于巨額財(cái)富的想象通常是對(duì)名車、豪宅的憧憬。然而，購(gòu)買這些物質(zhì)所帶來的滿足感常常很快就會(huì)消失殆盡。

n. 勇敢，勇氣

例 Washington, who had begun to believe that all men were created equal after observing the bravery of the black soldiers during the Revolutionary War, overcame the strong opposition of his relatives to grant his slaves their freedom in his will. 在美國(guó)獨(dú)立戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)時(shí)期，華盛頓目睹了黑人士兵的英勇之后，他開始相信人人生而平等。于是他不顧親友的強(qiáng)烈反對(duì)，把賦予奴隸自由的決定立進(jìn)了遺囑。

v. 1 有區(qū)別；不同于 2 持不同看法

例 Ways of reading on a train or in bed are likely to differ considerably from reading in a seminar room. 在火車上或躺在床上閱讀的方法與在研討室里閱讀的方法可能會(huì)有很大不同。

n. 計(jì)劃，方案 v. 密謀，策劃

例 The company had a good pension scheme for the salaried employees and an ungenerous one for the hourly paid. 公司給按月領(lǐng)薪水的員工提供了一套很好的養(yǎng)老金計(jì)劃，但給計(jì)時(shí)工提供的計(jì)劃卻很吝嗇。

n. 1 高點(diǎn)，頂點(diǎn) 2 峰會(huì)

例 When women do break through to the summit of corporate power, they attract massive attention precisely because they remain the exception to the rule. 就算女性真的成功進(jìn)入公司的權(quán)力高層，她們也會(huì)備受矚目，就因?yàn)樗齻內(nèi)匀粚儆谏鐣?huì)常規(guī)的例外。

n. 選擇（權(quán)）；可選擇的事物

例 If we know we will overreact to consumer products or housing options when we see a happy face, we can take a moment before buying. 如果我們知道自己在購(gòu)買消費(fèi)品或選擇住房時(shí)，看到笑臉就會(huì)感情用事，我們就會(huì)在購(gòu)買前花點(diǎn)兒時(shí)間考慮一下。

adj. 1 立刻的 2 目前的

例 Perhaps wilfully, it may be easier to think about such lengthy timescales than about the more immediate future. 可能有人會(huì)執(zhí)意地認(rèn)為，推想久遠(yuǎn)的未來要比思考即將發(fā)生的未來更為容易。

v. 區(qū)別；使不同

例 Our ability to mute our hard-wired reactions by pausing is what differentiates us from animals: Dogs can think about the future only intermittently or for a few minutes. 通過暫停來抑制習(xí)慣性反應(yīng)是人類有別于動(dòng)物的一種能力，狗只會(huì)間歇性地思考未來，或者只思考幾分鐘。

v. 預(yù)期，預(yù)料

例 Part of the reason for the massive security line is that the government did not anticipate the steep increase in airline travel, so the TSA （Transportation Security Administration） is now rushing to get new screeners on the line. 導(dǎo)致安檢隊(duì)伍過長(zhǎng)的一部分原因是：政府沒能預(yù)見乘飛機(jī)出行的乘客的驟增，因此運(yùn)輸安全管理局現(xiàn)在正急著招聘更多安檢員。

adj. 1 客觀的 2 不近人情的 3 非個(gè)人的

例 In terms of the feasibility of system implementation, we must make an elaborate and impersonal analysis from the technical, economic and practical aspects. 關(guān)于系統(tǒng)實(shí)施的可行性，我們必須從技術(shù)上、經(jīng)濟(jì)上和實(shí)際操作上進(jìn)行客觀詳盡的分析。

v. 聲稱；宣布，聲明

例 The Taylor decision also declared sex discrimination in jury selection to be unconstitutional and ordered states to use the same procedures for selecting male and female jurors. 泰勒案的裁決也宣布，陪審員選拔過程中的性別歧視是違反憲法的，并要求各州按照相同程序來選拔男女陪審員。

n. 宣布，宣稱；公告

例 Straitford's briefs don't sound like the usual Washington back-and-forthing, whereby agencies avoid dramatic declarations on the chance they might be wrong. 斯特雷福公司的簡(jiǎn)報(bào)聽上去不像華盛頓當(dāng)局時(shí)常不著邊際的言辭，這是因?yàn)檎畽C(jī)構(gòu)往往避免發(fā)布引人注目的言論，以免言之有誤。

adj. 1 多山的 2 巨大的，龐大的

例 On the financial front, Levin is under pressure to raise the stock price and reduce the company's mountainous debt, which will increase to $17.3 billion after two new cable deals close. 在財(cái)政方面，萊文承受著抬高股價(jià)、減少公司巨額債務(wù)的壓力。在談妥兩筆新的有線電視協(xié)議后，公司債務(wù)將達(dá)到173億美元。

adj. 嚴(yán)重的；惡劣的

例 The authorities could still invalidate Fourth Amendment protections when facing severe, urgent circumstances, and they could take reasonable measures to ensure that phone data are not erased or altered while waiting for a warrant. 在面臨嚴(yán)重的、緊急的情況時(shí)，執(zhí)法當(dāng)局仍可以置第四條修正案于不顧；在等待搜查令的時(shí)候，他們可以采取適當(dāng)?shù)拇胧┮员ＷC手機(jī)中的數(shù)據(jù)不被刪除或更改。

n. 1 大多數(shù) 2 法定成年年齡

例 Although women first served on state juries in Utah in 1898, it was not until the 1940s that a majority of states made women eligible for jury duty. 雖然女性于1898年就首次在猶他州進(jìn)入了州陪審團(tuán)，但直到20世紀(jì)40年代，女性才在大多數(shù)州擁有了成為陪審員的資格。

v. 勞動(dòng)；辛勤工作 n. 勞工；勞動(dòng)力

例 An increase in involuntary part-time work is evidence of weakness in the labour market and it means that many people will be having a very hard time making ends meet. 非自愿兼職工作崗位的增加是勞動(dòng)力市場(chǎng)疲軟的表現(xiàn)，意味著很多人只能勉強(qiáng)維持生計(jì)。