內容摘要

本書通過分析方孝孺的殉難過程，認為方孝孺之死與其他壬午殉難者最大的不同之處在于方孝孺是死于固守信念。本書通過考證“是”字與“成仁取義”的內在聯系，來證實方孝孺早已堅定了誓死的信念。這是“讀書種子”的“圣人之心”在政治專制主義急劇上升時期激烈地批評時政、改造社會的結果。

本書還分析了方孝孺所誓死之理想的主要內容，即其君道思想。方孝孺的設君之道是從天人合一處著眼的。他認為人天生就有智力上的差異，這是出現社會不平等的根源。然天意并非如此。天設君為公。所以方孝孺繼承儒家傳統中的民本論，以民來界定君之職責。他認為君主的職責在于公平、善性等諸價值領域，君權的行使是為了養民，君主不得與民爭利。

方孝孺由現實的君主現象出發，做出君主是為自己私利自營的假設，所以他主張制約君權。他認為革命是現實政治中對君主的限制手段，但只能對“非正統”之君才可使用。方孝孺重視儒學道統論對君主的限制，創造了自己的正統論，對君主權位的取得、使用和繼承提出了一系列的限制。限于革命、儒家道統論兩種措施的限制力度不足，方孝孺力圖創制一種制度以讓士民自求幸福，脫離君主的危害。

方孝孺的思想在明清時期有著深遠的影響。本書通過比較方孝孺與黃宗羲二人的思想，說明方孝孺與黃宗羲思想之間的親緣關系。其一，在立君本意上，方孝孺與黃宗羲都認為立君為公為民。方孝孺、黃宗羲批判君主的現實力量在于他們認定的人自私自利的自然權利。其二，他們都認定現實君主的本性是自私的，應該對其進行制約，都主張宰相分權。其三，他們主張在公論的基礎上，立法為天下之民，反對代表一家一姓的自私之法。

Abstract

By analyzing the course of Fang Hsiao-ju's death forthe right cause, this thesis believes that the different of Fang Hsiao-ju's death and the other people death for the right cause in Renwu year（壬午殉難者）is that Fang Hsiao-ju was dead of stick to a belief. The author tries to verify the inherent connections between“shi”（是）and“death for righteous cause”（成仁取義）in order to confirm that Fang Hsiao-ju had already insisted the ideas of pledging his life. That was the result that“saint's mind”of“reading seed”intensely criticized the current politics and reformed the society at the period of political autocracy sharply rising.

Meanwhile, the thesis also analyzes the connotations of Fang Hsiaoju's faith of pledging his life, that is his monarchical thought（君道思想）. Fang Hsiao-ju considered the way of designating monarch from the angle that human society is an integral part of nature. He deemed that people had inborn unequal in intelligence and that was the root of society unequal. But Heaven's is not. Fang Hsiao-ju held that Heaven design monarch for public interests. As a result, Fang Hsiao-ju succeeded Confucian ideas that the people were the foundation of the state, and defined the monarch's duty by the people. He held that the monarch's duty lies in some value fields like equity, fair, and so on. And the order of performing monarchical authority was supporting people but not contending for interests with people.

Fang Hsiao-ju had already posed hypothesis on the basis of realistic monarch phenomenon that the monarch ruled for his selfish interests. So he advocated restricting monarchical authority. He thought revolution was a tool of restricting monarch in real politics, but as the same time he also considered that only“non-justifiable”（“非正統”）monarch can be used. Fang Hsiao-ju devoted much attention to historical philosophy toward monarch restricting and created his himself orthodox view（正統論）, which provide a series of restriction on monarchical authority gaining, applying and inheriting. Due to the restriction force of the two measures above discussed, Fang Hsiao-ju tried to create a kind of system in order that people could chase their happiness and separate them from the monarchical endanger.

Fang Hsiao-ju's ideologies produced good results in the period of the Ming Dynasty and the Qing Dynasty. The thesis chooses specially comparing Fang Hsiao-ju's ideology with Huang Zong-xi's in order to illustrate the affinity between the two ideologies. Firstly, with regard to the original intention of designating monarch, Fang Hsiao-ju and Huang Zong-xi both thought designating monarch for the public and for the people. The realistic strength that Fang Hsiao-ju and Huang Zong-xi criticizing monarch lied in they firmly believed that selfishness is people's nature right. Secondly, they also firmly believed that realistic monarch's nature was selfish and should be restricted. So they both advocated prime minister to divide the monarchical authority. Thirdly, they both advocated make legislate for the people on the basis of public opinion and opposed selfish legislate for family interests.