第一章 考研英語(yǔ)（二）大綱新題型樣題解析及應(yīng)試技巧

第一節(jié) 考研英語(yǔ)（二）大綱新題型樣題解析

一、閱讀理解B部分概況

（一）命題的基本指導(dǎo)思想

根據(jù)考研英語(yǔ)（二）考試大綱，閱讀理解B部分有兩種備選題型，每次考試從這兩種題型中選擇其中的一種形式進(jìn)行考查。

備選題型包括：

1 匹配題

本部分為一篇長(zhǎng)度為450~550詞的文章，試題的內(nèi)容分為左右兩欄，左側(cè)一欄為5道題目，右側(cè)一欄為7個(gè)選項(xiàng)，要求考生在閱讀文章后根據(jù)文章內(nèi)容從右側(cè)一欄的7個(gè)選項(xiàng)中選出與題目對(duì)應(yīng)的5項(xiàng)相關(guān)信息。

2 小標(biāo)題對(duì)應(yīng)題

本部分為一篇長(zhǎng)度為450~550詞的文章，文章前有7個(gè)概括句或小標(biāo)題。這些文字或標(biāo)題分別是對(duì)文章中某一部分的概括或闡述，要求考生根據(jù)文章內(nèi)容和篇章結(jié)構(gòu)從這7個(gè)選項(xiàng)中選出最恰當(dāng)?shù)?個(gè)概括句或小標(biāo)題填入文章空白處。

（二）試題特點(diǎn)

閱讀理解B部分試題主要考查考生對(duì)連貫性、一致性、邏輯性等語(yǔ)篇、語(yǔ)段整體性特征以及文章結(jié)構(gòu)的理解，即要求考生在理解全文的基礎(chǔ)上把握文章的整體和微觀結(jié)構(gòu)。考生既要理解和掌握文章總體結(jié)構(gòu)和寫(xiě)作思路，又要弄清上下文之間的邏輯關(guān)系。

這一新題型的增設(shè)，使文章長(zhǎng)度從傳統(tǒng)閱讀理解的380詞左右增加到450~550詞，大大增加了閱讀的總量。這就要求考生在提高閱讀速度的同時(shí)，還要能夠準(zhǔn)確地獵取文章的具體信息，并概括出文章的主旨要義，尤其是要掌握作者的寫(xiě)作意圖、觀點(diǎn)，區(qū)分論點(diǎn)和論據(jù)，并能把握文章的寫(xiě)作結(jié)構(gòu)和脈絡(luò)層次。

新題型的考查要點(diǎn)是段落和篇章等較高層次的語(yǔ)言知識(shí)，更加突出閱讀與寫(xiě)作之間的密切關(guān)系。英語(yǔ)文章在寫(xiě)作過(guò)程中有其表達(dá)上的語(yǔ)言規(guī)律和篇章結(jié)構(gòu)上的層次安排，所以，如果在進(jìn)行英文寫(xiě)作時(shí)能夠做到主題突出、段落層次鮮明、行文自然流暢、銜接手法多樣、文字連貫，在做此類閱讀新題型時(shí)必然有所裨益。

（三）文章結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)

要想準(zhǔn)確迅速地解答閱讀新題型，我們必須對(duì)英語(yǔ)文章的寫(xiě)作思路了然于心，了解并學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)文章的篇章結(jié)構(gòu)知識(shí)，因?yàn)樗从沉诵骂}型的出題原則。常見(jiàn)的英語(yǔ)篇章結(jié)構(gòu)包括：

1 問(wèn)題型：提出問(wèn)題—分析問(wèn)題—解決問(wèn)題

這類文章的基本模式是：文章通常以某種現(xiàn)象或話題開(kāi)篇，該現(xiàn)象或者話題可能涉及社會(huì)生活、文化教育等各個(gè)領(lǐng)域。接著，針對(duì)此話題或現(xiàn)象展開(kāi)討論分析，找出其存在或產(chǎn)生的根源，從而得出解決問(wèn)題的方法。

2 議論型：提出論點(diǎn)—列舉論據(jù)—得出結(jié)論

這一類型的文章與我們較為熟悉的議論文有很多共同之處，與問(wèn)題型文章也不乏相似的地方，所以解答起來(lái)應(yīng)該頗為容易。其基本模式是：在文章開(kāi)始，作者列出自己的觀點(diǎn)，接下來(lái)用所掌握的論據(jù)對(duì)此觀點(diǎn)加以論證，最后得出結(jié)論。閱讀這類文章時(shí)，考生只要知道哪些是論點(diǎn)，哪些是論據(jù)，結(jié)論是什么即可。

3 立論/駁論型：提出觀點(diǎn)—表示贊同—認(rèn)證觀點(diǎn)

或：提出觀點(diǎn)—發(fā)表異議—駁斥觀點(diǎn)—建立觀點(diǎn)—認(rèn)證觀點(diǎn)

這類文章雖然與前兩類文章有很多共同之處，但相比較而言，頗為復(fù)雜，同時(shí)也是考試中出現(xiàn)可能性較大的一種。文章的基本模式是：在文章開(kāi)始提出一種時(shí)下比較流行的觀點(diǎn)或者現(xiàn)象，接著作者闡述自己對(duì)此觀點(diǎn)或者現(xiàn)象的看法（也可能會(huì)涉及社會(huì)輿論）。在闡述自己看法的同時(shí)，作者會(huì)表明自己的態(tài)度，或贊成，或反對(duì)。如果作者持贊成態(tài)度，就會(huì)直接對(duì)它加以認(rèn)證；如果持反對(duì)態(tài)度，則還會(huì)提出自己的觀點(diǎn)，并給出充分的論據(jù)進(jìn)行證明。遇到這一類型的文章時(shí)，考生首要的任務(wù)就是通讀全文，弄清楚哪個(gè)是作者的觀點(diǎn)，哪個(gè)是作者要駁斥的觀點(diǎn)，以及哪些論據(jù)可以作為支撐就基本大功告成了。這類文章大多有明顯的轉(zhuǎn)折之處，因此考生可以找提示語(yǔ)，比如：But/Nevertheless/As a matter of fact。這些詞或短語(yǔ)常常可以作為作者觀點(diǎn)和其他觀點(diǎn)的分水嶺。

4 因果型：結(jié)果/現(xiàn)象—原因/成因

這一類型的文章接近于說(shuō)明文。文章大多以一種現(xiàn)象或者一種結(jié)果開(kāi)篇，然后進(jìn)一步探討導(dǎo)致這種現(xiàn)象或結(jié)果的原因或成因。（文章大多圍繞社會(huì)生活、文化教育等領(lǐng)域展開(kāi)。）

了解新題型所考查的要點(diǎn)，在閱讀文章時(shí)有意識(shí)地加強(qiáng)對(duì)文章寫(xiě)作思路和結(jié)構(gòu)組織安排的理解，對(duì)迅速增強(qiáng)此類新題型的應(yīng)對(duì)能力還是非常有幫助的。因此考生可以在備考階段選擇文章，劃掉幾個(gè)重要句子，自己進(jìn)行練習(xí)。

（四）解題線索

1 主題句

一篇英語(yǔ)文章在總體上有核心的觀點(diǎn)或主題，每個(gè)段落又有其分主題，而文章其他部分都是通過(guò)舉例、引用、列數(shù)字等說(shuō)明或認(rèn)證手段來(lái)詳細(xì)闡釋主題。因此，在解題時(shí)，關(guān)鍵要學(xué)會(huì)抓住主題或論點(diǎn)，或者根據(jù)主題或論點(diǎn)，選擇相應(yīng)的實(shí)例或引用的話語(yǔ)，或者根據(jù)所給的實(shí)例、引用的話語(yǔ)或數(shù)字，來(lái)總結(jié)歸納出與之相關(guān)的主題要點(diǎn)，從而選擇相對(duì)應(yīng)的論點(diǎn)或主題句。多項(xiàng)對(duì)應(yīng)題型要采取就近原則，通過(guò)上下文的信息線索找出主題。

2 關(guān)聯(lián)詞/短語(yǔ)

考生應(yīng)熟悉英語(yǔ)文章中起到起承轉(zhuǎn)合作用的關(guān)聯(lián)詞和短語(yǔ)，以便盡快了解文章的寫(xiě)作思路和整體結(jié)構(gòu)，為迅速找出正確答案打好基礎(chǔ)。

轉(zhuǎn)折：however,yet,but,anyhow,anyway,nevertheless,while,whereas,instead,instead of

并列、遞進(jìn)：and,indeed,almost,even,besides,further,moreover,most importantly,in addition,furthermore,too,also,and then,again

條件、讓步：if,only if,in spite of,despite,though,although,even so,even though,rather,after all,regardless of

原因、結(jié)果：because,since,as,for,due to,so,therefore,thus,hence,accordingly,consequently,in that,as a result,as a consequence,in consequence,so that,to this end

比較、對(duì)比：likewise,similarly,at the same time,in the same way,in comparison,in contrast,like as,just as,conversely,on the contrary

列舉、舉例：first,second,etc.,in the first place,in the second place,next,another,finally,still,namely,that is,for instance,for example,as an example,specifically,in particular

時(shí)間關(guān)系：before,after,until,till,meanwhile

二、閱讀理解B部分題型解析

下面就這兩種新題型的解題思路和過(guò)程逐一進(jìn)行解析。

（一）匹配題

要求考生在閱讀文章后根據(jù)文章內(nèi)容和左側(cè)一欄中提供的信息在右側(cè)一欄中找出與之對(duì)應(yīng)的相關(guān)信息。

大綱樣題（Sample 1）

Directions:Read the following text and answer the questions by finding information from the right column that corresponds to each of the marked details given in the left column.There are two extra choices in the right column.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.（10 points）

The world economy has run into a brick wall.Despite countless warnings in recent years about the need to address a looming hunger crisis in poor countries and a looming energy crisis worldwide,world leaders failed to think ahead.The result is a global food crisis.Wheat,corn and rice prices have more than doubled in the past two years,and oil prices have more than tripled since the start of 2004.These food-price increases combined with soaring energy costs will slow if not stop economic growth in many parts of the world and will even undermine political stability,as evidenced by the protest riots that have erupted in places like Haiti,Bangladesh and Burkina Faso.Practical solutions to these growing woes do exist,but we'll have to start thinking ahead and acting globally.

The crisis has its roots in four interlinked trends.The first is the chronically low productivity of farmers in the poorest countries,caused by their inability to pay for seeds,fertilizers and irrigation.The second is the misguided policy in the U.S.and Europe of subsidizing the diversion of food crops to produce biofuels like corn-based ethanol.The third is climate change; take the recent droughts in Australia and Europe,which cut the global production of grain in 2005 and 2006.The fourth is the growing global demand for food and feed grains brought on by swelling populations and incomes.In short,rising demand has hit a limited supply,with the poor taking the hardest blow.

So,what should be done? Here are three steps to ease the current crisis and avert the potential for a global disaster.The first is to scale-up the dramatic success of Malawi,a famineprone country in southern Africa,which three years ago established a special fund to help its farmers get fertilizer and high-yield seeds.Malawi's harvest doubled after just one year.An international fund based on the Malawi model would cost a mere $10 per person annually in the rich world,or $10 billion in all.Such a fund could fight hunger as effectively as the Global Fund to Fight AIDS,TB and malaria is controlling those diseases.

Second,the U.S.and Europe should abandon their policies of subsidizing the conversion of food into biofuels.The U.S.government gives farmers a taxpayer-financed subsidy of 51 cents per gal of ethanol to divert corn from the food and feed-grain supply.There may be a case for biofuels produced on lands that do not produce foods—tree crops （like palm oil） ,grasses and wood products—but there's no case for doling out subsidies to put the world's dinner into the gas tank.Third,we urgently need to weatherproof the world's crops as soon and as effectively as possible.For a poor farmer,sometimes something as simple as a farm pond—which collects rainwater to be used for emergency irrigation in a dry spell—can make the difference between a bountiful crop and a famine.The world has already committed to establishing a Climate Adaptation Fund to help poor regions climate-proof vital economic activities such as food production and health care but has not yet acted upon the promise.

分析注解

做匹配題這類考題時(shí)應(yīng)先通讀全文，用略讀法弄清文章的大意，勿在細(xì)枝末節(jié)上浪費(fèi)時(shí)間；留意體現(xiàn)邏輯關(guān)系的特征詞，例如first,finally,of course,however等。主要的解題步驟如下：

（1）迅速瀏覽每個(gè)段落，重點(diǎn)放在首尾兩句，概括出每個(gè)段落的大意。

（2）仔細(xì)閱讀已經(jīng)給出的首尾兩段，推測(cè)文章的邏輯關(guān)系，確定文章結(jié)構(gòu)類型。

（3）從左欄給出的詞匯中提煉出狀語(yǔ)、主謂結(jié)構(gòu)或動(dòng)賓結(jié)構(gòu)。

（4）用上一步提煉出的部分去原文定位，然后在相應(yīng)的段落找尋與右欄匹配的詞匯。若右欄有專有名詞，可先行找尋匹配。另外，一般情況下，一個(gè)段落只考一到兩個(gè)對(duì)應(yīng)的題目。

這篇文章是針對(duì)世界金融危機(jī)對(duì)全球性饑荒、能源問(wèn)題的影響所做的報(bào)道，指出各國(guó)為戰(zhàn)勝這場(chǎng)危機(jī)應(yīng)采取的三個(gè)舉措。舉措內(nèi)容在文章的第三、四段，考生要特別注意Here are three steps to ease...The first is to scale-up...Second,...Third,...這樣的特征詞。然后根據(jù)題干所提供的關(guān)鍵詞尋找文章中的相關(guān)內(nèi)容，據(jù)此作出判斷。

1.Anti-hunger campaigns are successful in

首先，依據(jù)題干的Anti-hunger campaigns推測(cè)答案依據(jù)應(yīng)在第三或第四段。因?yàn)橹挥胁扇×伺e措，才會(huì)有“反饑餓運(yùn)動(dòng)的成功”。根據(jù)第三段后半部分An international fund based on the Malawi model would cost a mere $10 per person annually in the rich world,or $10 billion in all.Such a fund could fight hunger as effectively as the Global Fund to Fight AIDS...可以發(fā)現(xiàn)fight hunger與題干中的Anti-hunger campaigns 的語(yǔ)義關(guān)聯(lián)，說(shuō)明此處是答案依據(jù)所在。由effectively可知反饑餓運(yùn)動(dòng)在馬拉維很成功，所以正確選項(xiàng)為F。

2.Production of biofuels are subsidized in

第二段第三句The second is the misguided policy in the U.S.and Europe of subsidizing the diversion of food crops to produce biofuels like corn-based ethanol中的subsidizing...to produce biofuels...與題干中的Production of biofuels are subsidized形成語(yǔ)義關(guān)聯(lián)，根據(jù)此句可知生物燃料（biofuels）生產(chǎn)在美國(guó)和歐洲得到政府補(bǔ)貼，所以正確選項(xiàng)為G。

3.Protest riots occurred in

題干中的Protest riots應(yīng)出現(xiàn)在采取舉措之前，因此推測(cè)答案依據(jù)應(yīng)在第一或第二段。根據(jù)第一段倒數(shù)第二句as evidenced by the protest riots that have erupted in places like Haiti,Bangladesh and Burkina Faso可知抗議暴亂發(fā)生在海地、孟加拉國(guó)和布基納法索，所以正確選項(xiàng)為E。

4.The efforts were not so successful with

依據(jù)題干The efforts were not so successful“其努力并不成功”，推測(cè)答案依據(jù)應(yīng)在第三或第四段，因?yàn)門he efforts可以理解為采取舉措。根據(jù)文章最后一句The world has already committed to establishing a Climate Adaptation Fund to help poor regions climate-proof vital economic activities such as food production and health care but has not yet acted upon the promise.可知?dú)夂蜻m應(yīng)基金組織（Climate Adaptation Fund）還沒(méi)有履行其諾言（not yet acted upon the promise），因此其努力是不成功的，所以正確選項(xiàng)為C。

5.Food shortage becomes more serious in

題干Food shortage becomes more serious應(yīng)出現(xiàn)在采取舉措之前，推測(cè)答案依據(jù)在第一或第二段。根據(jù)第二段最后一句In short,rising demand has hit a limited supply,with the poor taking the hardest blow.可知窮國(guó)受糧食供應(yīng)打擊最重（the hardest blow），食物短缺最嚴(yán)重的是窮國(guó)，所以正確選項(xiàng)為A。

（二）小標(biāo)題對(duì)應(yīng)題

要求考生在閱讀文章后根據(jù)文章的篇章結(jié)構(gòu)找出對(duì)應(yīng)的各部分標(biāo)題。

大綱樣題（Sample 2）

Directions:Read the following text and answer questions by finding a subtitle for each of the marked parts or paragraphs.There are two extra items in the subtitles.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.（10 points）

Every decade has its defining self-help business book.In the 1940s it was How to Win Friends and Influence Peopl,in the 1990s The Seven Habits of Highly Successful People.These days we are worried about something much simpler: Getting Things Done.

1.______

That's the title of productivity guru David Allen's pithy 2001 treatise on working efficiently,which continues to resonate in this decade's overworked,overwhelmed,overteched workplace.Allen hasn't just sold 500,000 copies of his book.He has preached his message of focus,discipline and creativity everywhere from Sony and Novartis to the World Bank and the U.S.Air Force.He counsels swamped chief executives on coping with information overload.He ministers to some clients with an intensive,two-day,$6,000 private session in which he and his team organize their lives from top to bottom.And he has won the devotion of acolytes who document on their blogs how his Getting Things Done(GTD) program has changed their lives.

2.______

Allen admits that much of his basic recipe is common sense.Free your mind,and productivity will follow.Break down projects and goals into discrete,definable actions,and you won't be bothered by all those loose threads pulling at your attention.First make decisions about what needs to get done,and then fashion a plan for doing it.If you've cataloged everything you have to do and all your long-term goals,Allen says,you're less likely to wake up at 3 a.m.worrying about whether you have forgotten something: “Most people haven't realized how out of control their head is when they get 300 e-mails a day and each of them has potential meaning.”

3.______

When e-mails,phone calls and to-do lists are truly under control,Allen says,the real change begins.You will finally be able to use your mind to dream up great ideas and enjoy your life rather than just occupy it with all the things you have got to do.Allen himself,despite running a $5.5 million consulting practice,traveling 200 days a year and juggling a business that is growing 40% every year,finds time to joyride in his Mini Cooper and sculpt bonsai plants.Oh,and he has earned his black belt in karate.

4.______

Few companies have embraced Allen's philosophy as thoroughly as General Mills,the Minnesota-based maker of Cheerios and Lucy Charms.Allen began at the company with a couple of private coaching sessions for top executives,who raved about his guidance.Allen and his staff now hold six to eight two-day training sessions a year.The company has already put more than 2,000 employees through GTD training and plans to expand it company-wide.“Fads come and go,”says Kevin Wilde General Mills'CEO,“but this continues to work.”

5.______

The most fevered followers of Allen's organizational methodology gather online.Websites like gtdindex.marvelz.com parse Allen's every utterance.The 43 Folders blog ran an eight-part podcast interview with him.GTD enthusiasts like Frank Meeuwsen,on whatsthenextaction.com gather best practice techniques for implementing the book's ideas.More than 60 software tools have been built specifically to supplement Allen's system.

分析注解

這種題型的選項(xiàng)一般置于文章前面，表達(dá)簡(jiǎn)潔明了，容易理解。迅速瀏覽文章后，可知該文章的主要話題是什么。接下來(lái)的主要工作是概括所考查段落的主旨，可通過(guò)尋找段落主題句完成。

首先仔細(xì)閱讀第一段，把握段落大意。文章第一段介紹了自助企業(yè)的成功秘訣在不同的時(shí)代有不同的內(nèi)容：20世紀(jì)40年代的絕招是“贏得朋友，影響他人”；90年代推出了“成功人士的7大習(xí)慣”；而今的方法更為簡(jiǎn)單：“把事干完”。

接著迅速瀏覽小標(biāo)題。

A.Follow Onlines在線追隨

B.Whisper: Keep It to Yourself悄悄話：別告訴他人

C.Word of Experience: Stick to It經(jīng)驗(yàn)之談：堅(jiān)持不懈

D.Code of Success: Freed and Targeted成功秘訣：解放思想，認(rèn)準(zhǔn)目標(biāo)

E.Efficient Work to Promote Efficient Workers高效率工作提升高效率員工

F.Recipe: Simplicity Means Everything秘訣：簡(jiǎn)明意味著一切

G.Efficiency Comes from Order效率來(lái)自有條不紊

然后快速瀏覽文章各段內(nèi)容，尤其是要注意每一段落的起始句（主題句），得出每段的段落大意。最后將各個(gè)小標(biāo)題與文章中的相關(guān)內(nèi)容匹配，作出正確的判斷。

1.答案為E，高效率工作提升高效率員工。本段第一句That's the title of productivity guru David Allen's pithy 2001 treatise on working efficiently概述了本段的中心思想，其大意是：這就是生產(chǎn)率大師David Allen的論文標(biāo)題，他在2001年一篇論高效率工作的論文中言簡(jiǎn)意賅地提到了這一點(diǎn)。由此可判斷，這一段是圍繞高效率工作展開(kāi)的。所以正確選項(xiàng)為E。

2.答案為D，成功秘訣：解放思想，認(rèn)準(zhǔn)目標(biāo)。本段的主題句為第二句：Free your mind,and productivity will follow.（一旦解放思想，生產(chǎn)率就會(huì)跟上），由此可判斷，這一段是圍繞解放思想展開(kāi)的。段落中間出現(xiàn)的long-term goals對(duì)應(yīng)小標(biāo)題中的關(guān)鍵詞Targeted，所以正確選項(xiàng)為D。

3.答案為G，效率來(lái)自有條不紊。本段的主題句為第一句：When e-mails,phone calls and to-do lists are truly under control,Allen says,the real change begins.其大意是：Allen說(shuō)，一旦電子郵件、電話和各種待辦事項(xiàng)處在自己的掌控之中，真正的變化就開(kāi)始了。由此可判斷，這一段是圍繞效率與有條理的工作方式展開(kāi)的，所以正確選項(xiàng)為G。

4.答案為C，經(jīng)驗(yàn)之談：堅(jiān)持不懈。根據(jù)本段Allen堅(jiān)持員工培訓(xùn)及他對(duì)此事的看法不難作出此選擇：Allen and his staff now hold six to eight two-day training sessions a year...“Fads come and go,”says Kevin Wilde General Mills'CEO,“but this continues to work.”其大意是：Allen及其員工堅(jiān)持每年舉辦6~8次為期兩天的培訓(xùn)。General Mills公司的CEO說(shuō)，時(shí)尚不斷變換，但培訓(xùn)工作持續(xù)不斷。由此可判斷，本段是圍繞堅(jiān)持不懈展開(kāi)的，因此正確選項(xiàng)為C。

5.答案為A，在線追隨。本段的主題句是第一句：The most fevered followers of Allen's organizational methodology gather online.其大意是：Allen組織理論的發(fā)燒友聚集在網(wǎng)上追隨他。所以正確選項(xiàng)為A。