2012年新題型真題

Directions: Read the following text and answer the questions by finding information from the left column that corresponds to each of the marked details given in the right column.There are two extra choices in the right column.Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1.（10 points）

“Universal history,the history of what man has accomplished in this world,is at bottom the History of the Great Men who have worked here,”wrote the Victorian sage Thomas Carlyle.Well,not any more it is not.

Suddenly,Britain looks to have fallen out with its favourite historical form.This could be no more than a passing literary craze,but it also points to a broader truth about how we now approach the past: less concerned with learning from forefathers and more interested in feeling their pain.Today,we want empathy,not inspiration.

From the earliest days of the Renaissance,the writing of history meant recounting the exemplary lives of great men.In 1337,Petrarch began work on his rambling writing De Viris Illustribus—On Famous Men,highlighting the virtus（or virtue）of classical heroes.Petrarch celebrated their greatness in conquering fortune and rising to the top.This was the biographical tradition which Niccolò Machiavelli turned on its head.In The Prince,he championed cunning,ruthlessness,and boldness,rather than virtue,mercy and justice,as the skills of successful leaders.

Over time,the attributes of greatness shifted.The Romantics commemorated the leading painters and authors of their day,stressing the uniqueness of the artist's personal experience rather than public glory.By contrast,the Victorian author Samuel Smiles wrote Self-Help as a catalogue of the worthy lives of engineers,industrialists and explorers.“The valuable examples which they furnish of the power of self-help,of patient purpose,resolute working，and steadfast integrity,issuing in the formation of truly noble and manly character,exhibit,”wrote Smiles,“what it is in the power of each to accomplish for himself.”His biographies of James Watt,Richard Arkwright and Josiah Wedgwood were held up as beacons to guide the working man through his difficult life.

This was all a bit bourgeois for Thomas Carlyle,who focused his biographies on the truly heroic lives of Martin Luther,Oliver Cromwell and Napoleon Bonaparte.These epochal figures represented lives hard to imitate,but to be acknowledged as possessing higher authority than mere mortals.

Not everyone was convinced by this bombast.“The history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggle,”wrote Marx and Engels in The Communist Manifesto.For them,history did nothing,it possessed no immense wealth nor waged battles:“It is man,real,living man who does all that.”And history should be the story of the masses and their record of struggle.As such,it needed to appreciate the economic realities,the social contexts and power relations in which each epoch stood.For: “Men make their own history,but they do not make it just as they please; they do not make it under circumstances chosen by themselves,but under circumstances directly found,given and transmitted from the past.”

This was the tradition which revolutionised our appreciation of the past.In place of Thomas Carlyle,Britain nurtured Christopher Hill,EP Thompson and Eric Hobsbawm.History from below stood alongside biographies of great men.Whole new realms of understanding—from gender to race to cultural studies—were opened up as scholars unpicked the multiplicity of lost societies.And it transformed public history too: downstairs became just as fascinating as upstairs.

答案解析

A.突出歷史英雄人物的美德

B.強調杰出藝術家的社會功績

C.集中描寫劃時代人物不可復制的人生

D.開創理解偉大歷史人物的新領域

E.認為歷史應該是人民大眾的故事和他們的奮斗史

F.認為美德并不是成功領導者的必備素質

G.描述工程師、實業家和探險家的卓越人生

41.A【解題思路】本題要求找出Petrarch在文中的觀點，Petrarch的觀點只出現在文章第三段第二句和第三句中。這兩句話指出，1337年，Petrarch開始斷斷續續地寫《名人列傳》，他在書中突出表現了歷史英雄人物的美德（highlighting the virtus...of classical heroes），稱頌他們在把握自己命運與奮斗到社會頂層的過程中所體現出來的偉大之處（celebrated their greatness in conquering fortune and rising to the top）。七個選項中，A選項emphasized the virtue of classical heroes是文中highlighting the virtus...of classical heroes的同義表述，故為本題答案。

42.F【解題思路】本題就Niccolò Machiavelli的觀點提問，故可定位至文章第三段。該段第四句指出，Niccolò Machiavelli徹底改變了這一傳記的寫作傳統（This was the biographical tradition which Ni c co lò Ma chiave l li tu r ne d on i t s hea d.），其中 t he bio g ra p hi ca l t ra di tion指代本段第二句和第三句中提到的Petrarch在他所寫的傳記中強調英雄美德的傳統。接著第五句又指出Machiavelli在《君主論》一書中支持（championed）以下觀點：狡猾、冷酷和具有冒險精神是偉大領導應具備的素質，而不是美德、憐憫以及公平公正之心。故由此可知，Machiavelli對美德很不屑，認為其并不是成功的領導者必須具備的品質，故選項F為答案。

43.G【解題思路】本題要求選出符合Samuel Smiles觀點的選項，故可定位至文章第四段。該段指出，維多利亞時期的作家Samuel Smiles所著的《自助論》就是一本專門記錄工程師、實業家和探險家的卓越人生的書籍（Samuel Smiles wrote Self-Help as a catalogue of the worthy lives of engineers,industrialists and explorers），選項G的表述與此一致，故為答案。

44.C【解題思路】本題要求選出符合Thomas Carlyle觀點的選項，在文中第一段、第五段以及最后一段中都提到過Thomas Carlyle的觀點，故可定位至這三段。第一段直接引用了Thomas Carlyle的話，指出：世界史是記錄人類在世界上取得成就的歷史，是記錄偉人的歷史。七個選項中沒有一個選項與此對應。接下來看第五段，該段提到Thomas Carlyle的傳記主要寫的是如馬丁·路德、奧利弗·克倫威爾以及拿破侖·波拿巴等英雄人物的人生（who focused his biographies on the truly heroic lives...）,而這些劃時代的人物有著不可復制的人生經歷（These epochal figures represented lives hard to imitate），選項C的表述與此完全相符，故為答案。

選項D在文中最后一段中出現過，該段第二句和第三句指出，Thomas Carlyle認為英國培育了Christopher Hill、EP Thompson和 Eric Hobsbawm。底層人民的歷史與偉人們的傳記是共存的。接著第四句指出諸如性別、種族和文化研究等全新的理解領域（new realms of understanding）向學者們敞開。由此可知，向學者們敞開的是了解底層人民歷史這一全新領域，而不是了解歷史上偉人們的全新領域，且文中并沒有信息表明Thomas Carlyle開創了一個全新的理解領域，故選項D可排除。

45.E【解題思路】本題要求選出與馬克思和恩格斯的觀點相符的選項，故可定位至文章第六段。

該段指出，馬克思和恩格斯認為，歷史并沒有造就什么，既沒創造財富，也沒有發動戰爭，一切都是人類所為。因此歷史應該記錄人民群眾的故事，應該記錄他們的奮斗史（And history should be the story of the masses and their record of struggle），選項E的表述與本段第四句的表述相符，故為答案。

選項B是根據文章第四段第二句設置的干擾項，該句指出，浪漫主義者紀念的是他們那個時代杰出的畫家及作家，他們強調藝術家們獨特的個人經歷，而不是他們的功績（stressing the uniqueness of the artist's personal experience rather than public glory），選項B恰好與文意相反，而且也不屬于左欄中人物的觀點，故可排除。

參考譯文