In those days there were many hermits living in the desert.On both banks of the Nile numerous huts, built by these solitary dwellers, of branches held together by clay, were scattered at a little distance from each other, so that the inhabitants could live alone, and yet help one another in case of need.Churches, each surmounted by a cross, stood here and there amongst the huts, and the monks flocked to them at each festival to celebrate the services or to partake of the Communion.There were also, here and there on the banks of the river, monasteries, where the cenobites lived in separate cells, and only met together that they might the better enjoy their solitude.

Both hermits and cenobites led abstemious lives, taking no food till after sunset, and eating nothing but bread with a little salt and hyssop.Some retired into the desert, and led a still more strange life in some cave or tomb.

All lived in temperance and chastity; they wore a hair shirt and a hood, slept on the bare ground after long watching, prayed, sang psalms, and, in short, spent their days in works of penitence.As an atonement for original sin, they refused their body not only all pleasures and satisfactions, but even that care and attention which in this age are deemed indispensable.They believed that the diseases of our members purify our souls, and the flesh could put on no adornment more glorious than wounds and ulcers.Thus, they thought they fulfilled the words of the prophet, "The desert shall rejoice and blossom as the rose."Amongst the inhabitants of the holy Thebaid, there were some who passed their days in asceticism and contemplation; others gained their livelihood by plaiting palm fibre, or by working at harvest-time for the neighbouring farmers.The Gentiles wrongly suspected some of them of living by brigandage, and allying themselves to the nomadic Arabs who robbed the caravans.But, as a matter of fact, the monks despised riches, and the odour of their sanctity rose to heaven.

Angels in the likeness of young men, came, staff in hand, as travellers, to visit the hermitages; whilst demons--having assumed the form of Ethiopians or of animals--wandered round the habitations of the hermits in order to lead them into temptation.When the monks went in the morning to fill their pitcher at the spring, they saw the footprints of Satyrs and Aigipans in the sand.The Thebaid was, really and spiritually, a battlefield, where, at all times, and more especially at night, there were terrible conflicts between heaven and hell.

The ascetics, furiously assailed by legions of the damned, defended themselves--with the help of God and the angels--by fasting, prayer, and penance.Sometimes carnal desires pricked them so cruelly that they cried aloud with pain, and their lamentations rose to the starlit heavens mingled with the howls of the hungry hyaenas.Then it was that the demons appeared in delightful forms.For though the demons are, in reality, hideous, they sometimes assume an appearance of beauty which prevents their real nature from being recognised.The ascetics of the Thebaid were amazed to see in their cells phantasms of delights unknown even to the voluptuaries of the age.But, as they were under the sign of the Cross, they did not succumb to these temptations, and the unclean spirits, assuming again their true character, fled at daybreak, filled with rage and shame.It was not unusual to meet at dawn one of these beings, flying away and weeping, and replying to those who questioned it, "I weep and groan because one of the Christians who live here has beaten me with rods, and driven me away in ignominy."The power of the old saints of the desert extended over all sinners and unbelievers.Their goodness was sometimes terrible.They derived from the Apostles authority to punish all offences against the true and only God, and no earthly power could save those they condemned.

Strange tales were told in the cities, and even as far as Alexandria, how the earth had opened and swallowed up certain wicked persons whom one of these saints struck with his staff.Therefore they were feared by all evil-doers, and particularly by mimes, mountebanks, married priests, and prostitutes.

Such was the sanctity of these holy men that even wild beasts felt their power.When a hermit was about to die, a lion came and dug a grave with its claws.The saint knew by this that God had called him, and he went and kissed all his brethren on the cheek.Then he lay down joyfully, and slept in the Lord.

Now that Anthony, who was more than a hundred years old, had retired to Mount Colzin with his well-beloved disciples, Macarius and Amathas, there was no monk in the Thebaid more renowned for good works than Paphnutius, the Abbot of Antinoe.Ephrem and Serapion had a greater number of followers, and in the spiritual and temporal management of their monasteries surpassed him.But Paphnutius observed the most rigorous fasts, and often went for three entire days without taking food.He wore a very rough hair shirt, he flogged himself night and morning, and lay for hours with his face to the earth.

His twenty-four disciples had built their huts near his, and imitated his austerities.He loved them all dearly in Jesus Christ, and unceasingly exhorted them to good works.Amongst his spiritual children were men who had been robbers for many years, and had been persuaded by the exhortations of the holy abbot to embrace the monastic life, and who now edified their companions by the purity of their lives.One, who had been cook to the Queen of Abyssinia, and was converted by the Abbot of Antinoe, never ceased to weep.There was also Flavian, the deacon, who knew the Scriptures, and spoke well; but the disciple of Paphnutius who surpassed all the others in holiness was a young peasant named Paul, and surnamed the Fool, because of his extreme simplicity.Men laughed at his childishness, but God favoured him with visions, and by bestowing upon him the gift of prophecy.