[44] ""Law is the body of general principles and of particular rules in accordance with which civil rights are created and regulated, and wrongs prevented or redressed" (Beale, "Conffict of Laws,"p. 132, sec. 114).

[45] Salmond, "The Law of Nature," II L Q. R 121;Pollock, "The History of the Law of Nature," I Columbia L. R. II; 2 Lowell, "The Government of England, 477, 478; Maitland's "Collected Papers," p.

23.

[46] Cf. Ritchie, "Natural Rights."

[47] Pound, 25 Harvard L. R. 162; Charmont, "La Renaissance du droit naturel," passim ; also transl., 7 Modern Legal Philosophy Series, pp. 106, III; Demogue, "Analysis of Fundamental Notions,"7 Modern Legal Philosophy Series, p. 373, sec. 212; Laski, "Authority in the Modern State," p. 64.

[48] Vander Eycken, op. cit. , p. 401.

[49] Berolzheimer, "System der Rechts und Wirthschaftsphilosophie,"Vol. II, 27, quoted by Pound, "Scope and Purpose of Sociological Jurisprudence,"24 Harvard L. R. 607; also Isaacs, "The Schools of Jurisprudence," 31 Harvard L. R. 373, 389; and for the mediaeval view, Maitland's "Gierke, Political Theories of the Middle Age," pp. 75, 84, 93, 173.

[50] Holland, "Jurisprudence," p. 54.

[51] See Gray, supra , p. 286, secs. 644, 645.

[52] Art. 4; Gray, supra , sec. 642; Gény, op. cit. , vol. II, p. 75, sec. 155; Gnaeus Flavius, "Der Kampf um die Rechtswissenschaft," p. 14.

[53] "The judge who shall refuse to give judgment under pretext of the silence, of the obscurity, or of the inadequacy of the law, shall be subject to prosecution as guilty of a denial of justice."[54] Arthur L. Corbin, 29 Yale L. J. 771.

[55] Cf. Standard Chemical Corp. v. Waugh Corp., 231 N.Y. 51, 55.

[56] Flavius, "Der Kampf um die Rechtswissenschaft,"pp. 48, 49; Ehrlich, "Die juristische Logik," pp. 291, 292.

[57] Gény, op. cit. , ed. of 1919, vol. II, p. 288, sec. 196; p. 305, sec. 200.

[58] Bruce, "Judicial Buncombe in North Dakota and Other States," 88 Central L. J. 136; Judge Robinson's Reply, 88 ibid. 155; "Rule and Discretion in the Administration of Justice," 33 Harvard L. R. 792.

[59] Gény, op. cit. , ed. of 1919, vol. II, p. 287, sec. 196, et seq.

[60] Salmond, "Jurisprudence," pp. 19, 20.

[61] Gény, op. cit. , II, p. 213;

also Perick, "The Swiss Code," XI, Continental Legal Hist. Series, p. 238, sec. 5.

[62] Gény, op. cit. , II, p. 303, sec. 200. Notes to Lecture IV [1] Op. cit. , Preface, p. xvi.

[2] Pollack, "Essays in Jurisprudence and Ethics;The Science of Case Law," p. 241.

[3] MacPherson v. Buick Motor Co., 217 N. Y. 382.

[4] Harris v. Jex, 55 N. Y. 421; Gelpcke v. Dubuque, 1 Wall. 125; Holmes, J., in Kuln v. Fairmount Coal Co., 215 U. S. 349, 371; 29 Harvard L. R. 80, 1O3; Danchey Co. v. Farmy, 105 Misc. 470; Freeman, "Retroactive Operation of Decisions," 18 Columbia L. R. p. 230; Gray, supra , secs. 547, 548; Carpenter, "Court Decisions and the Common Law," 17 Columbia L. R. 593.

[5] Evans v. Supreme Council, 223 N. Y. 497, 503.

[6] Douglass v. County of Pike, 101 U. S. 677.

[7] Cf. Wigmore, "The Judicial Function," Preface to 9 Modern Legal Philosophy Series, pp. xxxvii, xxxviii.

[8] Laski, "Authority in the Modern State," pp.

70, 71; Green, "Separation of Governmental Powers," 29 Yale L. J. 371.

[9] "Rule and Discretion in the Administration of Justice," 33 Harvard L. R., 972; 29 Yale L. J. 909; 34 Harvard L. R. 74;9 Modern Legal Philosophy Series, Preface, p. xxxvi.

[10] Klein v. Maravelas, 219 N. Y. 383.

[11] N. Y. Life Ins. Co. v. Casey, 178 N. Y. 381.

[12] Wilkinson v. McKemmie, 229 U. S. 590, 593;U. S. v. McMullen, 222 U. S. 460, 468; Richardson v. County of Steuben, 226 N. Y. 13; Assets Realization Co. v. Roth, 226 N. Y. 370.

[13] McCreery v. Day, 119 N. Y. 1; 3 Williston on Contracts, secs. 1835, 1836.

[14] Harris v. Shorall, 230 N. Y. 343.

[15] McCreery v. Day, supra ; Thomson v.

Poor, 147 N. Y. 402.

[16] Harris v. Shorall, supra .

[17] People v. Carey, 223 N. Y. 519.

[18] Gray, supra , sec. 462; Salmond, "Jurisprudence,"p. 164, sec. 64; Pound, "Juristic Science and the Law," 31 Harvard L. R.

1053; London Street Tramways Co. v. London County Council, 1898, A. C.

375, 379.

[19] Pollock, "First Book of Jurisprudence," pp.

319, 320; Gray, "Judicial Precedents," 9 Harvard L. R. 27, 40.

[20] "Essays in Jurisprudence and Ethics" p. 245.

[21] Johnson v. Cadillac Motor Co., 261 Fed. Rep.

878.

[22] 221 Fed. Rep. 801.

[23] MacPherson v. Buick Motor CO., 217 N. Y. 382.

[24] 29 Yale L. J. 394, 397.

[25] Cf. Salmond, "Jurisprudence," p. 160.

[26] G. Lowes Dickinson, "Religion and Immortality,"p. 70.

[27] An interesting study of this subject will be found in a book published since these lectures were written "The Foundations of Social Science," by James Mickel Williams, p. 209 et seq.

[28] Montesquieu, "Esprit des Lois," LIV, XI, chap.

VI, quoted by Ehrlich, "Die juristische Logik," p.101; Gény, op.

cit. , p. 76; cf. Flavius, supra , p. 40.

[29] pp. 45, 46.

[30] 43 Congressional Record, part 1, p. 21.

[31] Gény, op. cit. , vol. II, p.

93, sec. 159; vol II, p. 142, sec. 168; also Flavius, p. 43.

[32] "The Still Small Voice of the Herd," 32 Political Science Quarterly 315.

[33] Henry Adams, "The Degradation of the Democratic Dogma," pp. 291, 292.

[34] "Foreign Corporations in American Constitutional Law," p. 164; cf. Powell, "The Changing Law of Foreign Corporations," 33Pol. Science Quarterly, p. 569.