摘要

中國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展面臨日趨嚴(yán)重的能源環(huán)境制約，而經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展與能源協(xié)調(diào)的本質(zhì)在于產(chǎn)業(yè)與能源的協(xié)調(diào)發(fā)展。

國(guó)際產(chǎn)業(yè)轉(zhuǎn)移是能源消耗跨國(guó)流動(dòng)變化的重要影響因素。歷史上能源消耗曾伴隨著國(guó)際產(chǎn)業(yè)轉(zhuǎn)移特別是世界制造業(yè)中心的轉(zhuǎn)移而出現(xiàn)此消彼長(zhǎng)、跨國(guó)流動(dòng)。英國(guó)、美國(guó)和日本在其成為世界制造業(yè)中心的同時(shí)，能源消耗強(qiáng)度（即單位國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值GDP或增加值的能源消耗量）也達(dá)到各自的歷史峰值。20世紀(jì)90年代以來，特別是進(jìn)入21世紀(jì)，在經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化和信息技術(shù)革命不斷深入的新形勢(shì)下，國(guó)際產(chǎn)業(yè)轉(zhuǎn)移呈現(xiàn)出新特點(diǎn)、新趨勢(shì)。突出表現(xiàn)為被轉(zhuǎn)移產(chǎn)業(yè)本身的能源消耗輕量化，即被轉(zhuǎn)移產(chǎn)業(yè)在轉(zhuǎn)出國(guó)或承接國(guó)產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)中，產(chǎn)業(yè)增加值相對(duì)較高，能源消耗卻相對(duì)較少。因此，轉(zhuǎn)出國(guó)或承接國(guó)能源消耗總量可能有所增減，但對(duì)各自能源消耗強(qiáng)度變化的影響會(huì)很小。

改革開放 30年，中國(guó)依托豐富的勞動(dòng)力資源優(yōu)勢(shì)，特別是在勞動(dòng)密集型產(chǎn)業(yè)和高技術(shù)產(chǎn)業(yè)中的勞動(dòng)密集環(huán)節(jié)，積極承接國(guó)際產(chǎn)業(yè)轉(zhuǎn)移，全方位嵌入了全球產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈條。經(jīng)研究測(cè)算，2006年中國(guó)外商投資企業(yè)工業(yè)能源消耗3.35億噸標(biāo)準(zhǔn)煤，比2001年的1.45億噸標(biāo)準(zhǔn)煤翻了一番多，年均增長(zhǎng)18.2%。以外商直接投資為載體的國(guó)際產(chǎn)業(yè)轉(zhuǎn)移加大了中國(guó)工業(yè)能源消耗總量，平均每年增加 3800萬噸標(biāo)準(zhǔn)煤，但并沒有加大中國(guó)工業(yè)能源消耗強(qiáng)度。2006年外商投資企業(yè)工業(yè)單位增加值能耗1.57噸標(biāo)準(zhǔn)煤/萬元（2000年不變價(jià)，下同），不僅遠(yuǎn)低于同期中國(guó)工業(yè)單位增加值能耗 2.31噸標(biāo)準(zhǔn)煤/萬元，而且也低于2001年中國(guó)工業(yè)單位增加值能耗2.03噸標(biāo)準(zhǔn)煤/萬元。經(jīng)研究測(cè)算， 2006年中國(guó)出口產(chǎn)品能耗2.51億噸標(biāo)準(zhǔn)煤，中國(guó)出口產(chǎn)品以占中國(guó)能源消耗總量1/10的能源消耗，創(chuàng)造了相當(dāng)于中國(guó) GDP 總量 1/3 的出口額。總體上看，國(guó)際產(chǎn)業(yè)轉(zhuǎn)移對(duì)調(diào)整和平衡中國(guó)工業(yè)能源消耗結(jié)構(gòu)，以及抑制中國(guó)工業(yè)能源消耗強(qiáng)度，起到了一定的作用。

中國(guó)應(yīng)當(dāng)積極實(shí)施“開放節(jié)能”戰(zhàn)略舉措，進(jìn)一步擴(kuò)大對(duì)外開放，充分、合理地利用國(guó)際產(chǎn)業(yè)轉(zhuǎn)移，按照全球產(chǎn)業(yè)價(jià)值鏈條向資本與技術(shù)密集和信息與管理密集的兩個(gè)價(jià)值增值方向，展開產(chǎn)業(yè)能源節(jié)約，在有限的能源投入情況下，通過產(chǎn)業(yè)附加價(jià)值的大幅提升，促進(jìn)產(chǎn)業(yè)和能源協(xié)調(diào)可持續(xù)發(fā)展。

關(guān)鍵詞：國(guó)際，轉(zhuǎn)移，產(chǎn)業(yè)，能源

Abstract

Chinese economic growth is facing increasingly serious constraint in terms of energy and environment. The nature of balancing economic growth and energy is balancing development of industry and energy.

Global industry shift is an important factor influencing global energy consumption-flow rate. Historically, global energy consumption-flow used to change amid global industry shift especially the shift of world manufacturing center. Energy consumption intensity (energy consumption per unit of GDP or value added)reached the historical peak when a country became the world manufacturing center, such as the UK, the US and Japan. Since 1990s, especially since the 21st century, given economic globalization and information technology revolution, there have been new features and trends in terms of global industry shift.An obvious characteristic is the lightweight of the industry's energy consumption,which means the industry's value added is relatively high while its energy consumption rate is relatively low in the original country or the recipient country's industry structure. Therefore, although there may be a little bit change in terms of total energy consumption in the original country or the recipient country, influences on their own energy consumption intensity would be very little.

With 30 years of reform and opening-up, as well as advantage of tremendous labor resource especially in terms of labor intensity industry and high-tech industry's labor intensity sector,China has been an active recipient country for global industry shift and has embedded deeply in the global value chain.According to relevant studies,with the annual growth rate of 18.2%, China's industry's energy consumption of FDI (Foreign Direct Investment)was33.5million tons of standard coal per thousand RMB in2006,which was over two times of the amount in 2001 (14.5 million tons of standard coal per thousand RMB).With FDI as the vehicle,global industry shift increased the total amount of China's industrial energy consumption(average annual growth of3.8million tons of standard coal thousand RMB), which however did not increase China's industrial energy consumption intensity. In 2006, FDI industry's energy consumption per unit of value added was 1.57 tons of standard coal/ten thousand RMB(based on2000constant price,same as below), which not only was lower than China's industrial energy consumption per unit of value added(2.31tons of standard coal/ten thousand RMB)at the same period,but also lower than China's industrial energy consumption per unit of value added(2.03tons of standard coal/ten thousand RMB)in2001.According to relevant studies,in2006,China's export products'energy consumption was 251 million tons of standard coal, which was just ten percent of China's total energy consumption but helped produce a significant export amount(contributed to about one third of China's GDP).Overall,global industry shift did play an important role in adjusting and balancing China's industrial energy consumption structure and controlling China's industrial energy consumption intensity.

China should proactively adopt the“opening-up and energy conservation”strategy. By further opening-up,China should appropriately use the opportunity of global industry shift, conducting industrial energy conservation by according to two value added directions of capital-technology intensity and info-management intensity in the global value chain.With limited energy consumption,China should promote balancing and sustainable development of industry and energy by significantly increasing industry value added.

Keywords：Global，Shift，Industry，Energy