知識清單

知識歸納　Key Phrase　★★★

part of　　……的部分

leisure activity　　休閑活動

decide on　　決定

get away from　　遠離，擺脫

breathe some fresh air　　呼吸新鮮空氣

air pollution　　空氣污染

be filled with　　充滿，裝滿

a lot of traffic　　交通擁堵

the number of　　……的數量

bad traffic　　交通狀況不佳的情況

less than　　小于，少于，不足

more than　　大于，多于，超過

relate to　　涉及，與……相關

get around　　四處走動

all year round　　全年，一年到頭

do for fun　　為娛樂、消遣而做某事

life jacket　　救生衣

be different from　　與……不同

go across　　越過，穿過，橫穿

change...into　　（使）變換，變成

belong to　　屬于

at one time　　曾經，一度

no wonder　　難怪，怪不得，不足為奇

hundreds of　　成百上千的

in fact　　實際上

be located in　　位于，坐落于

in my opinion　　在我看來

first of all　　首先

learn about　　了解，學習

take a look　　看一下

look like　　看起來像

重點句子　Key Sentence　★★★

1. With its tall buildings and busy motorways, it’s hard to believe that the great city of Jakarta grew from one small harbour and a few villages.

要點　重點句型“it is hard to believe + that從句”，表示“很難相信……”，其中it是形式主語，that從句是真正的主語。

譯文　高樓大廈和繁忙的高速公路，很難讓人相信雅加達這座重要的城市是從一個小港口和幾個村莊發展起來的。

2. Its European-style buildings were built by the Dutch, who came here to buy and sell goods in the sixteenth century.

要點?、?固定搭配“be built by +人”，是被動語態，表示“由某人建造”。

② who引導的定語從句，修飾先行詞the Dutch。

譯文　它的歐式建筑是由荷蘭人建造的，他們在16世紀來到這里買賣貨物。

3. Sunda Kelapa harbour is where ships from Europe, China and India were filled with tea, coffee, spices, silk and so on to sell to the world.

要點　關系副詞where引導的定語從句，修飾先行詞Sunda Kelapa harbour。where在從句中作地點狀語，表示從歐洲、中國和印度來的船只被裝滿貨物的地方。

譯文　巽他格拉巴港是來自歐洲、中國和印度的船只裝滿茶葉、咖啡、香料、絲綢等銷往世界各地的地方。

4. This is the Harbour Master’s Tower—here the Dutch watched their ships entering and leaving the harbour.

要點　entering and leaving the harbour是現在分詞短語，用作后置定語，修飾前面的名詞ships。這個短語描述了這些船正在進行的動作，即進入和離開港口。

譯文　這是港務長的辦公樓，荷蘭人在此觀察他們的船只進出港口。

5. It’s made of stone and for nearly 300 years, it was the only way to cross the Grand Canal on foot.

要點?、?固定搭配the only way to do sth意為“做某事的唯一途徑”。

② 重點短語on foot步行。

譯文　它是由石頭建成的，在近300年的時間里，它是徒步穿越大運河的唯一途徑。

6. They filmed some of the scenes there because the cave houses look strange, like maybe they aren’t real.

要點　① film在此處為動詞，意為“拍攝”。

② like是介詞，表示“像……一樣”，在此用來描述這些洞穴房屋看起來像是假的。

譯文　他們在那里拍攝了一些場景，因為洞穴房屋看起來很奇怪，好像不是真的一樣。

7. It’s one of the most beautiful cities in the world.

要點　one of +名詞復數，表示“……之一”。

譯文　它是世界上最美麗的城市之一。

8. I would like to talk about some of the history of Vancouver as well as some of the advantages and disadvantages of this ‘green’ city.

要點?、?固定搭配“would like to do sth”表示“想要做某事”，后跟動詞原形。

② 重點短語as well as是一個連接詞，用來連接兩個并列的成分，表示“以及”。

譯文　我想談談溫哥華的一些歷史，以及這座“綠色”城市的一些優缺點。

9. But being a green city with lots of parks has both advantages and disadvantages.

要點?、?with介詞短語作后置定語，起補充說明的作用，修飾a green city，具體描述這個綠色城市的特點。

② 固定搭配both...and...意為“兩者都……；既……又……”，需注意連接的兩個并列成分必須在形式、時態、詞性等方面完全一致。

譯文　但是作為一個擁有許多公園的綠色城市，它既有優點也有缺點。

10. Having many parks means that people have less space to build houses and apartments.

要點　動名詞（短語）作主語，謂語動詞用單數。

譯文　有許多公園意味著人們建造房屋和公寓的空間減少了。

11. In my opinion, being close to nature and having a healthy city are worth paying a little money for.

要點?、?重點短語in my opinion意為“在我看來”。

② 固定搭配be worth doing意為“值得做……”，用于強調某事物的價值或重要性。

譯文　在我看來，親近自然，擁有一個健康的城市是值得花一點錢的。

12. This means that many people live in large slums in the city.

要點　本句中this為主語，mean為謂語，that引導的從句為賓語，表示“意味著……”。

譯文　這意味著許多人生活在城市的大型貧民窟里。

13. The city is the centre of many government offices and has many universities, one of which is over 1,200 years old.

要點　“one of +關系代詞”的結構，表示“……中之一”，關系代詞引導定語從句，which指代universities。

譯文　這座城市是許多政府機關的中心，擁有許多大學，其中一所大學已有1200多年的歷史。

14. It’s getting more expensive to live in big cities, so people who can’t pay the high prices are moving away.

要點　重點句型“it is getting +形容詞比較級”，意為“越來越……”。

譯文　大城市的生活成本越來越高，所以那些付不起高價的人都搬走了。

15. It was too loud to sleep because of all the noisy cars.

要點?、?固定搭配“too +形容詞+ to do不定式”，意為“太……而不能……”。

② because of +名詞（詞組）/代詞/動名詞。

譯文　汽車的噪聲太大了，吵得睡不著。

16. What do people who visit the city on holiday do for fun?

要點　① 重點短語on holiday，意為“在度假，休假”。

② 固定搭配for fun，表示“為了娛樂、消遣”，do for fun就是“為娛樂、消遣而做某事”。

譯文　度假時到這座城市游玩的人都做些什么呢？

語法　Grammar

1. 一般過去時（★★★）

① 一般過去時用來描述發生在過去的事件。

② 規則動詞過去式變化規則。

? 在規則動詞后加-ed，如play → played。

? 在以e結尾的動詞后加-d，如use → used。

③ 不規則動詞的過去式則不以-ed結尾。

如make → made，see → saw，go → went，put→ put等。

④ 一般過去時的否定形式。

? 構成：did not (didn’t) +動詞原形。

? 例：I didn’t see much of Seoul.

⑤ be動詞為不規則動詞。

? 當主語為I / she / he / it時，be動詞用was / wasn’t。

? 當主語為you / we / they時，be動詞用were / weren’t。

2. 一般過去時的疑問句（★★★）

① 一般疑問句。

? 構成：Did +主語+動詞原形+其他。

? 例：Did they build a new bridge last year?

Yes, they did; No, they didn’t.

② 特殊疑問句。

? 構成：特殊疑問詞+ did +主語+動詞原形+其他。

? 例：When did they build their house?

3. 名詞和形容詞（★★）

① 名詞一般指人、地或物，如girl, city, bus等。

② 形容詞用來描述（修飾）名詞，如tall, kind, busy等。

③ 形容詞放在名詞前，如interesting book。

④ 形容詞也出現在be動詞之后，如The city is big.

4. 可數名詞和不可數名詞（★★）

① 可數名詞（能數清數量），如two houses等。

② 不可數名詞（不能用數量來計算），如information等。

5. 冠詞（★★）

① a / an是不定冠詞，用在單數可數名詞前，如a house。

② a用在輔音音素開頭的名詞前，如a cafe。

③ an用在元音音素開頭的名詞前，如an area。

④ 復數可數名詞和不可數名詞之前不加冠詞，如buildings。

6. 量詞（★★★）

① a lot of / lots of / many / some / a few后可跟可數名詞。

② a lot of / lots of / some / a little后可跟不可數名詞。

7. 簡單句（★★★）

① 構成：主語+謂語+其他。

② 句子的主語可以是一個名詞或名詞短語。

③ 句子的謂語可以是一個動詞或動詞短語。

? 例：My brother lives in the city.（成分完整的句子）

? 例：Lives in the city.（主語缺失）

? 例：My brother in the city.（謂語缺失）

寫作　Writing

描寫某個城市，并介紹其優缺點

參考范文：

Hello, everyone. Today I’m talking about an interesting place.

I’d like to talk about the city of Beijing, the capital of China. It is one of the biggest cities in the world. And it’s the centre of economy, culture and education in China. Many cities have both advantages and disadvantages, so Beijing is not an exception.

First of all, let’s look at some of the positives. Obviously, there are many places of interest in Beijing. For example, the Forbidden City is located in the centre of Beijing, which was built many hundreds of years ago. Also, there are a lot of famous universities here, such as Peking University, Tsinghua University and so on. If you want to get a good job, you can come to Beijing, because a lot of big companies are waiting for you.

I’d also like to talk about some disadvantages of Beijing. As you know, Beijing is a big city with a large population, so the traffic is not good. We often have rush hours in the morning and in the evening. At the same time, there’s not much room for new buildings, so the price of the houses is very high. Many people can’t afford the houses.

Finally, while I think the disadvantages might mean that some people would not want to visit Beijing, I personally feel that most people would enjoy Beijing. So I would recommend that people visit Beijing and enjoy its attractions.

聽力和口語　Listening & Speaking

1. 聽力小技巧

① 利用視覺聯想預測聽力內容。

② 注意元音音素的發音。

例 place /e?/, hot /?/, quick /?/, up /?/等。

③ 區分事實和觀點。

? 信號詞幫助判斷聽到的內容是事實還是觀點。

? 表事實，如in fact, as we know, obviously等。

? 表觀點，如in my opinion, I personally feel, I think等。

2. 口語小技巧

① 選擇與演講主題內容相關的信息。

② 以表觀點的慣用表達方式（It seems to me that等）開始。

③ 連讀。

? 前面單詞以輔音音素結尾，后面單詞以元音音素開頭,要連讀，如talk about /t?:k ?ba?t/。

單元詞匯　Vocabulary