第15章　名列前茅

你們有沒有見過一尊雕像，描繪的是一位名人坐在汽車?yán)锏臉幼幽兀繘]有？我也沒有見過。可是，在人們都是騎著馬兒從一個地方跑到另一個地方去的那個時候，許多偉人的雕塑描繪的，卻都是他們騎在馬背上的情形呢。

之所以如今沒有人們開著汽車的雕像，原因就在于，像汽車這樣大型的人造物品，并不適合于制成雕塑。事實上，很少有人造的物品適合于制成雕塑。雕塑家試圖模仿的，都是自然之物。他們選擇的對象，都是自然形成的東西，比如人啦，動物啦，植物啦，花草啦。一名手持錘子、鑿子的優(yōu)秀技工，便可以用大理石雕鑿出一輛汽車來；可要想雕刻出一匹馬兒，卻只有藝術(shù)家才做得到。

菲狄亞斯在巴臺農(nóng)神廟的飾帶上雕刻出來的那些馬匹以及騎馬的人，你們都還記得嗎？它們都屬于浮雕作品。用浮雕手法雕刻出一匹馬兒，要比用立體的圓雕手法雕刻出一匹馬兒容易得多；因為在浮雕作品里，馬兒屬于基座的一部分，并不需要依靠四條腿來支撐自身的重量。一尊騎馬者的雕塑，稱為“騎像”。古羅馬人雕制出來的騎像，比古希臘人雕刻出來的更加精美，因為古羅馬人更加了解如何支撐塑像的重量。不過，古羅馬滅亡之后的一千年里，再也沒有出現(xiàn)什么優(yōu)秀的騎像了。

那么多年過去之后，雕刻出了第一尊優(yōu)秀騎像的雕塑家，就是多納泰羅。這座雕像的尺寸比真人要大，并且是用青銅制成的。多納泰羅花了十年的時間，才將

equestrian statue in the world.You can call it that, too, if you’d like, but what you should really call it is a hard name to pronounce and even harder to spell.The man on the horse was named Gattamelata, and so Donatello’s statue is called Gattamelata.

Look at the following illustration and notice how heavy and strong the horse is. Gattamelata was a soldier and soldiers'horses in the time of the Renaissance were true warhorses.They were strong so they could carry the weight of a man in armor and heavy so they could charge with great force like the heavy fullbacks on a football team.I have never seen a real horse with his foot on a ball and Donatello hadn't either, but he had to put a ball there to steady the heavy statue.See what a well-balanced, easy seat the rider has in the saddle.

If Gattamelata is the second best equestrian statue in the world, what is the best one?Think of all the sculptors who might have made the finest man on horseback. Think of all the hundreds or even thousands of years since sculpture began and you will be astonished to learn that the best and the second best equestrian statues were both made during the Renaissance.They were both made by goldsmiths who lived in

它雕制出來，并安放在意大利的帕多瓦。這座雕塑極其精美，因此許多人都稱它是世界上第二座最優(yōu)秀的騎像作品呢。要是愿意的話，你們也可以這樣來稱呼這座雕像；不過，你們真正應(yīng)當(dāng)稱呼的，卻是一個說起來很拗口，甚至拼寫起來也很復(fù)雜的名稱。騎著馬的那個人叫加塔梅拉塔，因此多納泰羅的這尊雕塑作品，就叫“加塔梅拉塔騎像”。

看一看下面這幅插圖，注意那匹馬兒的體型有多龐大，身體有多結(jié)實。加塔梅拉塔是一名士兵，而“文藝復(fù)興”時期士兵所騎的馬匹可都是真正的戰(zhàn)馬哩。它們都體格健壯，因而馱得起身穿盔甲的士兵；它們都體型龐大，因而能夠全力沖鋒陷陣，就像橄欖球比賽中的大塊頭進(jìn)攻后衛(wèi)一樣。我從來沒有見過哪匹真正的馬兒踩著一個球，而多納泰羅應(yīng)當(dāng)也沒有見過；可他必須在馬蹄下放一個球，才能讓這座沉重的雕塑保持平衡。看到了吧，騎馬者在馬鞍上的坐姿是多么的穩(wěn)當(dāng)和輕松呀。

要說“加塔梅拉塔騎像”是世界上第二件最優(yōu)秀的騎像作品的話，那么最優(yōu)秀的那件騎像作品又是什么呢？你們不妨想一想所有的雕塑家，看誰有可能制作出最精美的騎士雕像來。你們可以回顧一下自雕塑藝術(shù)出現(xiàn)以來的那幾百年甚至幾千年的時間，就會驚訝地發(fā)現(xiàn)，這座最優(yōu)秀的騎像和位居第二的那尊騎像，都是在“文藝復(fù)興”時期雕刻出來的。它們都是由生活在佛羅倫薩的金匠制作而成的。這兩

Florence.They were both statues of soldiers on warhorses.And they were both set up in cities in Italy not very far from Florence.

The best statue was made by a sculptor known as Verrocchio. Verrocchio was not his real name.It was the name of the man who taught him to be a goldsmith.Strangely enough, Verrocchio in Italian means true eye.Certainly he lived up to his name.The statue is of a soldier who was commander-in-chief of the armies of Venice.His name was Colleoni.Donatello's Gattamelata and Verrocchio's Colleoni.

Colleoni was a fine general. He commanded his soldiers and fought well.He was very strong.With his armor on, he could race against the fastest runners in the whole army.He liked to study, he encouraged artists and students at his camp, and he was very courteous.He never ate too much or slept too much, and he was noted for his strict honesty.

When Colleoni died, he left all his fortune to the Republic of Venice on the condition that Venice set up a statue of him in the Square of St. Mark.To put a statue there was against the law of Venice, so the Venetians thought

尊雕塑，描繪的都是騎著戰(zhàn)馬的士兵。并且，它們都被安放在意大利距佛羅倫薩不遠(yuǎn)的城市里。

世間最優(yōu)秀的一座雕塑，是由一個叫作韋羅基奧的雕塑家創(chuàng)作出來的。韋羅基奧并不是他的本名。這是教他成為金匠的那位師傅的名字。奇怪的是，“韋羅基奧”在意大利語中是“真正的眼力”的意思。當(dāng)然，他完全配得上這個名字。他制作的那尊雕像，是一位指揮過威尼斯軍隊的勇士。這位統(tǒng)帥，名叫科萊奧尼。因此，世界上最杰出的兩座雕像，就是多納泰羅的《加塔梅拉塔》和韋羅基奧的《科萊奧尼》。

科萊奧尼是一位杰出的將領(lǐng)。他指揮著手下的士兵，并且英勇善戰(zhàn)。他的體格非常健壯。即便是身披盔甲，他也可以與整支軍隊里速度最快的那些士兵賽跑。他不但喜歡學(xué)習(xí)，鼓勵軍中的藝術(shù)人才和學(xué)員，還非常禮賢下士。他在飲食上很有節(jié)制，從不大吃大喝，而且作息十分規(guī)律，不睡懶覺，還以絕對誠實而著稱。

科萊奧尼去世后，將所有的財產(chǎn)全都捐贈給了威尼斯共和國，條件是威尼斯應(yīng)當(dāng)在圣馬可廣場上為他修建一座雕像。在那里立一座雕塑是違反威尼斯律法的，因此威尼斯人當(dāng)時以為，他們是沒法得到科萊奧尼的財產(chǎn)的了。可后來，他們卻想出

they wouldn’t get his fortune after all.Then they had a bright idea.They remembered a building called the School of St.Mark, which had a little square in front of it.

“Why can't that be called the Square of St. Mark too?”they said.So they had Verrocchio make the statue and put it there, and in this way they got the money left by Colleoni.

Verrocchio balanced the statue so well that no ball had to be put under the uplifted forefoot of his horse. Because the statue was on a high pedestal, the sculptor exaggerated Colleoni's features so they would look right when seen from the ground.

Verrocchio's Colleoni is one of the most glorious pieces of sculpture in the world-and the best equestrian statue.

了一個絕妙的主意。他們記起，威尼斯有一棟叫作“圣馬可學(xué)院”的大樓，而這座樓前也有一小塊廣場。

“為什么不能把那里也叫作圣馬可廣場呢？”他們說。于是，他們便請韋羅基奧制作了這尊雕像，并將雕像立在這個小廣場上；通過這種辦法，他們便獲得了科萊奧尼的遺產(chǎn)。

韋羅基奧雕刻的這座雕像非常平穩(wěn)，所以無須在戰(zhàn)馬抬起的一只蹄子下再放一個球了。因為這尊雕像矗立在一座很高的基座上，因此雕塑家便將科萊奧尼的五官雕刻得非常夸張；這樣，當(dāng)人們站在廣場上瞻仰時，科萊奧尼的五官才顯得正常。

韋羅基奧的《科萊奧尼》，既是世界上最可稱頌的雕塑作品之一，也是世界上最杰出的一尊騎像。