Methods of the Hash class

Let's see what methods are available for the hashes.

First, the two methods, keys and values, return lists (sequences, to be strict) containing all the keys and values of the hash.

my %capitals = 
    Spain  => 'Madrid',
    Italy  => 'Rome',
    France => 'Paris';

my @countries = %capitals.keys;
my @cities    = %capitals.values;

say @countries; # [France Italy Spain]
say @cities;    # [Paris Rome Madrid]

say %capitals.kv; # (France Paris Italy
                  #  Rome Spain Madrid)

A similar method, pairs, returns a list of pairs (pairs are data types containing a key and a value):

say %capitals.pairs; # (France => Paris 
                     #  Italy => Rome   
                     #  Spain => Madrid)

say %capitals.antipairs; # (Paris => France 
                         #  Rome => Italy
                         #  Madrid => Spain)

The size of the hash, which is actually the number of pairs in it, is returned by the elems method, shown as follows:

say %capitals.elems; # 3