Conventions used

In this book, you will find a number of styles of text that distinguish between different kinds of information. Here are some examples of these styles, and an explanation of their meaning.

Code words in text, database table names, folder names, filenames, file extensions, path names, dummy URLs, user input, and Twitter handles are shown as follows: "The most widely used Python package for graphs and images is called matplotlib."

A block of code is set as follows:

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt  
plt.plot([2,3,8,12]) 
plt.show() 

When we wish to draw your attention to a particular part of a code block, the relevant lines or items are set in bold:

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt  
plt.plot([2,3,8,12]) 
plt.show() 

Any command-line input or output is written as follows:

install.packages("rattle") 

Bold: Indicates a new term, an important word, or words that you see onscreen. For example, words in menus or dialog boxes appear in the text like this. Here is an example: "For the sources of data, we choose from seven potential formats, such as File, ARFF, ODBC, R Dataset, RData File, and we can load our data from there."

Warnings or important notes appear like this.

Tips and tricks appear like this.