官术网_书友最值得收藏!

Measurement scales

The most common way to represent data is using a set of attribute-value pairs. Consider the following example:

Bob = { 
height: 185cm, 
eye color: blue, 
hobbies: climbing, sky diving 
} 

For example, Bob has attributes named height, eye color, and hobbies with the values 185cm, blue, climbing, and sky diving respectively.

A set of data can be presented simply as a table, where columns correspond to attributes or features and rows correspond to particular data examples or instances. In supervised machine learning, the attribute whose value we want to predict the outcome, Y, from the values of the other attributes, X, is denoted as the class or target variable, as shown in the following table:

The first thing we notice is how much the attribute values vary. For instance, height is a number, eye color is text, and hobbies are a list. To gain a better understanding of the value types, let's take a closer look at the different types of data or measurement scales. Stanley Smith Stevens (1946) defined the following four scales of measurement with increasingly expressive properties:

  • Nominal data consists of data that is mutually exclusive, but not ordered. Examples include eye color, marital status, type of car owned, and so on.
  • Ordinal data correspond to categories where order matters, but not the difference between the values, such as pain level, student letter grades, service quality ratings, IMDb movie ratings, and so on.
  • Interval data consists of data where the difference between two values is meaningful, but there is no concept of zero, for instance, standardized exam scores, temperature in Fahrenheit, and so on.
  • Ratio data has all of the properties of an interval variable and also a clear definition of zero; when the variable is equal to zero, this variable would be missing. Variables such as height, age, stock prices, and weekly food spending are ratio variables.

Why should we care about measurement scales? Well, machine learning depends heavily on the statistical properties of the data; hence, we should be aware of the limitations that each data type possesses. Some machine learning algorithms can only be applied to a subset of measurement scales.

The following table summarizes the main operations and statistics properties for each of the measurement types:

Furthermore, nominal and ordinal data correspond to discrete values, while interval and ratio data can correspond to continuous values as well. In supervised learning, the measurement scale of the attribute values that we want to predict dictates the kind of machine algorithm that can be used. For instance, predicting discrete values from a limited list is called classification and can be achieved using decision trees, while predicting continuous values is called regression, which can be achieved using model trees.

主站蜘蛛池模板: 济阳县| 汤原县| 台东县| 南澳县| 胶南市| 万源市| 印江| 永康市| 沙湾县| 彭泽县| 安阳市| 达州市| 定边县| 尉犁县| 南安市| 永州市| 海丰县| 祁阳县| 洞头县| 炎陵县| 南丰县| 临颍县| 山阳县| 南阳市| 辽源市| 扎赉特旗| 承德市| 微博| 福贡县| 盐津县| 海门市| 城市| 阿拉善左旗| 治县。| 东阳市| 墨脱县| 北安市| 凭祥市| 苏尼特右旗| 长宁县| 金坛市|