- 英文語法作文大全
- 錢歌川
- 4695字
- 2020-09-03 18:41:29
(27)形容詞用法
形容詞是用來形容名詞的字眼,它有兩種用法,一是置于名詞之前的“附加的用法”,一是作為動詞補語的“敘述的用法”。
He is the greatest conquerer who has conquered himself.
曾克服了自己的人是最偉大的克服者。(附加的用法)
Happy is the man who sees his folly in his youth.
在青年時代便已看出自己的愚行的人是幸福的。(敘述的用法)
形容詞既有各種各樣,同置于名詞之前,誰先誰后,頗費斟酌,茲就通常的用法,定出順序如下。
① 指示形容詞或冠詞,② 數量,③ 性質,④ 大小,⑤ 新舊,⑥ 形狀,⑦ 顏色,⑧ 材料。
There are many ② big ④ white ⑦ birds on the pond.
A ① pickpocket robbed me of my ① new ⑤ gold ⑧ watch.
The ① lion is a ① wild ③ animal.
I bought an ① old ⑤ square ⑥ table at that ① store.
如果同一類的形容詞用了好幾個的話,就把音節少的詞置于前面,或是看怎樣念來順口地排列。用二詞時中加 and,三詞以上用逗號隔開,只在最后一個形容詞前才加用 and,有時不加 and 也可以。
The people of Switzerland were not always free and happy.
How good it was,in the hot summer days,to drink the clear,cold,sparkling water from the well!
形容詞通常是置于名詞之前,但在下列四種情形時,則又置于名詞之后:
① 形容短語: |
a basket full of fruit a wall ten feet high a child three years old |
② thing 的復合詞: |
There is something noble about the man. Nothing great is easy. Tell me anything interesting. |
③ 慣用的成語: |
heir apparent poet laureate from time immemorial |
④ 重疊使用形容詞時: |
A man poor but content is to be envied. I never heard a tale,so sad,so tender and so true. |
形容詞可分為性質形容詞(Qualifying Adjective)、數量形容詞(Quantitative Adjective)和代名形容詞(Pronominal Adjective)三種。如 wise、idle、blue、old、gold、wooden、European 等為性質形容詞,many、much、few、little、some、all、first、second 等,為數量形容詞,而 this、that、such、the、same、some、any、each、every、both、what、which、my、your 等,則為代名形容詞。
“性質形容詞”是表示性質或狀態的,它又可分為:
1. 固有形容詞(Proper Adjective)。
這是由固有名詞做成的,首字必須大寫,如 The Chinese flag、the English language、the French people。但地名可不變形即作形容詞用,如 a London paper、a Taipei man、China tea。
2. 物質形容詞(Material Adjective)。
這是由物質名詞做成的,有時用原形,有時加 -en。如 a gold watch、a silver medal、an iron will、a brick building 及 the golden age、a golden opportunity、a wooden house、woolen goods、earthen ware 等等。
3. 動詞形容詞(Verbal Adjective)。
這是由動詞做成的,可分現在分詞和過去分詞兩種。
a. 現在分詞(Present Participle):
Close to the meadows is a shining river.
The rising sun,a flying bird,an interesting book,a puzzling question,a rolling stone.
b. 過去分詞(Past Participle)
The king carried the wounded man into the hut.
A broken watch、a learned man、lost time、sunken eyes、withered flowers.
4. 副詞也可用作形容詞,如 an up -train、a down train、a through train、the house here、the people there、the above address、the then premier。
“數量形容詞”分不定數量(Indefinite)形容詞及數詞(Numeral)兩種。不定數的形容詞有 many、few、a few、some、all 等,不定量的形容詞有 much、little、a little、some、all 等。數詞則又分基數(Cardinal),如 one、two、three、four;序數(Ordinal),如 first、second、third;及倍數(Multiplicative),如 half、double、twice。
A. 不定數量形容詞的用法。
① many 和 much:many 是表“數”的,與復數普通名詞連用,而 much 是表“量”的,與物質名詞或抽象名詞連用,例如:
Many men are poor.(復數普通名詞)
Much rain has fallen.(物質名詞)
He has much knowledge of English.(抽象名詞)
又有 many a 的說法,是加強語氣的,many a man(is)= many men(are)。例如 Many a father has learned to his sorrow,what it is to have a boy idle.(許多父親深知養子不教結果可悲。)
此外在 many 或 much 之前,又可加 as 或 so,即 as many 為“同數的”,as much 為“同量的”,so many 及 so much 用于不定的數量,例如:
I found six mistakes in as many lines.
When he was sentenced to death,he seemed as calm as if he had expected as much.
Apples are sold at so many for a dollar.
This article is sold at so much a catty.
但 so many 用于 as、like 之后時,與 as many(同數的)同義,如 The boys climbed the trees like so many monkeys.
② few 和 a few;little 和 a little:few、a few 是表“不定數”的,通常接復數普通名詞,而 little、a little 則是表“不定量”的,通常接物質名詞或抽象名詞。在 few 或 little 之前加用 a 時,意為“稍有”,不加 a 時意為“幾無”,例如:
There are few grammatical mistakes in your composition.(你的作文“差不多沒有”語法上的錯誤。)
I have little money left.(存款所余無幾)。
Not a few boats have been sunk by the storm.(暴風沉船“不少”。)
He has made not a little money on account of the business activity.(因為生意興隆他賺錢“不少”。)
Please stay with us a few days more.(請跟我們多住幾天。)
There is a little hope in the enterprise.(那事業有一點兒希望。)
③ several:三四個乃至五六個的意思,比 a few 要多數些。
They have collected several kinds of tropical trees,I hear.(聽說他們搜集好幾種熱帶植物。)
④some、any、no、all 這些不定數量形容詞的用法,容在代名形容詞的用法中說明。
B. 數詞的用法。
① 基數:關于基數應注意事項,分述如下:
a. 要注意拼寫的變化,如“四”及“十四”都有 u(four、fourteen),但“四十”便無 u(forty)。
b. 在二十以上十位數上加一位數時,先加短劃(-),再加 one、two、three 等詞。
c. 在 hundred 后再接數字時,必須加用 and(在 thousand 后如無 hundred 時同樣),如
200——two hundred
250——two hundred and fifty
2245——two thousand two hundred and forty-five
2060——two thousand and sixty
234,567,898——two hundred and thirty-four million,five hundred and sixty-seven thousand,eight hundred and ninety-eight
d. 年號有三種讀法,但以第一種為最普遍。
1955 |
1. Nineteen fifty-five 2. Nineteen hundred and fifty-five 3. One thousand nine hundred and fifty-five |
e. 在 hundred、thousand 之前,即便有 two,three 等多數的數字,也不說 two hundreds 或 three thousands,只有在說幾百、幾千的不定數時才加 s,如 hundreds of people(好幾百人)、thousands of students(好幾千學生)、hundreds of thousands(幾十萬)等。
f. million 之前加有一定的數字,而其后接有名詞時,仍不要加 s,只有在后面不接名詞時才用復數。
three million men
three millions of men
g. 基數作名詞用時也可以加 s,例如:
There are three twos in six.
The boys went out by twos.
She married while still in her teens.
He is a young officer in his twenties.
② 序數:
a. 應注意拼寫及發音。
first(1st),second(2nd),third(3rd),fourth(4th),fifth(5th),sixth(6th),seventh(7th),eighth(8th),ninth(9th),tenth(10th),eleventh(11th),twelfth(12th),twentieth(20th),twenty-first(21st).
eighth 的發音為〔eitθ〕,twentieth 的發音為〔twentiiθ〕。寫略字時,應注意 st,nd,rd,th 的分別,如
11th,12th,13th,14th
21st,22nd,23rd,24th
31st,32nd,33rd,34th
b. 在序數前必得加定冠詞 the,但如所加者為不定詞 a 時,則不是表順序,而是表 another 之意。
This is the first time I have heard of it.
One was deaf,another was blind,and a third was lame.
c. 有時可將基數代序數用。
No. 1(Number one)= The first
Book Two = The Second Book
World War Ⅱ = The Second World War
George V = George the Fifth
下列各點,附記于此,以資參考。
·April 12th,讀時應讀 April the twelfth。
·公元說基數,年號說序數,如1955 = nineteen fifty-five;“中華民國”三十四年 = the thirty-fourth year of the Republic of China。
·年齡有各種說法,如 I am twenty year old;I am twenty years of age;I am in my twentieth year。
·貨幣等的讀法,如$2.35 = two dollars thirty-five cents;£ 2 5s 2d = two pounds,five shillings and two pence;90° = ninety degrees;4. 30 p. m. train = four thirty p m train;Telephone No. 1203 = one two naught three。
·分數是分子用基數,分母用序數,當分子在 two 以上時,分母的序數要再加 s,如
? = a third 或 one third
? = two thirds
2 ? = two and two thirds
? = a quarter
? = three quarters
·小數的讀法:28.372 = twenty eight |
decimal point |
three seven two |
·加減乘除的說法:
Two and(plus)three is(或 are)five.
Three from(minus)five is two.
Three times four is(或 are)twelve.
Fifteen divided by three equals five.
d. first 作副詞用,有下列各種說法:
The king arrived first,and next came his retinue.
He first went to Paris,and then to London.
I found English difficult at first,but I liked it from the first.
He was only ten years of age when he went to America for the first time.
e. 基數上加用 first 或 last 時。
Please look over the first two chapters.(指同一本書中頭兩章。)
Compare the two first chapters.(兩本不同的書中第一章。)
Examination will be held on the last two days of this month.(最后兩天。)
③ 倍數:
a. double 有“二重”或“二倍”之意,單復名詞前皆可用。
He has the double capacity of preacher and teacher.(二重資格)
On Sunday,we have to pay double the usual fare.(二倍票價)
b. half 可用在冠詞之前或后,如 half a mile;half an hour;two hours and a half;She repaid him half the total sum。
c. 除 once(= one time),twice(= two times),及間或用 thrice(= three times)外,三倍以上通常都說 three times,four times 等。
The oysters in which pearls are found are twice the size of those used for food.
Your estate is twice as large as mine. Your estate is as large again as mine. |
(大兩倍) |
This is half as large as that.(一半大)
This is half as much again as that.(一倍半)
This is twice and a half as heavy as that.(二倍半)
They have three times as many ships as we have.(多三倍)
The earth is forty-nine times as large as the moon.(大四十九倍)
〔注意〕與倍數連用的比較字為 as...as,而不是 more 或 -er...than,我們若說“China is twenty times larger than Japan. ”就錯了,應改為“China is twenty times as large as Japan. ”才對。
“代名形容詞”是具有代詞的性質的,可分下列四種:
1. Possessive(所有)
2. Demonstrative(指示)
3. Interrogative(疑問)
4. Relative(關系)
①所有代名形容詞。
This is my dictionary.
That is your dictionary.
Those are their books.
②指示代名形容詞。
a. such:在單數普通名詞前用 such a 或 such an,但在復數普通名詞或在抽象名詞前,就單用 such,如:
We had never witnessed such an interesting game.(單普)
There are many such men.(復普)
I have never heard such music in my life.(抽象)
b. the same:加強語氣時還可說 the very same。
These are all(of)the same prices.
The girl was born on the very same day that he returned.
c. some:表不定數時接復數普通名詞,表量時接物質名詞。有時 some 又可接抽象名詞用。
The custom is still observed in some places.(復普)
Give me some water.(物質)
This operation requires some skill.(抽象)
用于單數普通名詞前,some 表不定之意,如 He is suffering from some disease.(他害著什么病。)Some student must have written it.(一定是那個學生寫的。)I will tell you some day next week.(下星期哪一天我告訴你。)
此外,some 還有下面幾種用法:
Some fish can fly.(有的魚能飛。)
He owes me some 200 dollars.(他欠我二百元光景。)
You like some tea?(你要點茶嗎?)
d. any:some 是用于肯定句的;否定句、疑問句及條件句就用 any,對于數或量皆可。
Have you any letters or telegrams for me?(疑問句)
Yes,we have some letters.(肯定句)
No,we have not any(= no)telegrams.(否定句)
If any friends should call,I would see them.(條件句)
如果把 any 用于肯定的敘述句中,即表示“無論何人、何處、何事”之意,單復數都可用。
Any man could do that.
You may take any books that you like best.
e. some 和 certain:
①He is reading some novel.
②He is reading a certain novel.
第一句意為他在讀小說,什么小說不明;第二句的意思則為,說話的人是知道他在讀的是什么小說的,不過沒有說出的必要,或是不欲說出時,便只說“某某小說”。
f. any 和 either:either 為二者之一,any 為三者以上的人或物中間的一個。
Any pen will do.(任何一支筆都行。)
Either pen will do.(兩支筆中哪支都行。)
這個 either 除二者之一(one of two)的意思外,還有兩個(each of two)的意思,如 There are trees on either side(= both sides)of the river. 又作“也”解時肯定句用 too,否定句用 either,如
I have seen him too.
I have not seen him either.
g. any 和 every:any 普通與表示“動作”的動詞連用,多指“未來”而言;every 接單數名詞,比 all 的意思更強,與表示狀態的動詞連用,多指“現在”及“過去”而言。every 不可作代詞用。
Any boy can solve such an easy problem.(誰都可以)
Every man has his weak side.(人人都有弱點。)
又 not any 是三個以上“全部否定”,與 no 或 none 同義,not every 是“部分否定”,與 very few 或 some 同義。
I do not want any money.(= I want no money.)(完全不要)
Every man can not be a poet.(= Very few can be poets.)(未必人人能成詩人。)
誤:He can teach everything.(all at a time)
正:He can teach anything.(one at a time)
誤:Anyone can not understand him.
正:No one can understand him.
h. every 和 each:every 是“全部都”之意,比 all 或 each 的意義皆強;each 是“各個”之意。
Every dog has its day.(所有的狗)
Each country has its own customs.(各國)
關于 every 的常用詞句,尚有 every day(每天),every other day(隔日),every three days(三天一次),every seven days 或 every seventh day(每隔七日),every now and then(時常)。
i. another:
Have another cup of coffee.(one more)
That is quite another matter.(different)
To know is one thing,to teach is another.
One man’s meat is another man’s poison.
j. every 和 all:all 是接復數普通名詞的,冠詞或代詞要置于與名詞之間;every 是接單數普通名詞的,比 all 的意思更強。
All the sailors got on board the ship.
Every sailor has a knife.
All of us are happy.
We are all happy.
Every one of us is happy.
k. all 和 both:all 是用于三者以上,both 是用于二者或雙方的。all 后接復數普通名詞、物質名詞或抽象名詞時,表數量的整體。后接單數普通名詞或固有名詞時,表 whole 之意。
All boys like play.(比說 Boys like play 意強)(復普)
He has run through all his money.(物質)
Pines are green all the year round.(單普)
Keelung is the best sea-port in all Taiwan.(單固)
Both his parents are dead.
All the students did not go.(不是全體都去)
No student went.(全都未去)
Both his parents are not living.(不是雙方都在)
Neither of his parents is living.(雙方都不在)
又 not all 為“部分否定”,如果是全部否定就用 not any,又 not both 是“部分否定”,即 one 之意,雙方都否定時則用 not either。
Not all good men will prosper,nor will all bad men fail.(善人未必皆繁昌,惡人未必皆敗亡。)
Both his brothers are not diligent.(他兩兄弟并非都用功。)(即有一個不用功)
關于 all 的常用字句,尚有:
If you do it at all,do it well.(條件句)(要做就好好地做。)
Are you going to do it at all?(疑問句)(你到底要不要做?)
Do not do it at all.(否定句)(一點也不要去做。)
For all(或 With all)his wealth,he is not a happy man.(他雖富而不幸福。)
He was all but drowned.(他幾乎溺死。)
After all,it does not matter to us whether we win or not.(畢竟,我們勝敗都無關系。)
③疑問代名形容詞。
What color is her new dress?
Which way shall we take?
④關系代名形容詞。
What money(= all the money that)we had with us barely sufficed for our railway fares.
He spoke to me in German,which language I do not understand.