（25）三種動狀詞
英文中有一些字眼，由動詞變化而來，有“動詞 + 名詞”，“動詞 + 形容詞”，“動詞 + 副詞”的作用，但不能正式作謂語動詞（Predicate Verb）用，這些字眼，便叫作動狀詞（Verbal）。動狀詞共分三種，即不定詞（Infinitive）、分詞（Participle）及動名詞（Gerund）。
（1）To obey the laws is your duty.（Infinitive）
（2）Obeying the laws，he lived happily.（Participle）
（3）By obeying the laws you do your duty.（Gerund）
（一）不定詞
1.“一般的形式”：to + Root-form = Infinitive
不定詞頭上的這個 to，原來是一個 Preposition，表示與 for 相同的意義，而其后所接的原形動詞，那時還是一個名詞，意為所做的那回事，后來逐漸失去本意，到現今則只是不定詞的一個符號（sign），另無他意了。
2.“不定詞的用法”：
（a）用于 Noun 的場合（Noun Infinitive）
（1）To teach is to learn.（Subject）
（2）I like to teach.（Object）
（3）To teach is to learn.（Complement）
〔注〕當不定詞用作 Subject 或 Factitive Verb（作為動詞，即如 find，make，think 等）的 Object 時，常可用 it 來做形式上的 Subject 或 Object，而把不定詞放在后面去，如：
（1）It is never too late to mend.（Subject）
（2）I make it a rule to go out every day.（Object）
又在 Noun Infinitive 之前用有 what、how、where 等疑問詞時，可將它作成 Noun Phrase，如：
（1）He did not know how to swim.（= the way to swim）
（2）I wish I know where to go.（= the place for going）
（3）She scarcely knows what to do.（= what she ought to do）
（b）用于 Adjective 的場合（Adjective Infinitive）
（1）I have no friend to help me.
（2）He has no food to eat.
（3）There is much to enjoy in the life of a sailor.
〔注〕省略了關系代詞的時候，Preposition 就要移到不定詞的后面去，如：
（1）We need a house to live in.（= in which to live）
（2）He had no money to buy food with.（with which to buy food）
（c）用于 Adverb 的場合（Adverb Infinitive）
① 目的（Purpose）
（1）We have come here to study.（= We have come here for the purpose of studying.）
（2）This water is not good to drink.（= not good for drinking）
〔注〕第一例的不定詞是修飾動詞 come 的，第二例的不定詞是修飾形容詞 good 的。這種不定詞可用 in order to，so as to 來代替。
I got up early to be in time for the first train.
I got up early in order to be in time for the first train.
I got up early so as to be in time for the first train.
以上都是表“目的”的，如改為下面的說法，便成表“結果”的了。
I got up so early as to be in time for the first train.
I got up so early that I was in time for the first train.
② 結果（Result）
（1）I awoke to find my suitcase gone.（= I awoke and found that my suitcase had gone.）
（2）He rose to his feet again，only to fall as before.
③ 原因（Cause）
在表喜怒哀樂等感情的字眼之后接不定詞時，大都是表示原因的。
（1）I am glad to hear of your success.
（2）I was surprised to see such a curious sight.
④ 理由（Reason）
（1）He must be crazy to talk like that.
（2）What a careless person to forget such an important matter.
⑤ 條件（Condition）
I should be very happy to be of any assistance to you in any way. = I should be very happy if I were to be of any assistance to you in any way.
⑥ 程度（Degree）
（1）He is old enough to go to school.
（2）She is too young to marry.
〔注〕上面①至⑤主要是拿不定詞來修飾動詞或形容詞的，⑥便是拿來修飾副詞的。
（d）獨立的不定詞（Absolute Infinitive）
與句中其他的詞毫無語法的關系，完全處于獨立地位，用來修飾全句的，就叫作獨立的不定詞。
（1）To tell the truth，I do not like him.
（2）He is，so to speak，a book-worm.
（3）To be frank with you，you are a man of weak will.
（4）To do him justice，he is not without some merits.
（5）He fell nearly 100 feet；but，strange to say，the fall did not kill him.
（6）To make the matters worse，thick sleet was driving across the sea.
（7）He knows German and French，not to mention English.
3.“不定詞的時態”：
不定詞的 Tense 共有 Simple Infinitive 和 Perfect Infinitive 兩種。
Active |
Passive |
||
Indefinite |
Progressive |
||
Simple |
to do |
to be doing |
to be done |
Perfect |
to have done |
to have been doing |
to have been done |
（a）Simple Infinitives
不定詞用于 seem、appear、be said、be thought 等動詞之后時，表示其動作是和其動詞同時的，即動詞為 Present 的話，其不定詞也是 Present，如：
（1）He seems to be rich.（= It seems that he is rich.）
（2）He seemed to be rich.（= It seemed that he was rich.）
（3）He seemed to be studying hard.（= It seemed that he was studying hard.）
又如在 wish、hope、intend、expect、promise 等含有將來之意的動詞之后用的不定詞，也具有將來的意思，如：
（1）He promises to work hard.（= He says he will work hard.）
（2）I intend to do it.（= I think I will do it.）
（3）I expect him to succeed.（= I think he will succeed.）
（b）Perfect Infinitives
在 seem、appear、be thought 等動詞之后，接用完成不定詞的時候，就表示是這些動詞的時態以前發生的事，或是到那時為止已完成、或經驗過、或繼續了的動作。
（1）He seems to have been idle.（= It seems that he was 〔or has been 〕idle.）
（2）He seemed to have been idle.（= It seemed that he had been idle.）
比較: |
He seemed to be rich.（= It seemed that he was rich.） He seems to have been rich.（= It seems that he was rich.） |
在 wish、hope、intend、expect 等的 Past 之后，接用完成不定詞時，就表示那希望未成事實。
He expected to come.（實際來了沒有不明）
He expected to have come.（實際未能來）
4. for + Object + Infinitive
不定詞雖無語法上的主語，卻有意味上的主語，如：
I expect to succeed.（= I think I shall succeed.）
I expect him to succeed.（= I think he will succeed.）
在第一句中不定詞的意味上的主語，是和全句的主語同一的，所以不寫出，但在第二句中不定詞的意味上的主語，就不是和全句的主語同一的，而是動詞 expect 之賓語的 him，所以這個賓語的 him，就成了不定詞的意味上的主語了。在及物動詞的場合，就可直接把那不定詞意味上的主語作為全句的動詞的賓語，但在不及物動詞時，就常用 for + object + Infinitive 的形式，如：
（1）For him to fail to come would be fatal to our plan.（名詞的用法）
（2）It was an easy thing for Lord Byron to be a great poet.（名詞的用法）
（3）She held the baby up for them to see.（副詞的用法）
（4）It is time for us to be up and doing.（形容詞的用法）
5. 不定詞的 to 的記號，有時可以略去。用在動詞 see、hear、feel、find、make、let、have、observe、watch、notice、please 等等之后，便是如此，如：
（1）I never saw any one cry for joy before.
（2）I have never heard her sing.
（3）I feel the cold air strike against my face.
（4）I made him come and sit beside me.
（5）I will have him come at once.
（6）I let him go back to his own house.
（7）Please have a seat.
〔注〕這些動詞如果改為 Passive 時，to 便不能省略。
I saw the dog run.（Active）
The dog was seen to run.（Passive）
6. 在 than 后的不定詞：
普通在主句中的不定詞省略了 to 的話，在 man 后從句中的不定詞也要將 to 省略，反之亦然，不過例外很多，尤其是前后兩個不定詞意義相反，成為對照的時候，例如：
（1）It is better to whistle than whine；
It is better to laugh than to cry；
For though it be cloudy，the sun will soon shine
In the blue，beautiful sky.
（2）I can do no otherwise than laugh.
7. 不定詞略去 to 的慣用句：
（1）I could not but feel sorry for what you had said.
（2）You had better not work after you have tired yourself.
（3）It’s nearly one，and we had best get a few hours’ sleep.
（4）I had rather be a doorkeeper in the house of Lord，than dwell in the tents of wickedness.
（5）I would rather walk than run.
（6）He does nothing but study.
8. 不定詞不略去 to 的慣用句：
（1）All you have to do is to try hard.（= All you must do）
（2）In order to know a man，you have only to travel with him for a week.
（3）We are to meet again on Sunday evening.（= It is fixed that we shall meet again...）
（4）Not a star was to be seen in the sky.（= could be seen）
（5）Many hardships are to be endured.（= must be endured）
（6）I am going to tell you about that person.
（7）I am about to start on a trip to Europe.
（二）分詞
1. 分詞有現在分詞（Present Participle）和過去分詞（Past Participle）兩種，都是作為形容詞用的。
Active |
Passive |
|
Present |
doing |
being done |
Past |
——— |
done |
Perfect |
having done |
having been done |
2. 形容詞與分詞的異同。
作為名詞的修飾語，緊接在其前或后的附加的用法，又作為主語的補語或賓語的補語時的敘述的用法，二者是完全相同的。
（1）There are a lot of beautiful flowers in it.（Adjective）
（2）In some parts of the country，there is not much flowing water.（Participle）
但分詞是兼有“動詞 + 形容詞”的作用，所以具有動詞的種種特色，可以加用賓語、補語或副詞，又具有 Tense 和 Voice。它雖無語法上的主語，卻有意味上的主語，形容詞便不能如此。這便是分詞和形容詞不同的地方。
（1）This is a chart showing the results of the examination in English.（下接賓語的）
（2）The weather being fine，the party was held in the garden.（下接補語的）
（3）Walking rapidly，she reached the gates of the Hall.（下接副詞的）
（4）I have received a letter written in English.（下接副詞短語的）
（5）Being written in an easy style，the book was adapted for beginners.（被動語態）
（6）Having been there once before，I had no difficulty in finding his house.（完成時分詞）
（7）I am sorry to have kept you waiting so long.（Sense-Subject）
（8）This is the camera given me by my uncle.（Sense-Subject）
3. 分詞的用法：
（a）現在分詞是用作 Progressive Form 的，而過去分詞則是用作 Passive Voice 和 Perfect Tense 的。
（b）分詞用作形容詞的場合，現在分詞含有 Active，過去分詞含有 Passive 之意。
（1）Men living in town do not know rural pleasure.（= Men who live in town...）（Active）
（2）This is a house built some hundred years ago.（= This is a house which was built some...）（Passive）
（3）Rolling stones gather no moss.（Active）
（4）There were some distinguished men among the guests.（Passive）
〔注〕不及物動詞的過去分詞用作名詞的修飾語法時，已無“被動”之意，僅作“已經”解釋而已，如：sunken rocks，fallen trees，withered flowers。
（c）用以縮短副詞從句：
（1）Time（時間）
Walking along the street，he met an old friend.（= When he was walking along the street，...）
（2）Cause or Reason（原因或理由）
Living so remote from town，I rarely have visitors.（= As I live so remote from town...）
（3）Condition（條件）
Turning to the right，you will find the house you want.（= If you turn to the right，...）
（4）Concession（讓步）
Admitting what you say，I still think you made a mistake.（= Though I admit what you say，...）
（5）Connection（連續）
The flames rose higher and higher，throwing their light far and wide.（= The flames rose higher and higher，and threw their light...）
（6）The boy，having been praised，worked the harder.（= The boy，as he had been praised，worked the harder.）
以上所舉各例，都是副詞從句的 Subject 和分詞從句的 Subject 為同一的場合，才可以這樣換用的。又主句的主語為名詞時，用分詞開始的短語，置于主語的前后都可以，但主語如為代詞時，就只能置于主語之前，不能置于主語之后。例如：
Hearing a footstep outside，the burglar at once ran away. 或 The burglar，hearing a footstep outside，at once ran away.（主語的名詞）
Having finished my home task of algebra，I went out for a walk.（主語的代詞）
〔注意〕第二例不能說成 I，having finished...，went out for a walk. 因為主語是代詞。
又兩個分句如果主語不同的話，改成分詞后仍須保留其主語，以構成獨立結構（Absolute Construction）。因為獨立分詞（Absolute Participle）雖無語法上的主語，卻有意味上的主語，即 Sense-Subject，它和主句的主語不是同一的，所以不能共用而將此省略，例如 When the sun had set，we started for home. 一句，其副詞從句中的主語為 the sun，其主句中的主語為 we，二者并非同一，若改為獨立構造時，兩個主語都得保存，即 The sun having set，we started for home. 茲再舉一個 Sense-Subject 的例如下：
The teacher absenting himself，there was no school.（= As the teacher absented himself，there was no school.）
另外還有一種略去 Sense-Subject 的獨立分詞的例：
（1）Strictly speaking，this is not correct.（= If we speak strictly，this is，...）
（2）Talking of steamers，how many have we in our country？（= Now that we are talking of steamers，how many...）
（3）Assuming that he had some excuse，he still acted harshly.（= Though we assume that he...）
（4）Judging from his accent，he seems to be a man from Kwangtung.（= If we judge from his accent...）
分詞可以表示現在也可表示過去，全依后面主句的動詞時態而定：
Living（= As I live）so remote from town，I rarely have visitors.
Living（= As I lived）so remote from town，I rarely had visitors.
Having lived（= As he has lived）abroad，he is proficient in English.
Having lived（= As he had lived）abroad，he was proficient in English.
（d）分詞用于補語的場合：
1. 主語的補語（Subjective Complement）
a. Present Participle：
（1）He went begging from door to door.
（2）She stood gazing at the scene.
b. Past Participle：
（1）He died loved by all.
（2）Soon it became known to the villagers.
2. 賓語的補語（Objective Complement）
a. Present Participle：
（1）He kept me waiting.
（2）I found my friend sleeping on a rock.
b. Past Participle：
（1）She wept to see him killed.
（2）I had my shoes stolen.
（e）關于分詞的特別用法：
1. have... Past Participle
（1）I had my purse stolen in the bus last night.
（2）I had my foot severely trodden upon in the car.
（3）He had his arm sprained.
〔注〕這種 Passive 都是無意志的，所以是單純的“被動”，如果加入意志進去，就變成“使動”了。
2. Get... Past Participle
（1）He has got a new house built.（使動）
（2）He got（= had）his arm broken.（被動）
（3）I must get my work finished by the evening.（做完）
（三）動名詞
1. 動名詞（Gerund）和現在分詞同形，但兼有動詞和名詞的雙重性質所以可代 Noun 用，而分詞是兼有動詞和形容詞的雙重性質，所以可代 Adjective 用。
Who is the man reading at the table？（分詞）
He spends most of his time in reading.（動名詞）
在第一句中作分詞用的 reading = that is reading，是 man 的形容詞，在第二句中作動名詞用的 reading，只是“讀書那回事”，而且是介詞 in 的賓語。
動名詞雖說可代 Noun 用，但它究竟與 Noun 有別。
A. 動名詞是有“動詞 + 名詞”性質的，所以在其后面可接“賓語”、“補語”或“副詞”，普通的名詞便辦不到。
（1）Doing nothing is doing ill.（加賓語）
（2）He is proud of his son being a clever boy.（加補語）
（3）He excused himself for coming late.（加副詞）
（4）Excuse me for not having answered your letter at once.（加副詞短語）
B. 動名詞既有動詞的性質，所以它有 Tense 和 Voice，普通的名詞便沒有。
（1）I am sorry for having broken the glass.（完成時態）
（2）I just missed being run over.（被動語態）
C. 在 Gerund 之外，又還有一種 Verbal Noun，是和 Gerund 同形的，但用法卻不同，不僅在其前可加冠詞或形容詞，其本身上也可加 s 作成復數，但不能如 Gerund 一樣伴用賓語、補語或副詞。
1. |
a. Rising early is good for the health.（Gerund） b. Early rising is good for the health.（Verbal Noun） |
2. |
a. Writing novels is not an easy task.（Gerund） b. The writing of novels is not an easy task.（Verbal Noun） |
在1. 的 a. 句中的 early 是副詞，修飾 Gerund 的 rising 的，在 b. 句中的 early 是形容詞，修飾 Verbal Noun 的 rising 的，在2. 的 a. 句中的 novels 為 writing 的賓語，所以這個 writing 為 Gerund，在 b.句中的 writing 前加有冠詞，又伴有 of novels 的形容詞短語，所以是 Verbal Noun。
2. 動名詞既能有 Noun 的作用所以它可作主語、賓語及補語用。
（1）Sleeping is necessary to life.（主語）
（2）Seeing is believing.（主語和補語）
（3）I like sleeping in the open air.（動詞的賓語）
（4）I am fond of sleeping.（介詞的賓語）
比較: |
Sleeping is necessary to health.（Gerund） To sleep is necessary to health.（Infinifive） Sleep is necessary to health.（Noun） |
由于用的動詞不同，后面有的要接動名詞，有的要接不定詞，有的二者都可以接，如：
（1）I like getting（to got）up early.
（2）I don’t care to go abroad.
（3）Would you mind shutting the window？
（4）I forbid you to smoke.
（5）The law prohibits minors from smoking.
（6）Illness prevented me from attending school.
（7）I could hardly keep from smiling.
（8）I have not quite finished packing yet.
（9）I stopped（= ceased from）smoking.（戒煙）
（10）I stopped（= halted）to smoke.（= in order to smoke. 抽煙）
又 Gerund 可作介詞的賓語，而 Infinitive 則不可，如 He has come to Taiwan with the object of seeing（不能說 to see）sights.
3. 動名詞雖無明確的 Tense，但從前后的關系可以判斷。
（1）I have no doubt of your succeeding.（= I have no doubt that you will succeed.）
（2）I am sure of your being able to solve this question.（= I am sure that you are able to solve this question.）
（3）I am sure of his having said so.（= I am sure that he has said 〔或 said〕 so.）
（4）I was not aware of his being such a rich man.（= I was not aware that he was such a rich man.）
（5）He denied having done it.（= He denied that he had done it.）
比較: |
He repents of having been idle.（= He repents that he was 〔或 has been 〕idle.） He repented of having been idle.（= He repented that he had been idle.） |
4. 動名詞的 Sense-Subject。
（1）I regret having said so.（= I regret I said〔have said〕so.）
（2）I regret his having said so.（= I regret that he said 〔has said〕so.）
用動名詞來縮短的分句中，主語如系有生物時，就要加所有格的 s，無生物時便不要加 s，如
（1）His father’s being rich is known to all.（= That his father is rich is known to all.）
（2）I am glad of examination being over.（= I am glad that the examination is over.）
5. 關于動名詞的主要成語。
（1）There is no going out in such dirty weather.（= It is impossible to go out in...）
（2）On waking up，he saw that another caravan had arrived.
（3）It is no use complaining.（= It is of no use to complain.）
（4）Let us go boating together this afternoon.
（5）The place is worth visiting.
（6）It is worth your while to visit the place.
（7）He adorned the walls with pictures of his painting.（= He adorned the walls with pictures painted by himself.）
（8）I came near being drowned.（= I was nearly drowned.）
（9）I felt like crying.（= I felt inclined to cry.）