(2)用疑問句來翻譯
疑問句(Interrogative Sentence)是發(fā)出疑問的文句,正好像肯定形(Affirmative Form)的句子大都可以變成否定形(Negative Form)的句子一樣,一般的敘述句也是大都可以變成疑問句的。例如“他禮拜天上教堂。”譯成:
He goes to church on Sunday. 是肯定平敘句,而
He does not go to church on Sunday. 是否定平敘句。
Does he go to church on Sunday?才是疑問句。
感嘆句有時(shí)也勉強(qiáng)可改成否定,不過只能改為相反的意思,例如“這朵花多么美呀!” How beautiful this flower is!改為否定時(shí)便成為“這朵花多么丑呀!” How ugly this flower is!改為疑問句則成為Is this flower beautiful?意為“這朵花美嗎?”和感嘆句的含義(對(duì)此花之美大為驚嘆)大不相同了。
英文的疑問句,從用字的排列上看,有三種基本的構(gòu)成形式。
1. 最普通的字序(word-order)為:
Predicate-Verb + Subject
(a)在下列動(dòng)詞的場合,不用Do-Form:Be(was;were),have(Past Tense時(shí)偶然也可用Do-Form),shall(should),will(would),can(could),may(might),must,ought to,need(v. aux.),dare(v. aux.),used to.
你好嗎?
Are you well?
他來了嗎?
Has he come?
我們趕得上火車嗎?
Shall we be in time for the train?
你明天要來嗎?
Will you come tomorrow?
你能讀中文嗎?
Can you read Chinese?
我可以回家去了嗎?
May I go home?
你一定這樣快就要走嗎?
Must you go so soon?
我應(yīng)該做這事嗎?
Ought I to do this?
他非急不可嗎?
Need he hurry?
你敢從那高墻上跳下來嗎?
Dare you jump from the top of that high wall?
他曾經(jīng)住在這里嗎?
Used he to live here?
(b)在其他的動(dòng)詞的場合,就要用Do-Form:
你喜歡他嗎?
Do you like him?
你昨天看見他嗎?
Did you see him yesterday?
2. 主語為疑問詞或含有疑問詞時(shí)的字序?yàn)椋?/p>
Subject + Predicate-Verb
什么風(fēng)把你吹來的?
What brought you here?
《哈姆雷特》是誰作的?
Who wrote Hamlet?
昨天有誰來了?
Who came yesterday?
什么人(哪一個(gè))這樣說的?
What(Which)man said so?
要做什么?
What is to be done?
如果在1.型上再加疑問詞時(shí),則仍依照1型的字序,不必改變。
他說什么?
What did he say?(句中what為say的賓語)
你有多少孩子?
How many children have you?
他是哪里來的?
Where has he come from?(句中的where為from的賓語,from where為Predicate-Verb的Modifier.)
你講的是誰?
Whom are you talking of?
你何時(shí)從英國回來的?
When did you return from England?(句中的when為Predicate-Verb的Modifier.)
3. 全照平敘句的字序,只消在句尾加上一個(gè)Interrogation Mark(疑問號(hào)),以表示疑問的意思就行了。說的時(shí)候,句尾稍加揚(yáng)起。
你還沒有去嗎?
You are not going yet?
上面這三種疑問句的造型,還可以補(bǔ)充說明一下。屬于1型的疑問句,都是可以回答Yes或No的,在說話時(shí),這類問話都要在句尾用升調(diào)(Rising Intonation)。至于2型的疑問句,就不能回答Yes或No,因?yàn)樗鶈柕牟皇鞘欠堑膯栴},而是“是什么”,“為什么”,“怎么樣”,“哪一個(gè)”,“何時(shí)”,“何地”,“何人”等的問題。這類問話都是要在句尾用降調(diào)(Falling Intonation)的。至于3型已如上述,在說話時(shí)句尾要用升調(diào),而文字的排列次序,完全和平敘句一模一樣,只在句尾多了一個(gè)問號(hào)而已。這一類型的疑問句,也可再細(xì)分為下列兩類:
(a)對(duì)于說話的人原是用不著要問的,不過為慎重起見,再來問一下,例如:
我想,你有錢吧?
You have some money,I suppose?(Stevenson)
這個(gè)我可以看吧?
I may read this?(Dickens)
情形與此類似,而將疑問句的省略式附于平敘句之后,也是口語中經(jīng)常見的。英文把它叫做Tag-question,通常那附加的疑問句是不要譯出的。
你不喜歡讀小說吧?
You don’t like to read novels,do you?
他去了美國吧?
He has gone to America,hasn’t he?
你每個(gè)禮拜五都有英文課吧?
You have English lessons every Friday,don’t you?
他們?cè)绮统圆椟c(diǎn)的吧?
They have tea for breakfast,don’t they?
天氣很好呀。
It’s a fine day,isn’t it?(J. K. Jerome)
(b)凡表驚訝或怪異的時(shí)候,也可以用這種形式。
你不想去?
You don’t wish to go?
我的父親死了?
My father is dead?
上面這種形式的句子,普通常用不定詞的造句來表達(dá),例如:
他欺騙我?
He to deceive me?( = To think that he should deceive me!)
一個(gè)英國人叛國?
An Englishman betray his country?
路易士跟布蘭芝結(jié)婚?
Lewis marry Blanche?(Shakespeare)
怎可放棄真理的大義?
How relinquish the cause of truth?(Goldsmith)
這三種疑問句的基本構(gòu)成形式,Harold E. Palmer把1型叫作General Question(一般疑問),2型叫作Special Question(特殊疑問);而Otto Jespersen又把1型叫作Nexus Question(敘述關(guān)系的疑問)。2型叫作X-question(含有未知數(shù)的疑問)。至于3型就被Onions及Curme稱為Deliberative Question(深思熟慮的疑問)。
除此三種而外,還有一種所謂Rhetorical Question(修辭的疑問),是指那些表面上是疑問句,實(shí)則什么都不要問,而只是作為一種反語來表示自己的相反的意見,好使對(duì)方接受而已。這種表現(xiàn)法實(shí)較平敘句更為有力,更要充滿感情,例如:
有什么用?
What is the use?( = It is no use.)
誰不曉得?
Who does not know?( = Everyone knows.)
有人寫過這樣沒有意義的東西嗎?
Was ever such nonsense written?( = Never was such nonsense written.)
在這種修辭的疑問中,肯定的疑問句相等于否定的平敘句,例如:
黑人能夠改變他的膚色,豹子能夠改變它的斑紋嗎?
Can the Ethiopian change his skin,or the leopard his spots?如用平敘句說時(shí),當(dāng)然就變成cannot了。
否定疑問句相當(dāng)于肯定平敘句,例如:
這不好笑嗎?
Isn’t it funny?( = It is very funny.)
有時(shí)連句尾的問號(hào)都可以省去:
Yet,are we not like spoilt children who have so many new toys to play with that we have ceased to wonder at anything.(可是,我們真好像是不斷地給與許多新玩具的慣壞了的孩子似的,對(duì)任何東西都不感到新奇了。)
有時(shí)加上一個(gè)否定字的not,也和沒有此字的句子一樣,結(jié)果變成同樣的意思,例如:
他發(fā)現(xiàn)這個(gè)時(shí)極為驚異。
What was hit astonishment on finding it? = How great was his astonishment on finding it!(感嘆句)
What was not his astonishment on finding it?(修辭的疑問) = No astonishment could be greater than his was on finding it.
茲就四種疑問句分別舉例譯出如下:
(一)一般疑問句
今夜月亮圓了沒有?
Is the moon full tonight?
公眾不是最好的批評(píng)家嗎?
Is the public not the best judge?
你知道貓有九條命嗎?
Do you know the cat has nine lives?
英國人喜歡戶外運(yùn)動(dòng)嗎?
Are the English fond of outdoor sports?
他堅(jiān)持要一意孤行嗎?
Will he have his own way?
她的眼睛是藍(lán)色的還是棕色的?
Has she blue eyes or brown eyes?
你從前認(rèn)得他嗎?
Used you to know him?
他應(yīng)該馬上動(dòng)身嗎?
Ought he to start at once?
衣服穿得太臟是對(duì)人的一種無禮。
Isn’t untidy dress a form of discourtesy?
他這樣愚笨真令人吃驚?
Isn’t it surprising that he should be so foolish?
你的意思是拒絕嗎?
Am I to understand that you refused?
(二)特殊疑問句
誰會(huì)想到這樣呀?
Who would have thought so?
一部車子里能夠坐多少人?
How many passengers can ride in one carriage?
你手里是什么?
What have you in your hand?
從這里到車站哪條路最近?
Which is the shortest way from here to the railway station?
那本書你在哪里找到的?
Where did you find the book?
她為什么要這樣說?
Why did she say so?
她何時(shí)起生病的?
Since when has she been ill?
你對(duì)于中國電影覺得怎樣?
How do you like Chinese movies?
假期何時(shí)開始?
When will the holidays begin?
(三)熟慮疑問句
他還沒有來嗎?
He is not coming yet?
那房間里什么也沒有?
Nothing was found in the room?
我并不感興趣。
We were not amused,were we?(Queen Elizabeth)
那真奇怪呀。
That’s queer,isn’t it?
我要尊敬你嗎?
I honour thee?
他不會(huì)說英語?
He doesn’t speak English?
你不吃蛋糕?
You don’t eat cakes?
再不要了嗎?
No more?
他把約會(huì)忘記了?
He to forget the appointment?
他是一個(gè)君子?
He a gentleman?( = He is not a gentleman.)
你不去開會(huì)嗎?
You are not going to the meeting?
(四)修辭疑問句
這有什么麻煩?
What is the trouble?( = It is no trouble.)
誰不喜歡名利?
Who does not care for fame and wealth?( = Everybody likes fame and wealth.)
你能忘記那可怕的光景嗎?
Can you forget that terrible scene?( = You cannot forget that terrible scene.)
本性難移。
Can man change his nature?
世界上有這樣的事嗎?
Has ever such a thing happened in the world?
我不應(yīng)該留我兄弟在此。
Am I my brother’s keeper?( = It is not my duty to keep my brother.)
我不在乎。
What do I care?( = I don’t care.)
我有足夠的錢嗎?
Have I money enough?( = I haven’t enough money.)
習(xí)題10
1. 這有什么關(guān)系?
2. 你那支手杖是哪里買的?
3. 難道你不以兒子為榮嗎?
4. 他是干什么的?
5. 這本書你花了多少錢?
6. 你打算雇用哪一位?
7. 有什么你要的東西我可以替你找來嗎?
8. 有誰不犯過失?
9. 有很會(huì)游泳的女子嗎?
10. 發(fā)生了什么事情嗎?
11. 你喝點(diǎn)啤酒好嗎?
12. 你有些英文書嗎?
13. 給我一點(diǎn)葡萄酒好嗎?
14. 你說莎麗要跟誰結(jié)婚?
15. 你知道空中樓閣是怎樣一回事?
16. 明天我要去講些什么呢?
17. 附近有公共汽車嗎?
18. 你想她什么時(shí)候可以回來?
19. 他在英國住上十年之久還不懂英文?
20. 如果我坐三點(diǎn)半的車去,可以趕上嗎?
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