Chapter 3 認(rèn)識(shí)篇章

Unit 1 篇章的分類

記敘文

考考你的眼力

找出下面這篇文章中的主題句。

Carle, a friend of mine, met a car accident at the age of 12. He was deprived of hearing since then. At the beginning, he couldn't accept the fact and he felt very miserable.

Carle was brought to America for the treatment when he was fifteen years old. Fortunately, Carle recovered the hearing partly but not fully. He needs to listen more carefully than normal people. Last year, we met in Losangeles while he was doing the last recovery treatment. Carle was so glad to see me. He told me about his treatment and study in the United States. Although he is in bad condition, he went on studying all the time.

Carle wrote to tell me the good news a few days ago that he had normal hearing and I felt so happy for him.

參考答案

He was deprived of hearing since then.

解析 文章在開頭提到了卡爾在12歲時(shí)因?yàn)槭鹿适チ寺犃Γ笪亩际菄@這個(gè)主題展開的，即他被帶去美國治療，恢復(fù)了部分聽力，去年他做最后的恢復(fù)治療，他告訴“我”他的恢復(fù)情況，他努力學(xué)習(xí)，結(jié)尾段還提到卡爾寫信告訴“我”他的聽力正常了，這一系列的關(guān)鍵信息是what“何事”，其中還穿插著時(shí)間線when。

閱讀攻略

記敘文是以敘述和描寫為主的文體形式，一般是記人、敘事、寫景、狀物，主要內(nèi)容是敘述人物的經(jīng)歷和事物的發(fā)展變化。記敘文的主題句一般出現(xiàn)在第一段中，而且下文都是圍繞這個(gè)主題展開。在閱讀英文記敘文時(shí)，需要掌握5個(gè)w和1個(gè)h，即5ws and 1h。5個(gè)w指的是何時(shí)（when）、何地（where）、何人（who）、何因（why）、何事（what）,1個(gè)h指的是怎么樣。這6個(gè)要素可幫助讀者快速理清事物的來龍去脈，從而理解整個(gè)故事。如果是故事類篇章，那么需要讀者通過文章的細(xì)節(jié)來體會(huì)作者的寫作意圖。注：記敘文的敘述順序有順敘和倒敘兩種，所以在閱讀此類篇章時(shí)要從事物發(fā)展的情節(jié)來理解。

隨手練一練

找出下面這篇文章中的主題句和記敘文的要素。

Once upon a time, there was a king who had four daughters. All they are old enough to get married.

The three elder daughters of the king were so beautiful that they got the favor of the king and queen. But the eldest daughter is very jealous; the second daughter has very bad temper and the third daughter is particularly hypocritical. Thus, no one would like to marry them in this country. Finally, the king ordered the sons of the three ministers to marry these three beautiful daughters. The king's youngest daughter had no beautiful appearance, and was often overlooked by the king and the queen. But the youngest daughter is very kind and hard-working, and all the young people in this country are willing to marry her. Finally, the little girl married the prince of another country.

A few years later, only the king's youngest daughter lived a happy life, and the three beautiful daughters often quarreled with their husbands. This story shows that morality is more important than appearance.

參考答案

主題句：This story shows that morality is more important than appearance.

要素：1．時(shí)間Once upon a time; a few years later;2．地點(diǎn)the country;3．人物daughters;4．事件get married;5．原因The three elder daughters of the king were so beautiful; the king's youngest daughter had no beautiful appearance;6．怎么樣only the king's youngest daughter lived a happy life, and the three beautiful daughters often quarreled with their husbands

抒情文

考考你的眼力

找出下面篇章中的主旨句。

Life is never plain sailing. Everyone has to experience some setbacks and failures in the life. What is important is that don't lose the courage to try for failure.

Failure is not terrible, but sometimes it is commendable and needs to be cherished. The saying "Failure is the mother of success" means that we can learn something from failure. Some people are devastated when they fail, and then they never have the courage to try. Some people become more determined after going through a setback, and try repeatedly or change direction,and such a person is called a winner.

We have to be winners, not losers, and with the experience of failure, we can be closer to success.

參考答案

What is important is that don't lose the courage to try for failure.

解析 這篇文章是作者對(duì)失敗的感悟，并提到了作者的態(tài)度，即正面的、積極的態(tài)度，抒發(fā)了作者希望人們面對(duì)失敗不要?dú)怵H的感情。

閱讀攻略

抒情文是作者通過直接或間接的方式抒發(fā)情感的一種文體。直接抒情文是作者直接表達(dá)出自己對(duì)人、物、事、景的感受和情感。間接抒情文是作者借助于對(duì)具體事物的描寫來表達(dá)主題。在抒情文中往往出現(xiàn)排比句、對(duì)比句等抒情方法來烘托作者的情感。抒情文的主題句往往出現(xiàn)在作者表達(dá)情感的句子中，并不一定是出現(xiàn)在開頭或結(jié)尾。在閱讀抒情文時(shí)，需要整體理解篇章，體會(huì)作者表達(dá)的情感態(tài)度。

隨手練一練

找出下面篇章中的主旨句和抒情方法。

Before we know it, summer is over, and autumn is coming slowly with rain. If we observe carefully, we can see the signs of autumn everywhere.

The annoying cicadas have stopped droning. The green leaves are turning yellow. The weather gradually becomes cooler, and rainy days start to make people sentimental. But the arrival of autumn also brings beautiful sceneries: golden crops, fruitful trees, and farmers' smiles.

Spring is the season for revitalization; summer is the season for all to work hard; autumn is the season when everything begins to come into fruition; winter is the season for all to rest. Each season has its own unique charm that is endearing to everyone, but I only love autumn.

For me, autumn isthe season of joy and harvest, and it is the time for people to have family reunions. I think this is the kind of life 1 have been longing for.

參考答案

主旨句：Each season has its own unique charm that is endearing to everyone, but I only love autumn.

抒情方法：Spring is the season for revitalization; summer is the season for all to work hard; autumn is the season when everything begins to come into fruition; winter is the season for all to rest.

演講

考考你的眼力

找出下面篇章中的主旨句。

Ladies and Gentlemen,

I feel much honored to stand in this hall to make a speech. Although I had speeches in many parties, dances and concerts, the meaning of this speech is completely different to me. Today I want to say it's time for us to act, to make a contribution to save the earth.

Do you know millions of rare creatures on the earth have disappeared forever? Do you know that our friends—animals are in danger of constantly being shot by the hunter? Do you know that every year tens of millions of people around the world are suffering from the disease because of environmental pollution, most of whom are children? The earth we rely on has been in a disastrous state, which will take a lot of extreme weather and natural disasters to warn mankind. We humans are the culprits that caused all the suffering.

Can you imagine the picture that human beings can't survive on the earth? It is almost unimaginable, right? My friends, we should not blindly immerse in the industrial civilization and pleased with ourselves to forget the painful price we will pay.

My friends, I sincerely ask you to contribute to the protection of the earth, even if it is to donate some money. Thank you!

參考答案

Today I want to say it's time for us to act, to make a contribution to save the earth.

解析 這是一篇演講稿，演講稿的最大特點(diǎn)是一般會(huì)在開頭直接講出演講的主要內(nèi)容，也就是主旨。這篇演講的第一段的結(jié)尾處就是主旨句。

閱讀攻略

演講類篇章是演講者發(fā)表觀點(diǎn)、交流思想、介紹事物等的一種文體。這類文章的特點(diǎn)是針對(duì)性強(qiáng)，主旨句一般出現(xiàn)在第一段，全文一共分為開頭、主體和結(jié)尾三個(gè)部分。這類文章的主題句有明顯的引出特征，比如I want to say that..., I want to say something about..．而且這類文章的結(jié)尾處一般都有與主旨句相呼應(yīng)的內(nèi)容。演講者在主體部分多是通過道理、事實(shí)或故事等方式來進(jìn)行說服或者勸告。這類文章的特殊性使得它的語言較口語化，讀者理解起來較為容易。

隨手練一練

找出下面篇章中的主旨句、總結(jié)句以及演說方式。

I'm here today to talk about dreams. Do you remember your dreams at the age of 10 and 20? What did you do in order to achieve these dreams?

When we are ten years old, our dreams may be more illusory and more distant from reality. Then what about our dreams when we are 20? In my opinion, the dreams of 20-year-old are most likely to come true. Let me share with you a story.

When I was 20 years old, I was a college student. My biggest hobby was writing and my dream was to become a writer. I often contributed papers to some newspapers and presses, but none of them has been approved by editors. I was very depressed. I thought I had no gift for writing and it was impossible to realize my dream. Even so, I did not give up writing and submission. In my senior year, quite unexpectedly, I received an interview invitation of a newspaper in which I often contributed. I was very pleased to participate in the interview and successfully accepted. I think they might be moved by my insistence. I worked in the newspaper for four years, where I follow different writers and editors to learn a lot. Then I began to try writing. When my first article was issued in the newspaper, I felt close to my dream. In this way, I slowly realized my dream.

In fact, there is no shortcut to realize dreams. Only by insisting and working hard can we make our dreams come true.

參考答案

主旨句：I'm here today to talk about dreams.

總結(jié)句：In fact, there is no shortcut to realize dreams.

演說方式：Let me share with you a story.

議論文

考考你的眼力

找出下面篇章中的主旨句。

Nowadays, many parents allow their children to contact electronic products at a very young age for study and other reasons, which is not a good phenomenon. Children should not touch electronic products too early.

First of all, the child's immunity is low, and the radiation of electronic products will cause certain harm to their health, especially to the eyes. Secondly, the child's curiosity is very strong. They may break the entire product for being interested in some parts, which would be a waste of money. Third, if children contact the electronic products for long term but not with their parents, the affection between them will become weak.

In my opinion, what children need is parents' companionship and proper guidance, not an electronic product.

參考答案

Children should not touch electronic products too early.

解析 這是一篇議論文，在文章的開頭作者往往通過看法、現(xiàn)象等來引出自己的觀點(diǎn)，也就是本文的論點(diǎn)，也是主旨句。

閱讀攻略

議論文是通過擺事實(shí)、講道理、辨是非等途徑來表明作者主張的一種文體。這類文體的典型特征包含三點(diǎn)：論點(diǎn)、論據(jù)和論證。一般在開頭引入論點(diǎn)，通過舉例、講道理等論據(jù)來說明論點(diǎn)，而論證則出現(xiàn)在結(jié)尾段，起到總結(jié)全文，與論點(diǎn)相呼應(yīng)的作用。掌握這類文章的中心論點(diǎn)是理解文章的關(guān)鍵。這類文章中一般只有一個(gè)論點(diǎn)，通常出現(xiàn)在第一段中，結(jié)尾處的總結(jié)句并不是論點(diǎn)。在英文議論文中，其表示論點(diǎn)的句子常含有think, should, don't think, my opinion等與想法、態(tài)度相關(guān)的詞語。

隨手練一練

找出下面篇章中的論點(diǎn)、論據(jù)和論證。

Some people think that education does not have effect on occupation. I don't think this idea is right. On the contrary, I think education is one of the factors for the enterprise to consider when hiring people.

First, the education represents a person's degree of knowledge and learning ability, and the higher the degree of education, indicating the stronger ability to learn. So even if they work in an unfamiliar field, they can figure out how to handle their work in a short period of time. Second, education determines a person's choice of occupation in a large extent; the higher the degree, the more likely for you to choose high levels of work. Third, the majority of enterprises have definite regulations on educational background. If your qualifications are not qualified, your resume will not pass through the screening of enterprises so that you can't have access to the enterprise.

In a word, education does not mean everything, but education plays an important role in finding jobs.

參考答案

論點(diǎn)：On the contrary, I think education is one of the factors for the enterprise to consider when hiring people.

論據(jù)：First, the education represents a person's degree of knowledge and learning ability; Second, education determines a person's choice of occupation in a large extent; Third, the majority of enterprises have definite regulations on educational background.

論證：In a word, education does not mean everything, but education plays an important role in finding jobs.

說明文

考考你的眼力

找出下面篇章中的主旨句。

Rose is a common flower we often seen in daily life. As is known to all, rose is the symbol of love, especially red roses. On Valentine's Day every year, roses and chocolate are the essential things that people use to express love to their lovers.

In addition to expressing love, roses are popular in many ways. In fact, roses are edible and rich in vitamin C, but they don't contain sugar. Many foods, such as cakes, juice, jam, etc. can be added with roses as additional ingredients. Some fragrances are also made from roses because of their aromatic smell. This kind of perfume is very popular among women.

Surprisingly, more than one country around the world regard roses as the national flower, including the United States, Britain, Bulgaria, Spain and Luxemburg. In addition, roses are also used by some cities as their city flowers.

參考答案

Rose is a common flower we often seen in daily life.

解析 這篇文章是對(duì)玫瑰花的詳細(xì)介紹，玫瑰花屬于一種常見植物，該篇文章的目的是向人們介紹玫瑰花的一些知識(shí)。

閱讀攻略

與其它文體不同，說明文是一種通過對(duì)事物的特征、功能、成因等方面進(jìn)行說明來告訴人們知識(shí)的文體。說明文的目的是介紹事物，因此說明文表達(dá)的知識(shí)是直接的、集中的，語言更加簡(jiǎn)明。閱讀這類文章時(shí)，首先要了解說明對(duì)象。說明文的說明對(duì)象一般出現(xiàn)在第一段中，也是該篇章的主旨句。而且說明文的段落結(jié)構(gòu)主要有：并列式、遞進(jìn)式、連貫式、總分式和對(duì)照式。這些段落結(jié)構(gòu)常常混合出現(xiàn)在一篇完整的說明文中。其次，根據(jù)說明對(duì)象來理解該事物的特征是什么，原因是什么，該事物是怎么樣的。

隨手練一練

找出下面篇章中的主旨句，并說明第二段的段落類型。

Whether it's a public university or a private university, the school either sets up an internship course or a community activity. Why is that?

The school sets up the curriculum or community activity firstly to cultivate students' practical ability. The internship experience is an important stepping stone for people looking for work.Without internship experience, people will have limited choices in their career. Secondly, these courses or community activities provide practice in all aspects and enrich the students' campus life. Thirdly, participating in community can exercise the students' ability of team work.

In summary, college students should make full use of these practical courses or communities to enhance their abilities.

參考答案

主旨句：Whether it's a public university or a private university, the school either sets up an internship course or a community activity. Why is that?

第二段的段落類型：并列式段落。

解析 第二段中有明顯的表示次序的詞firstly, Secondly, Thirdly，這些是判斷段落類型的關(guān)鍵信息。

應(yīng)用文

考考你的眼力

找出下面篇章中的主旨句。

Dear Marry,

I am glad to receive your letter and ask me how to learn English well. My advice is as follows.

Firstly, word is the basis for learning English. You should accumulate as many English words as possible. Secondly, if you want to speak English fluently, you should attend an English corner, for oral practice. Only by constantly practicing speaking can improve your spoken English. Moreover, you should also participate in the speech contest. Thirdly, if possible, you can make some friends who are English native speakers. You can learn English from them.

I believe you can learn English well. Come on!

David

參考答案

My advice is as follows.

解析 這篇文章是一封信件，信件屬于應(yīng)用文的一種。

閱讀攻略

應(yīng)用文是一種較為正式的包含各類體裁的文體。應(yīng)用文主要包含書信、公告、通知、日記、啟事、建議、規(guī)則等各類體裁。書信是最常見的應(yīng)用文體裁，包含各類信件，如邀請(qǐng)函、感謝信、致歉信、祝賀信等。在不同的信件中有不同的應(yīng)用句型，如I'd like to...（我希望）, Thank you very much for...（非常感謝）, My advice is as follows.（我的建議如下）等。應(yīng)用文的語言比較規(guī)范和簡(jiǎn)潔，篇幅較短，一般不用完成時(shí)態(tài)。

隨手練一練

找出下面篇章中的主旨句并指出文章中使用的時(shí)態(tài)。

Dear John,

How are you doing? I want to tell you something about me.

Last month, our school held a sports meeting. I signed up for the 100 meter race. On the day of the match, I played very well and won the first prize. I not only got a prize, but also praised by my teacher and my parents. My father also promised to take me to Disney Land.

Next week, we will move because my father got a new job. The new house is a little far away from my school, and I'm going to ride a bike to school. It's going to take 20 minutes. I've seen the new house. My bedroom is bigger than the one I live now so that I can put a desk in my room.

Reply to me soon.

Linda

參考答案

主旨句：I want to tell you something about me.

時(shí)態(tài)：一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，一般過去時(shí)，一般將來時(shí)

科普文

考考你的眼力

找出下面篇章中的主旨句。

With the development of science and technology, human beings have discovered many factors that cause cancer, but age actually has the largest impact on cancer. The cells in human body are normal at birth, and replace new cells according to their own growth cycles. Some cells undergo gene mutation during the growth cycle, and then they grow out of control, and eventually become tumors. As the time going, gene damage increases in normal cells, increasing the risk of normal cells to become cancerous. Cancer cells lead to human death by absorbing nutrition in a human body and obstructing the normal operation of organs.

The life span of modern people is much longer than ancient people, which is because modern people have overcome diseases caused by malnutrition, infectious diseases and so on with science and technology. Although there are more cases of cancer in the modern society,scientists continue to make major breakthroughs in medicine, and some medical technologies can accurately diagnose cancer.

參考答案

With the development of science and technology, human beings have discovered many factors that cause cancer, but age actually has the largest impact on cancer.

解析 這篇文章在介紹人體細(xì)胞與癌癥之間的關(guān)系，屬于生物科學(xué)，這是科普文的一種。

閱讀攻略

科普文與說明文有相似之處，但科普文旨在介紹科學(xué)技術(shù)和自然科學(xué)等方面的事物，針對(duì)性更強(qiáng)，科學(xué)性和知識(shí)性比說明文更集中。科普文一般通過描述類文字來說明事物，其段落結(jié)構(gòu)有總分、分總、總分總、并列和轉(zhuǎn)折這幾類。科普文的主旨句有時(shí)并不明顯，有時(shí)是對(duì)說明對(duì)象下的定義，需要整體瀏覽篇章后再理解。這類文章的主旨句的位置比較靈活，可在開頭、文中和結(jié)尾。鑒于科普文的科學(xué)性較強(qiáng)，句子較難理解，讀者可結(jié)合“Pass掉不必要的成分”來把握文章，但是很多細(xì)節(jié)問題是體現(xiàn)在那些附加成分中的。

隨手練一練

找出下面篇章中的主旨句，并pass掉主旨句中不必要的成分。

GPS is a kind of technology which measures time and position with navigation satellites combined with satellite and communication equipment.

The main function of GPS is the navigation and positioning. This technique has been applied in aerospace, agricultural, industrial, transportation and other industries, and it has greatly increasing the safety of public transportation. GPS can work full time, and any change in the weather can't affect it. The high accuracy of GPS is the reason why it is mainly used. The GPS provides accurate data to help people in terms of positioning and timing, which not only saves time but also improves efficiency. In addition, GPS covers a global area of up to 98%, which means that GPS can navigate and locate in most areas around the world, even small villages.

GPS currently uses three-dimensional data, that is, longitude, latitude and elevation, and it is possible to include the fourth dimensions, namely, time in the future.

參考答案

主旨句：GPS is a kind of technology which measures time and position with navigation satellites combined with satellite and communication equipment.

Pass掉不必要的成分：GPS is a kind of technology.