U3 Medical Science and Health 醫(yī)學(xué)與健康

Text Rudeness in Medical Settings Could Kill Patients

Imagine this:You're a cardiac surgeon who is pushing into the five-hour mark of a compl-i cated seven-hour surgery.You ask a nurse for a specific tool, and he drops it.It's now contaminated and useless.The nurse stands dumbstruck until you snap at him to hurry up, grab another tool, and stop being so clumsy.You were rude, but he deserved it, right? He'll get over the uncivil remark and everybody will move on.But according to a recent study, rude comments in high-pressure medical settings could have potentially deadly effects on patients.

The study shows that a rude comment from a third-party doctor decreased performance among doctors and nurses by more than 50 percent in an exercise involving a hypothetical life-or-death situation.“We found that rudeness damages your ability to think, manage information, and make decisions, ”said Amir Erez, an author on the study and a Huber Hurst professor of management at the University of Florida.“You can be highly motivated to work, but if rudeness damages your cognitive system then you can't function appropriately in a complex situation.And that hurts patients.”

Before beginning, the teams were informed that a leading ICU expert from the United States would be observing them via webcam.The researcher running the experiment then dialed a fake phone number and played a（prerecorded）message that was supposedly from the observer.The message informed half of the participants that he had observed other medical teams and was“not impressed with the quality of medicine in Israel, ”but told the control group simply that he had observed other teams, without making any rude comments or insults.Ten minutes into the simulation the teams were interrupted by another prerecorded message from the researcher.He told the control group that he hoped the workshop helped them improve as physicians; he told the other teams, however, that the Israeli physicians and nurses he'd been observing“wouldn't last a week”in his department.

The rudeness had dramatic effects.The teams who experienced it struggled to cooperate, communicate, and do their jobs effectively, all of which caused their performance to plummet:They misdiagnosed the illness; they forgot instructions; they didn't ventilate the patient well; they didn't ask for help when they needed it; doctors asked for the wrong medication, and nurses mixed the wrong medication.Overall, the rude comments appeared to cause a 52 percent difference in how well teams diagnosed the disease, as measured by three independent judges who were blind to the study's thesis, and a 43 percent difference in how well they treated it.In the real world, as Erez pointed out, these performance discrepancies could have made the difference between the patient living and dying.

This may seem dramatic, but it's well in line with prior research suggesting that while we'd like to think we can easily shrug off rudeness, this just isn't the case.These studies—including one Erez is a lead author on—suggest that disruptive behaviors like rudeness are so powerful because they spread like a contagion and sabotage a person's working memory, which plays a crucial role in our in-the-moment ability to learn, reason, comprehend, and recall information.

“Our results highlight the potential role of human interaction in medical treatment errors, indicating that occurrence of even a mild rudeness can have adverse consequences on the diagnostic and procedural performance of the team members, ”the authors of the study write.And they're clear about the ramifications, noting that these findings“show that even the mild incivility common in medical practice can have profound, if not devastating, effects on patient care.”

Reading Comprehension

1.It can be inferred that rudeness“kills”patients by ________.

[A]paralyzing the surgeon's ability to think and function

[B]exerting high mental and physical pressure on patients

[C]incurring the rude comment of a third-party doctor

[D]recreating a life-or-death situation which is not real

2.In the research, the experiment teams were told ________.

[A]they could record what was going on

[B]the observer would not make any comment

[C]they had to leave the job within a week

[D]their capability as physicians was deplorable

3.The negative comments make doctors and nurses ________.

[A]try harder but do worse

[B]feel embarrassed

[C]vent their anger on patients

[D]lose self-control

4.Previous research concludes that ________.

[A]we tend to ignore minor nuisances like rudeness

[B]rudeness impairs working memory and ability

[C]working memory plays a key role in patient care

[D]rudeness passes on to others like contagion

5.The word“ramification”in the last paragraph means ________.

[A]treatment

[B]remedy

[C]consequence

[D]performance

Notes

1.The study shows that...situation.（第二段）

在第二段這個(gè)句子中，third-party doctor指不屬于參與實(shí)驗(yàn)的治療小組的醫(yī)生——甚至不屬于他們所在醫(yī)院的醫(yī)生，third-party通常指one other than the principals involved in a transaction（交易的主要參與者之外的人），這里指醫(yī)生、護(hù)士和病人之外的人。名詞performance指工作表現(xiàn)，decrease...by指減少了多少，exercise這里實(shí)際上指研究者所做的實(shí)驗(yàn)。

2.This may seem dramatic...the case.（第五段）

在第五段這個(gè)句子中，be in line with意為“與……一致”, suggesting...the case是現(xiàn)在分詞短語，修飾research，詞組shrug off意為“擺脫，不予理睬”。

課文參考譯文

醫(yī)療環(huán)境下的粗魯可能傷害病人

想象一下：你是心外科醫(yī)生，做一個(gè)復(fù)雜的七小時(shí)手術(shù)已經(jīng)五個(gè)小時(shí)了。你要求護(hù)士拿給你某個(gè)工具，工具掉到地上了。工具臟了，沒法用了。護(hù)士站在那里嚇得目瞪口呆，直到你呵斥他抓緊時(shí)間拿另外一個(gè)工具來，別再這么笨拙。你很粗魯，他也活該，對(duì)吧？他會(huì)忘記你不禮貌的話，每個(gè)人都得繼續(xù)做其他事。但是，根據(jù)最近一項(xiàng)研究的結(jié)果，在高壓的醫(yī)療環(huán)境下說粗話對(duì)病人可能產(chǎn)生致命影響。

這項(xiàng)研究表明，在一場(chǎng)假設(shè)的涉及生死的情境中，第三方醫(yī)生所做的粗魯評(píng)論能把醫(yī)生和護(hù)士的表現(xiàn)減損超過50%。發(fā)表這項(xiàng)研究的一個(gè)作者Admir Erez是佛羅里達(dá)大學(xué)胡伯爾·赫斯特管理學(xué)教授。他說，“我們發(fā)現(xiàn)粗魯損傷你思考、管理信息和作決定的能力。你可能工作勁頭高漲，但是如果粗魯損傷你的認(rèn)知系統(tǒng)，那么你在復(fù)雜情景下就不能正常工作。而且，這對(duì)病人有害。”

開始研究之前，受試小組被告知，美國(guó)的一名ICU著名專家將通過網(wǎng)絡(luò)攝像機(jī)觀察他們。然后，做實(shí)驗(yàn)的研究者撥打一個(gè)假的號(hào)碼，放一段預(yù)先錄制好的謊稱是來自那位觀察者的訊息。訊息告訴一半的參與者他觀察了另外的醫(yī)療小組，“認(rèn)為以色列醫(yī)療水平不怎么樣”，但是他僅僅告訴控制組他在觀察其他小組，但沒有作出任何粗魯?shù)脑u(píng)論或侮辱。這樣模擬了十分鐘之后，各小組被研究者預(yù)先錄制好的另外一個(gè)訊息打斷。他告訴控制組他希望研習(xí)活動(dòng)有助于提高他們作為醫(yī)生的水平；然而，他告訴另外的小組他正在觀察的以色列醫(yī)生和護(hù)士在他的部門“待不了一周”。

粗魯產(chǎn)生了戲劇般效果。經(jīng)受過粗魯評(píng)價(jià)的各組極力想配合、交流、有效地工作，結(jié)果這些努力卻造成了他們工作表現(xiàn)直線下降：他們錯(cuò)誤診斷病情，忘記了指令，沒有給病人及時(shí)輸氧，需要幫助的時(shí)候沒有請(qǐng)求幫助，有的醫(yī)生要錯(cuò)了藥，護(hù)士配錯(cuò)了藥。總的來說，根據(jù)三位獨(dú)立裁判的評(píng)判——他們不知道這項(xiàng)研究的主題，粗魯評(píng)價(jià)在醫(yī)生能否有效診斷疾病上似乎造成了52%的差，在治療疾病上造成43%的差。Erez指出，這些工作表現(xiàn)上的差可能造成病人生死之差。

這看上去似乎富有戲劇性，但是這與以前的研究是非常一致的，因?yàn)橐郧暗难芯勘砻鳎m然我們傾向于認(rèn)為自己能輕易擺脫粗話的影響，事實(shí)并非如此。這些研究——包括Erez主持的這項(xiàng)研究——表明，像粗言這樣的破壞性行為影響強(qiáng)大，因?yàn)樗鼈兿駛魅静∫粯觽鞑ィ茐娜说墓ぷ饔洃洠ぷ饔洃浽谖覀儗W(xué)習(xí)、推理、理解和提取信息的實(shí)時(shí)能力中起著關(guān)鍵作用。

發(fā)表這項(xiàng)研究的作者們寫道，“我們的結(jié)果強(qiáng)調(diào)了在醫(yī)療錯(cuò)誤中人際互動(dòng)的潛在作用，它們表明，哪怕是有一點(diǎn)輕微的粗魯，都可能對(duì)醫(yī)療組成員的診斷和程序表現(xiàn)產(chǎn)生負(fù)面影響。”而且，他們很明白產(chǎn)生的后果，他們指出，這些發(fā)現(xiàn)“表明，在醫(yī)療過程中即使發(fā)生輕微的不禮貌行為，對(duì)病人的治療產(chǎn)生的后果也是深遠(yuǎn)的——如果不是災(zāi)難性的”。

答案與題解

1.[A] 意為：傷害外科醫(yī)生思維和工作的能力。

從第二段來推斷，該段最后一句中所謂“傷害病人”顯然不是指醫(yī)生或護(hù)士說有損病人的粗話，導(dǎo)致病人受到傷害，而是說粗話能影響醫(yī)生的思維和傾向，使他們的判斷能力受到影響，從而降低他們的工作能力。可見，粗話對(duì)病人的傷害不是直接的傷害，而是一種間接的傷害。

[B]意為：給病人施加很大的身心壓力。

[C]意為：招致第三方醫(yī)生的粗魯評(píng)論。

[D]意為：再造一個(gè)不真實(shí)的生死境況。

2.[D] 意為：他們當(dāng)醫(yī)生的能力令人可悲可嘆。

第三段對(duì)實(shí)驗(yàn)過程進(jìn)行了描述。從中可見，被試的組（受試）不止一個(gè)，而控制組只有一個(gè)。所謂的“觀察者”或美國(guó)專家實(shí)際上是不存在的，他對(duì)受試組所作的評(píng)論也是事先錄制好的，而且這些評(píng)論都是貶低甚至侮辱受試小組（以色列醫(yī)生和護(hù)士）的話。其中的兩段錄音都提到以色列醫(yī)生和護(hù)士的醫(yī)療水平不夠格。研究者的目的是想看一看這些負(fù)面評(píng)論對(duì)醫(yī)生和護(hù)士的工作質(zhì)量產(chǎn)生什么樣的不良效果。

[A]意為：他們可以記錄正在發(fā)生的事情。

[B]意為：觀察者將不作任何評(píng)價(jià)。

[C]意為：他們必須在一周內(nèi)辭職。

3.[A] 意為：更努力嘗試但做得更糟。

第四段提到，聽到粗魯?shù)脑u(píng)論后，醫(yī)生和護(hù)士極力想配合、想交流、想有效地做好工作，但是由于他們的情緒已經(jīng)受到嚴(yán)重影響，他們無法保持平靜的心情，失去了判斷力，結(jié)果造成他們的工作表現(xiàn)直線下降（plummet）。可見，正確答案表達(dá)的內(nèi)容較好地概括了這兩個(gè)方面。也正是因?yàn)槿绱耍髡哒f這樣的結(jié)果“具有戲劇性”。

[B]意為：感到尷尬。

[C]意為：遷怒于病人。

[D]意為：失去自我控制。

4.[B] 意為：粗魯傷害工作記憶和能力。

第五段提到，新的研究結(jié)果與以前的研究是一致的，它們都證明粗魯能破壞人的工作記憶。工作記憶與各種認(rèn)知能力有關(guān)，因此對(duì)工作記憶的影響勢(shì)必導(dǎo)致對(duì)各種能力的損害。

[A]意為：我們傾向于忽視粗魯這樣的小侵?jǐn)_。

[C]意為：工作記憶在病人的治療中起關(guān)鍵作用。這不是本文提到的研究的發(fā)現(xiàn)，該研究并沒有研究工作記憶的作用，它重點(diǎn)研究的是：在醫(yī)療場(chǎng)合下使用粗魯語言對(duì)醫(yī)生和護(hù)士的工作質(zhì)量造成的損害。

[D]意為：粗魯像傳染病一樣能傳給其他人。

5.[C] 意為：后果。

這個(gè)詞的意思是“結(jié)果，后果”。從最后一段中該詞所在句的上下文來看，上一句是在談consequences，下一句談到effects，由此推斷，這句中的ramifications跟consequences和effects是同義詞。

[A]意為：治療。

[B]意為：糾正，救治。

[D]意為：表現(xiàn)。

練習(xí)

◎ Ⅰ.Cloze

According to the Center for Disease Control, autism continues to climb with 8 year old boys much more often than girls. 1 makes matters worse is the fact that many boys with autism are also 2 with ADHD. These disorders severely 3 the learning process in the classroom environment and 4 to a lifelong economic burden both for the suffering 5 and society.

It is 6 that families receive the support they need to prevent and manage these disorders which 7 occur together. Proper management requires an understanding of the causes. One cause 8 with both disorders is exposure 9 heavy metals found in a poor diet. Heavy metal exposures may occur from the consumption of highly 10 foods that contain ingredients 11 allowable concentrations of lead and inorganic mercury. 12 , these heavy metals may 13 in blood especially when diet does not include adequate minerals to support the gene activity needed to digest and emit them. Researchers recently found higher blood lead and mercury levels are 14 with the severity of social and cognitive 15 in children with autism.

How do we know for 16 there is a link between dietary exposure to these two 17 heavy metals and autism and/or ADHD? Long ago, a research team found a significant and independent 18 relationship between dietary calcium intake and blood lead concentrations. What this means is children who consumed less calcium rich food had higher blood lead concentrations. Almost everyone knows higher blood lead concentration is a 19 risk factor for the development of ADHD and developmental 20 in all children.

1.[A]What

[B]Which

[C]Whatever

[D]Whichever

2.[A]contracted

[B]estimated

[C]diagnosed

[D]endowed

3.[A]impose

[B]impact

[C]interfere

[D]intervene

4.[A]bring

[B]cause

[C]result

[D]lead

5.[A]personnel

[B]participant

[C]applicant

[D]individual

6.[A]imperative

[B]dubious

[C]prominent

[D]feasible

7.[A]always

[B]often

[C]seldom

[D]never

8.[A]adhered

[B]affiliated

[C]associated

[D]collaborated

9.[A]in

[B]with

[C]to

[D]among

10.[A]purified

[B]imported

[C]balanced

[D]processed

11.[A]with

[B]for

[C]about

[D]in

12.[A]However

[B]Furthermore

[C]In fact

[D]For instance

13.[A]assemble

[B]accumulate

[C]assimilate

[D]accomplish

14.[A]correlated

[B]compensated

[C]consolidated

[D]complicated

15.[A]misfortune

[B]discrepancy

[C]impairment

[D]disgrace

16.[A]positive

[B]sure

[C]definite

[D]certainty

17.[A]exceptional

[B]universal

[C]unique

[D]particular

18.[A]inverse

[B]negative

[C]contrary

[D]sinister

19.[A]kept

[B]learned

[C]known

[D]chosen

20.[A]break

[B]pause

[C]delay

[D]suspension

◎ Ⅱ.Reading Passages

Part A 閱讀理解

★Passage One

American scientists have located a virus that attacks human DNA, which may cause those infected to be less intelligent, impairing brain activity, learning and memory. Researchers from Johns Hopkins School of Medicine and the University of Nebraska have identified traces of an algal virus, known as ATCV-1, which appeared to lessen mental capacity.

The researchers had originally been working on an unrelated study into throat microbes when they unexpectedly located traces of ATCV-1 in human DNA samples. At first the research team, led by Dr Robert Yolken of Johns Hopkins, didn't know what ATCV-1 was, and had to carry out a database search to find out more about the unknown virus. ATCV-1 typically infects a species of green algae found in lakes and rivers, and has not previously been known to infect humans. However, when Yolken's team screened a group of 92 healthy volunteers who were taking part in a study on cognitive function, the virus was found to be present in 43.5% of them.

According to the study, those infected with the virus performed around 10% worse on tests analysing visual processing speeds. In one test, infected volunteers were slower to draw a line connecting a sequence of numbers randomly distributed on a page than their uninfected counterparts. 1）The researchers found that the presence of the virus was linked to lower attention spans and decreased spatial awareness, and a“statisti-cally significant decrease in the performance on cognitive assessments of visual processingand visual motor speed”. Researchers found no connection between slower brain function and variables such as differences in sex, education level, income, race, and even cigarette smoking.

The team carried out further tests, in which they injected uninfected and infected green algae into the mouths of mice and put them through a series of lab tests. The results revealed that infected animals took 10% longer to find their way out of mazes and spent 20% less time exploring new objects than uninfected mice, conforming to the findings amongst human volunteers. According to the study, the virus appeared to impair the“l(fā)earning, memory formation, and the immune response to viral exposure”of the mice.

2）Professor James L. Van Etten, a member of the research team, said that little is currentlyknown a-bout how the virus could be transmitted to humans in such abundance, but that theyhad no reason to believe that the viruses are contagious among people or animals. “My best guess is that these viruses may infect an-other microorganism besides the algae that we have been studying. This other microorganism may be the way that the virus gets into the throat, ”he added.

1.American researchers believe that ________.

[A]impairing the brain reduces mental power

[B]memory and intelligence are closely linked

[C]they have found new uses for green algae

[D]they have discovered“stupidity virus”

2.The researchers accidentally located the virus ________.

[A]in human throats

[B]in lakes and rivers

[C]in mice being studied

[D]in a virus database

3.Those infected with the virus had worse performance in ________.

[A]speeding up information-processing

[B]coordinating the eyes and limbs

[C]finding connection between statistics

[D]identifying important variables

4.Further experiments indicate that infected mice ________.

[A]refused to eat green algae

[B]resisted virus injection

[C]became less curious

[D]infected human volunteers

5.Van Etten said that the team has yet to identify ________.

[A]any potential indicators of the virus's presence in humans

[B]the way green algae pass on the virus to other microorganisms

[C]the difference of the viruses affecting humans and mice

[D]the way the viruses impair the cognitive function of humans

【疑難長(zhǎng)句翻譯與注解】

1.American scientists have located...memory.（第一段）

【譯文】美國(guó)科學(xué)家已經(jīng)找到了一種攻擊人類DNA的病毒，它可能使感染者智商變低，損傷大腦的活動(dòng)、學(xué)習(xí)和記憶能力。

【注解】which和that雖然都引導(dǎo)定語從句，但二者代表的內(nèi)容不同：that代替virus，而which代表“病毒攻擊人的DNA”這一現(xiàn)象。impairing引導(dǎo)的分詞短語對(duì)cause those infected to be less intelligent做出具體說明，即他們?cè)谀男┓矫孀兊胠ess intelligent。

2.The researchers had originally...samples.（第二段）

【譯文】研究者起初在對(duì)咽喉微生物進(jìn)行另一項(xiàng)研究，在那時(shí)，他們出乎意料地在人類DNA采樣中找到了ATCV-1的痕跡。

【注解】本句中的when表達(dá)的意思并不是“當(dāng)……時(shí)候”，而是“在那時(shí)”，這種用法的when從句一般放在主句后。詞組work on意為“研究，致力于”, unrelated study是說對(duì)throat microbes的研究跟ATCV-1的研究沒有直接聯(lián)系，throat microbes指引起喉嚨感染的病菌。

3.In one test, infected volunteers...counterparts.（第三段）

【譯文】在一次測(cè)驗(yàn)中，受感染的志愿者被要求畫線連接一系列數(shù)字，這些數(shù)字隨機(jī)分布在一張紙上，他們連線的速度低于未受感染的人。

【注解】one test指測(cè)試視覺處理速度的測(cè)驗(yàn)，infected volunteers指感染了ATCV-1病毒并自愿參與實(shí)驗(yàn)的人；randomly distributed on a page是過去分詞短語，作定語修飾numbers，是說這些數(shù)字隨機(jī)分布在紙上；uninfected counterparts也是指自愿參與者，但是他們沒有感染病毒。

4.The results revealed that...human volunteers.（第四段）

【譯文】結(jié)果顯示，與未受感染的老鼠相比，受感染的老鼠多花了10%的時(shí)間才走出迷宮，并且少花了20%的時(shí)間探索新物體，這一發(fā)現(xiàn)與在人類志愿者身上的發(fā)現(xiàn)相一致。

【注解】這里所謂花更少時(shí)間去exploring new objects，指它們的好奇心下降，對(duì)事物缺乏新鮮感。conforming to the findings among human volunteers指與第三段提到的那項(xiàng)關(guān)于人類的研究的結(jié)果相一致。

★Passage Two

Do doctors grieve when their patients die? In a paper, my colleagues and I report what we found in our research about oncologists and patient loss:Not only do doctors experience grief, but suppressing the emotion also has negative consequences for the doctors themselves, as well as for the quality of care they provide. Our study took place from 2010 to 2011 in three Canadian hospitals.We recruited and interviewed 20 oncologists who varied in age, sex and ethnicity and had a wide range of experience in the field—from a year and a half in practice to more than 30 years.3）Using a qualitative empirical method known as grounded theory, we analyzed the data by systematically coding each interview transcript line byline for themes and then comparing the findings from each interview across all interviews tosee which themes stood out most robustly.

We found that oncologists struggled to manage their feelings of grief with the detachment they felt was necessary to do their job.More than half of our participants reported feelings of failure, self-doubt, sadness and powerlessness as part of their grief experience, and a third talked about feelings of guilt, loss of sleep and crying.Our study indicated that grief in the medical context is considered shameful and unprofessional.Even though participants wrestled with feelings of grief, they hid them from others because showing emotion was considered a sign of weakness.In fact, many remarked that our interview was the first time they had been asked these questions or spoken about these emotions at all.

The impact of all this unacknowledged grief was exactly what we don't want our doctors to experience:inattentiveness, impatience, irritability, emotional exhaustion and burnout.Even more distressing, half our participants reported that their discomfort with their grief over patient loss could affect their treatment decisions with subsequent patients—leading them, for instance, to provide more aggressive chemotherapy, to put a patient in a clinical trial, or to recommend further surgery when moderate care might be a better option.One oncologist in our study remarked:“I see an inability sometimes to stop treatment when treatment should be stopped and when treatment's clearly futile.”

4）It's worth noting that oncologists and other physicians who are dealingwith end-of-life issues are right to put up some emotional boundaries:no one wants their doctor to be walking around openly grief-stricken.Oncologists are not trained to deal with their own grief, and they need to be.In addition to providing such training, we need to normalize death and grief as a natural part of life, especially in medical settings.

1.The authors find it does the profession no good for doctors to ________.

[A]feel grief at the loss of their patients

[B]avoid experiencing and talking about grief

[C]feel detached when treating dying patients

[D]provide better care for dying patients

2.The study analyzed the interviews with the doctors and tried to ________.

[A]identify the reoccurring themes

[B]reassure grief-stricken doctors

[C]decode each line in its context

[D]compare themes between the lines

3.All of the following are found to be true about doctors except that ________.

[A]they have been required to accept death with detachment

[B]they feel ashamed when they fail to save their patients

[C]they seldom make their sad feelings known to colleagues

[D]the feelings of grief make them shameful and powerless

4.Doctors use more aggressive treatment on subsequent patients probably because ________.

[A]they feel all the more urged to save their patients

[B]they can let out their suppressed feelings in this way

[C]they want to do more medical experiment on patients

[D]they are made distressed and exhausted by patients

5.To help doctors to cope, the authors insist that ________.

[A]doctors stop experiencing and talking about grief

[B]doctors change their relationship with their patients

[C]doctors be trained to handle their emotional responses

[D]grief-stricken doctors not express their grief openly

【疑難長(zhǎng)句翻譯與注解】

1.We found that oncologists...their job.（第二段）

【譯文】我們發(fā)現(xiàn)，腫瘤學(xué)家以他們認(rèn)為當(dāng)醫(yī)生所必要的冷靜，努力控制著自己的悲傷情緒。

【注解】manage their feelings of grief指控制自己的悲傷情緒，detachment意為“冷靜，超然，客觀”。

2.The impact of all this...and burnout.（第三段）

【譯文】所有這些未被承認(rèn)的悲傷所帶來的影響，恰恰是我們不希望自己的醫(yī)生經(jīng)歷的：不專注、不耐煩、易怒、情緒疲憊和勞累。

【注解】這個(gè)句子的基本意思是：如果醫(yī)生感到悲傷，他們會(huì)變得精力不集中和不耐煩等，這正是我們不希望在醫(yī)生身上看到的情緒。我們希望醫(yī)生冷靜，內(nèi)心平和，不容易受外界干擾。

3.Even more distressing...better option.（第三段）

【譯文】更令人憂慮的是，一半的參與者報(bào)告說，因悲痛病人的死亡而感到的不適，能影響他們對(duì)其后病人的治療決策——比如促使他們使用更大膽的化學(xué)療法，對(duì)病人進(jìn)行臨床試驗(yàn)，或是在適度的治療可能是更好的選擇時(shí)卻推薦進(jìn)一步做手術(shù)治療。

【注解】participant指接受研究的腫瘤醫(yī)生，with their grief修飾discomfort，而over patient loss修飾grief。

Part B 選擇搭配

Directions：

In the following article, some sentences have been removed.For Questions 1-5, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks.There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET.

The American Medical Association（AMA）has just adopted an official policy statement about street lighting:cool it and dim it.The statement, adopted unanimously at the AMA's annual meeting in Chicago on June 14, comes in response to the rise of new LED street lighting sweeping the country.An AMA committee issued guidelines on how communities can choose LED streetlights to“minimize potential harmful human health and environmental effects.”

Municipalities are replacing existing streetlights with efficient and long-lasting LEDs to save money on energy and maintenance.1）________.

The AMA's statement recommends that outdoor lighting at night, particularly street lighting, should have a color temperature of no greater than 3000 Kelvin（K）.Color temperature（CT）is a measure of the spectral content of light from a source:how much blue, green, yellow and red there is in it; and a higher CT rating generally means greater blue content, and the whiter the light appears.

A white LED at CT 4000K or 5000K contains a high level of short-wavelength blue light; this has been the choice for a number of cities that have recently retrofitted their street lighting such as Seattle and New York.

2）________.

Can communities have more efficient lighting without causing health and safety problems？

An incandescent bulb（白熾燈泡）has a color temperature of 2400K, which means it contains far less blue and far more yellow and red wavelengths.3）________ .What we have now is very different.

The new“white”LED street lighting which is rapidly being retrofitted in cities throughout the country has two problems, according to the AMA.The first is discomfort and glare.Because LED light is so concentrated and has high blue content, it can cause severe glare, resulting in pupillary constriction in the eyes.Blue light scatters more in the human eye than the longer wavelengths of yellow and red, and sufficient levels can damage the retina.This can cause problems seeing clearly for safe driving or walking at night.4）________ .Street lighting can have this same effect, especially if its blue content is high and there is not appropriate shielding.

The other issue addressed by the AMA statement is the impact on human circadian rhythmicity.It is estimated that white LED lamps have five times greater impact on circadian sleep rhythms than conventional street lamps.Recent large surveys found that brighter residential nighttime lighting is associated with reduced sleep times, dissatisfaction with sleep quality, excessive sleepiness, impaired daytime functioning and obesity.

5）________ .For instance, poorly designed LED lighting disorients some bird, insect, turtle and fish species, and U.S.national parks have adopted optimal lighting designs and practices that minimize the effects of light pollution on the environment.

Recognizing the detrimental effects of poorly-designed, high-intensity LED lighting, the AMA encourages communities to minimize and control blue-rich environmental lighting by using the lowest emission of blue light possible to reduce glare.The AMA recommends an intensity threshold for optimal LED lighting that minimizes blue-rich light.The AMA also recommends all LED lighting should be properly shielded to minimize glare and detrimental human health and environmental effects, and consideration should be given to utilize the ability of LED lighting to be dimmed for off-peak time periods.

[A]You can sense this easily if you look directly into one of the control lights on your new washing machine or other appliance:it is very difficult to do because it hurts.

[B]But in the wake of these installations there have been complaints about the harshness of these lights.An extreme example is the city of Davis, California, where the residents demanded a complete replacement of these high color temperature LED street lights.

[C]According to the AMA statement, street lighting is an important component of light pollution and one of the considerations of lighting the night is its impact on human health.

[D]Although the streetlights are delivering these benefits, the AMA's stance reflects how important proper design of new technologies is and the close connection between light and human health.

[E]The need for energy efficiency is serious, but so too is minimizing human risk from bad lighting, both due to glare and to circadian disruption.

[F]The detrimental effects of high-intensity LED lighting are not limited to humans.Excessive outdoor lighting disrupts many species that need a dark environment.

[G]Before electric light, we burned wood and candles at night; this artificial light has a CT of about 1800K, quite yellow/red and almost no blue.

【疑難長(zhǎng)句翻譯與注解】

1.Color temperature（CT）is a measure...the light appears.（第三段）

【譯文】色溫（CT）是衡量一個(gè)光源發(fā)出的光的光譜含量的度量單位，表明有多少藍(lán)光、綠光、黃光、紅光在其中。更高的色溫意味著更多的藍(lán)光，并且燈光顯得更白一些。

【注解】此句是一個(gè)并列句，分句由分號(hào)隔開。其中spectral content of light為“光譜含量”; the whiter the light appears是倒裝句，雖然前面沒有the more跟它配合構(gòu)成“越……越”，但其實(shí)已經(jīng)暗含了這個(gè)句式。

2.Because LED light is so concentrated...damage the retina.（第八段）

【譯文】因?yàn)檫@種LED燈的光非常集中且有著大量的藍(lán)光，它會(huì)非常刺眼，導(dǎo)致瞳孔收縮。藍(lán)光比長(zhǎng)波段的黃光和紅光更容易在人眼中散射，達(dá)到足夠程度后會(huì)傷害視網(wǎng)膜。

【注釋】句中有幾個(gè)關(guān)于眼部的術(shù)語，其中pupillary constriction意為“瞳孔收縮”, pupil意為“瞳孔”, pupillary是其形容詞；retina意為“視網(wǎng)膜”。

3.Recent large surveys found...functioning and obesity.（第九段）

【譯文】最近的大型調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn)，居民區(qū)夜間照明變得更亮與睡眠時(shí)間減少、睡眠質(zhì)量不滿意、過度困倦、白天功能狀態(tài)受損及肥胖有關(guān)。

【注解】be associated with意為“與……有關(guān)聯(lián)”; impaired daytime functioning實(shí)際上是說睡眠不好影響白天的正常工作和生活。

4.For instance, poorly designed LED lighting...the environment.（第十段）

【譯文】例如，設(shè)計(jì)不當(dāng)?shù)腖ED照明使一些鳥類、昆蟲、海龜和魚類物種迷失方向，美國(guó)國(guó)家公園已采用最佳的照明設(shè)計(jì)和做法，最大限度地減少光污染對(duì)環(huán)境的影響。

【注解】此句是一個(gè)由and連接的并列句，后半句中的that引導(dǎo)定語從句修飾optimal lighting designs and practices。

5.The AMA also recommends all LED lighting should be...for off-peak time periods.（第十一段）

【譯文】AMA還建議，所有的LED照明應(yīng)予以妥善加罩，以將眩光和對(duì)人類健康和環(huán)境有害的影響降至最低，并且應(yīng)考慮把LED的照明在非高峰時(shí)段調(diào)暗一些。

【注解】此句謂語recommend有兩個(gè)賓語從句（and consideration之后是第二個(gè)分句），表達(dá)建議的內(nèi)容。動(dòng)詞recommend之后that從句中使用虛擬語氣，動(dòng)詞形式為（should）+動(dòng)詞原型，此處兩個(gè)從句中都用了should。另外，off-peak time指非上下班高峰期。

◎ Ⅲ.Translation

Translate the underlined sentences in the Reading Passages of Part A into Chinese.

◎ Ⅳ.Writing

Part A 應(yīng)用文

Directions：

Suppose Jane, one of your best friends, is going abroad for further education. There is a farewell party for her but you cannot attend it. Write a letter of apology to her. The letter should include the following points：

1）make an apology for your not attending the party，

2）explain your reasons, and

3）offer your make-up suggestions for this absence.

You should write about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEET.

Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use“Li Ming”instead.

Do not write the address.

Part B 英語寫作

Directions：

Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following picture. In your essay, you should

1）describe the picture briefly，

2）interpret the meaning, and

3）give your comments.

審題指導(dǎo)

圖中，一個(gè)年輕人在電腦前手拿鼠標(biāo)在網(wǎng)上訂餐。電腦屏幕上有各種優(yōu)惠美食，還有“下單立減6元”等字樣。電腦后面是餐館的廚房工作現(xiàn)場(chǎng)。廚房很臟，餐盒和鍋的上方飛著蒼蠅，鍋旁邊還有幾個(gè)很臟的瓶子，鍋里燉的食物看上去也很臟。這幅圖反映了當(dāng)前一個(gè)熱點(diǎn)話題——網(wǎng)絡(luò)訂餐，也就是點(diǎn)外賣。外賣因其方便快捷、價(jià)格便宜等好處，很受現(xiàn)代都市各類人群的歡迎。人們可以在空閑的時(shí)間下單，然后一邊做其他事情一邊等餐。

但外賣不可避免地會(huì)帶來一些問題，比如使用過期的食材、違規(guī)超量使用添加劑等食品安全問題。送餐人員為趕時(shí)間違反交通法規(guī)等安全問題。外賣每天制造大量白色垃圾，塑料袋和餐盒數(shù)量驚人，污染了自然環(huán)境。這些都需要各方參與去解決。國(guó)家需要運(yùn)用法律法規(guī)來規(guī)范商家的行為，保障食品安全，送餐人員需要遵守交通法規(guī)，消費(fèi)者需要自覺進(jìn)行垃圾分類。

Useful Expressions

練習(xí)答案與題解

◎ Ⅰ.Cloze

1.[A] What

本題考查上下文關(guān)系的理解和句子結(jié)構(gòu)。段首句介紹兒童自閉癥情況（8歲男孩自閉癥的患病率繼續(xù)上升，比女孩嚴(yán)重得多），本句指出問題的嚴(yán)重性：更糟的是許多患自閉癥的男孩同時(shí)患有多動(dòng)癥。本句是含有兩個(gè)從句的復(fù)合句，that引導(dǎo)的句子（many boys...are also...）是fact的同位語從句，本題的正確選項(xiàng)需要既能在主語從句中作主語（其謂語為makes matter worse），又能引導(dǎo)該從句以is the fact為謂語，并且符合文意。本題四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中，Which（哪一個(gè)）在此無所指代；因本句已經(jīng)明確給出許多男孩也患有多動(dòng)癥這一現(xiàn)實(shí)狀況，Whichever（無論哪個(gè)，任何一個(gè)）和Whatever（無論什么）都不合邏輯，故只有What為正確答案。

2.[C] diagnosed

本題考查理解基礎(chǔ)上的動(dòng)詞辨析。四個(gè)動(dòng)詞都是被動(dòng)用法，diagnosed意為“被診斷為”，符合文意。其余選項(xiàng)都不正確：estimated意為“被估計(jì)，被估算”。endowed意為“被賜予，被賦予，被捐贈(zèng)”。contract作及物動(dòng)詞有“感染，得（病）”等意思。如：The boy contracted a terrible disease abroad．這個(gè)男孩在國(guó)外患上了一種可怕的疾病。contract在表達(dá)“患病”這個(gè)意思時(shí)一般用作及物動(dòng)詞，無須跟with連用。

3.[B] impact

本題考查理解基礎(chǔ)上的動(dòng)詞辨析。impact是及物動(dòng)詞，在此意為“影響，沖擊”，常用于表示負(fù)面作用或不好的影響，其賓語是the learning process，符合文意：“這些疾病嚴(yán)重影響課堂學(xué)習(xí)過程”。impose意為“把……強(qiáng)加于，強(qiáng)制實(shí)行”，如：She should not impose her own taste on her daughter．她不該把自己的喜好強(qiáng)加給女兒。其余選項(xiàng)均為不及物動(dòng)詞：intervene意為“干擾，干預(yù)，介入”，一般與介詞in連用；interfere意為“妨礙，打擾，干預(yù)”，接賓語時(shí)通常使用介詞with。

4.[D] lead

本題考查理解基礎(chǔ)上的動(dòng)詞辨析。本題只有l(wèi)ead與介詞to搭配使用，意為“導(dǎo)致，引起，通向”，其余選項(xiàng)均不正確：cause意為“引起，導(dǎo)致”，是及物動(dòng)詞；result意為“導(dǎo)致”，需與介詞in連用；bring也有“帶來，導(dǎo)致”等意思，但用作不及物動(dòng)詞時(shí)通常要與介詞about連用，如：The careless mistake later brought about their own destruction．這個(gè)粗心的錯(cuò)誤后來導(dǎo)致了他們的毀滅。

5.[D] individual

本題考查理解基礎(chǔ)上的名詞辨析。從本句both...and結(jié)構(gòu)看，此處應(yīng)選與society對(duì)應(yīng)的individual（個(gè)人）, the suffering individual在此意為“病人”，符合文意：對(duì)病人本人和社會(huì)都是經(jīng)濟(jì)負(fù)擔(dān)。其余選項(xiàng)均不適用：personnel意為“（部門的）全體人員，職員”, participant意為“參與者”, applicant是apply的派生詞，意為“申請(qǐng)人”。

6.[A] imperative

本題考查理解基礎(chǔ)上的形容詞辨析。句首It為形式主語，that引導(dǎo)的從句是本句邏輯主語。四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中，imperative意為“緊要的，必要的”, dubious意為“可疑的，懷疑的”, prominent意為“突出的，杰出的”, feasible意為“可行的，做得到的”。根據(jù)上文談到的問題的嚴(yán)重性和下文提出的解決辦法，本題只有imperative為正確答案，即必須給患病兒童家庭以支持。

7.[B] often

本題考查上下文理解基礎(chǔ)上的程度副詞辨析。根據(jù)上文“many boys...are also diagnosed（許多患有自閉癥男童也被診斷出……）”以及文章中反復(fù)出現(xiàn)的“these disorders, both disorders”可以判斷出，此處只有often是正確選擇，表示兩種病經(jīng)常同時(shí)發(fā)生。其余三個(gè)程度副詞不符合文意：never意為“永不，總是”, seldom意為“很少，偶然”, always意為“總是，永遠(yuǎn)”，這個(gè)詞表達(dá)的意思太絕對(duì)。

8.[C] associated

本題考查上下文理解基礎(chǔ)上的動(dòng)詞辨析。上句明確指出監(jiān)控和治療這兩種疾病需要了解病因，本句做具體分析。associated意為“與……相關(guān)，相聯(lián)系”，本句中被動(dòng)形式用作cause的定語，one cause associated with both disorders即“一個(gè)與兩種病都有關(guān)系的原因”，在此符合文意。其余選項(xiàng)均不正確：adhered意為“黏附，追隨，依附于”, affiliated意為“附屬”，而且這兩個(gè)詞通常與介詞to連用；collaborated是不及物動(dòng)詞，意為“與……合作，協(xié)作，勾結(jié)”。

9.[C] to

本題考查理解基礎(chǔ)上的介詞辨析。名詞exposure意為“暴露于，接觸到”，與介詞to連用，如：exposure to nuclear waste遭受核廢料的輻射。本句的字面意思是“與兩種疾病相關(guān)的一個(gè)原因是食用不健康食品中所含的重金屬”，其余介詞均不適用。

10.[D] processed

本題考查理解基礎(chǔ)上的分詞辨析。processed是動(dòng)詞process（加工，處理）的過去分詞形式，常用作定語，highly processed foods即“深加工食品，精加工食品”。根據(jù)上下文意及本句定語從句（that contains ingredients...）提供的線索可知，processed為正確答案。其余選項(xiàng)均不符合文意：purified意為“提純的，凈化的”; imported意為“進(jìn)口的”; balanced意為“均衡的，平衡的”, “均衡的飲食”通常用balanced diet表示。

11.[A] with

本題考查理解基礎(chǔ)上的介詞辨析。with有“帶有，含有”等意思，allowable concentrations意為“可接受的濃度”, ingredients with allowable concentrations of lead and inorganic mercury即“含有允許范圍內(nèi)的鉛和無機(jī)汞含量的食品成分”，符合題意。其余介詞在此均不適用。

12.[B] Furthermore

本題考查對(duì)上下文邏輯關(guān)系的理解。上句指出食用精加工食品會(huì)攝入鉛和汞等重金屬，本句進(jìn)一步指出這些重金屬進(jìn)入身體的后果，故需選擇表示遞進(jìn)關(guān)系的Furthermore（而且，此外）。其余選項(xiàng)均不能正確表達(dá)與上文的邏輯關(guān)系：However（然而）表示轉(zhuǎn)折，In Fact（事實(shí)上，其實(shí)，實(shí)際上）表示強(qiáng)調(diào)關(guān)系，也略帶有轉(zhuǎn)折意味，F(xiàn)or instance（比如，例如）表示例證關(guān)系。

13.[B] accumulate

本題考查理解基礎(chǔ)上的動(dòng)詞辨析。四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中，accumulate意為“積累，積攢”, assemble意為“集合，組合，收集”, assimilate意為“吸收，消化，同化”, accomplish意為“完成，達(dá)到（目標(biāo)）”。本句講鉛和汞進(jìn)入身體的后果：這些重金屬可能會(huì)積存在血液里，尤其是如果飲食中沒有足夠的礦物質(zhì)幫助所需的基因功能把它們消化排出。根據(jù)常識(shí)，通常情況下食物中的微量元素等是在體內(nèi)逐漸積累起來的，故只有accumulate符合文意。

14.[A] correlated

本題考查理解基礎(chǔ)上的動(dòng)詞辨析。從下文的反問句（How do we know...there is a link between...）及作者的回答可以看出，此處應(yīng)選擇表示患兒身體中鉛與汞濃度和病癥關(guān)系的單詞。correlated意為“有相互關(guān)系，相互關(guān)聯(lián)”，是正確答案。其余選項(xiàng)均不符合文意：compensated意為“補(bǔ)償，彌補(bǔ)”, consolidated意為“加固，鞏固，合并”, complicated意為“使復(fù)雜，復(fù)雜化”。

15.[C] impairment

本題考查理解基礎(chǔ)上的名詞辨析。四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中，impairment意為“損害，損傷，障礙”，常用于表達(dá)身體或能力方面的缺陷，如：visual impairment視力障礙，hearing impairment聽覺障礙。其余選項(xiàng)均不符合文意：misfortune意為“災(zāi)難，不幸”, discrepancy意為“矛盾，不符”, disgrace意為“恥辱，損害名譽(yù)的事”。本句的意思是“研究者最近發(fā)現(xiàn)，患自閉癥兒童身體內(nèi)血鉛和汞的較高含量與其社交和認(rèn)知功能障礙的嚴(yán)重程度是相關(guān)的”。

16.[B] sure

本題考查理解基礎(chǔ)上的短語搭配。for sure是固定搭配，意為“肯定，確認(rèn)”，常與動(dòng)詞know一起使用，在此符合文意：我們?cè)趺茨艽_知攝入這兩種重金屬與自閉癥和/或多動(dòng)癥有關(guān)呢？其余選項(xiàng)都不正確：definite和positive都有“肯定的”意思，但不能作介詞for的賓語；certainty是名詞，意為“確定性，確定的事”，如表達(dá)“肯定”，需要用詞組for certain或with certainty。

17.[D] particular

本題考查理解基礎(chǔ)上的形容詞辨析。本句特指的兩種重金屬（these two...heavy metals）并非強(qiáng)調(diào)它們的不同尋常或普遍性，故排除exceptional（獨(dú)特的，杰出的，例外的）和universal（普遍的，普適的，通用的）; unique意為“唯一的，獨(dú)特的”，也不適用。particular意為“特定的，具體的”，強(qiáng)調(diào)眾多事例中的具體事物，在此是正確選擇。

18.[A] inverse

本題考查理解基礎(chǔ)上的形容詞辨析。inverse有“相反的，成反比的，逆向的”等含義，根據(jù)下句的解釋“這意味著食用低鈣食品的兒童血鉛濃度比較高”，可以斷定，inverse relationship在此符合文意：發(fā)現(xiàn)膳食中的鈣攝入量與血鉛濃度存在著顯著的負(fù)相關(guān)關(guān)系。其余形容詞修飾relationship在此均不合題意：negative意為“否定的，負(fù)面的”, contrary意為“反義的，相反的”，該詞一般不用來修飾表示“關(guān)系”的名詞，sinister意為“邪惡的，兇險(xiǎn)的，有害的”。

19.[C] known

本題考查理解基礎(chǔ)上的分詞辨析。過去分詞known作定語用時(shí)意為“已知的，確定的”, a known risk factor即“確認(rèn)的危險(xiǎn)因素，公認(rèn)的危險(xiǎn)因子”，在此是正確答案。kept意為“保留的，保存的”, learned意為“習(xí)得的，學(xué)會(huì)的”, chosen意為“挑選的，選中的”。

20.[C] delay

本題考查理解基礎(chǔ)上的名詞辨析。delay意為“延遲，延誤”, developmental delay即“發(fā)育遲緩”，符合文意。其余選項(xiàng)一般不用于描述兒童的成長(zhǎng)發(fā)育：break意為“間斷，中間休息，破裂”; pause意為“暫停，停頓”; suspension是動(dòng)詞suspend的名詞形式，意為“暫停，停職，懸浮”，通常含有“在特定時(shí)間或滿足特定條件時(shí)可決定恢復(fù)原狀態(tài)”的意思，如suspension from school暫令停學(xué)，her suspension from office暫停工作。

◎ Ⅱ.Reading Passages

Part A 閱讀理解

Passage One

1.[D] 意為：他們發(fā)現(xiàn)了“愚蠢病毒”。

第一段第一句非常重要，因?yàn)樗粌H是第一段的主題句，而且是全文的主旨句。本文主要描述了研究者發(fā)現(xiàn)病毒以及用病毒做實(shí)驗(yàn)的過程，證明了該病毒會(huì)對(duì)智商或大腦認(rèn)知功能造成損傷。通俗地說，這種病毒損害人的智商，使人變得愚蠢（less intelligent）。

[A]意為：損傷大腦降低心智能力。

[B]意為：記憶力和智力是緊密相連的。

[C]意為：他們找到了綠藻的新用途。

2.[A] 意為：在人的咽喉。

第二段描述了研究過程。從該段第一句我們了解到，研究者起初并沒有研究這種病毒，而是在研究咽喉微生物時(shí)偶然發(fā)現(xiàn)了這種病毒。為了進(jìn)一步了解這種病毒，他們又查找病毒的根源，并且核查了實(shí)驗(yàn)對(duì)象身上攜帶這一病毒的情況，結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)其中有將近一半人攜帶這種病毒。

[B]意為：在湖和河流中。

[C]意為：在被研究的老鼠身上。

[D]意為：在病毒庫里。

3.[B] 意為：協(xié)調(diào)眼睛與四肢。

第三段提到，受到感染后，人在很多方面的能力顯著下降，其中包括visual processing和visual motor speed，這里visual當(dāng)然是指眼睛，motor則指the way that you use muscles and control their movement。根據(jù)該段第二句，在畫線連接數(shù)字時(shí)，參與者既需要用眼睛查找數(shù)字，也需要運(yùn)用上肢肌肉完成連線。在該段引號(hào)部分中，cognitive assessments指認(rèn)知能力測(cè)驗(yàn)，這實(shí)際上是智力測(cè)驗(yàn)的一種。因此所謂performance on cognitive assessments指在這些測(cè)驗(yàn)上的成績(jī)或表現(xiàn)，而of visual processing and visual motor speed則是指測(cè)驗(yàn)的內(nèi)容。

[A]意為：加速信息處理。第三段只是提到他們處理視覺信息比較慢，并不是說他們不能加速處理信息。

[C]意為：在數(shù)據(jù)之間找到聯(lián)系。

[D]意為：找出重要變量。

4.[C] 意為：變得更不好奇。

第四段提到，研究者又用老鼠做了實(shí)驗(yàn)，結(jié)果顯示：1）受感染的老鼠走出迷宮需要的時(shí)間更長(zhǎng)；2）它們exploring new objects的時(shí)間更短。這說明，它們變得更加遲鈍，對(duì)新事物的關(guān)注時(shí)間更短——也就是第三段提到的lower attention spans，這當(dāng)然證明它們對(duì)新事物的興趣下降。

[A]意為：拒絕吃綠藻。

[B]意為：抵制被注射病毒。

[D]意為：感染了志愿者。根據(jù)第二段，volunteers指作為實(shí)驗(yàn)對(duì)象的人。

5.[A] 意為：病毒存在于人身上的潛在證據(jù)。

最后一段中，Van Etten教授說，病毒是怎樣以如此大的量傳給人類的，這目前尚不為人所知，所以下一步的研究就是尋找病毒如何來到人體上，并對(duì)人的智商造成了破壞。

[B]意為：綠藻把病毒傳染給其他微生物的方式。

[C]意為：影響人和老鼠的病毒之間的差別。

[D]意為：病毒損傷人類認(rèn)知功能的方式。

Passage Two

1.[B] 意為：避免經(jīng)歷并談?wù)摫瘋?/span>。

第一段提到，作者及其同事發(fā)現(xiàn)：（1）當(dāng)病人死亡時(shí)，醫(yī)生不可避免地會(huì)感到悲傷；（2）對(duì)情感上的職業(yè)禁忌會(huì)產(chǎn)生不良影響。這里，suppressing the emotion指抑制悲傷情緒（或不對(duì)病人的死亡做出情緒上的反應(yīng)）。作者的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，醫(yī)生不僅的確會(huì)感到悲傷，而且壓抑這種情緒對(duì)醫(yī)生和醫(yī)療都會(huì)產(chǎn)生不良影響。因此在最后一段，作者提出要訓(xùn)練醫(yī)生deal with their own grief，而不是簡(jiǎn)單地要求他們不能感到或表達(dá)悲傷。

[A]意為：在失去其病人時(shí)感到悲傷。

[C]意為：在治療行將死亡的病人時(shí)感覺冷漠。

[D]意為：為行將死亡的病人提供更好的治療。

2.[A] 意為：確認(rèn)出重復(fù)出現(xiàn)的主題。

第一段提到，研究人員先將訪談錄音，然后將錄音轉(zhuǎn)化為文字材料（transcript），系統(tǒng)地分析訪談的每一行文字，以便找出那些貫穿于所有訪談的主題。根據(jù)第三段，這些主題包括feelings of failure, selfdoubt, sadness and powerlessness, feelings of guilt, loss of sleep and crying, shameful and unprofessional，等等。

[B]意為：安慰極度悲傷的醫(yī)生。

[C]意為：將每行在其情境中進(jìn)行解讀。

[D]意為：比較行與行之間的主題。

3.[D] 意為：悲傷的感覺使得他們感到羞愧和無助。

根據(jù)第二段，使醫(yī)生感到羞愧和無助的是他們沒有能夠拯救病人的生命，而不是悲傷的感覺（即選擇項(xiàng)[B]表達(dá)的內(nèi)容）。因此[D]項(xiàng)表達(dá)的意思與文章內(nèi)容不符。

[A]意為：他們被要求冷靜接受死亡。在第三段第一句中，the detachment they felt was necessary to do their job即指醫(yī)生按醫(yī)學(xué)行業(yè)的要求不表現(xiàn)自己的真實(shí)感受。其中，detachment意為lack of emotion或indifference，詞組do their job指行醫(yī)或治療病人。

[B]意為：他們不能拯救病人時(shí)感到羞愧。

[C]意為：他們很少告訴同事自己的悲傷心情。從第二段最后一句可以推出，醫(yī)生平時(shí)很少談?wù)撟约簩?duì)死亡病人的感受。

4.[A] 意為：他們救病人的心情更迫切。

第三段提到醫(yī)生掩飾悲傷感受的后果，即醫(yī)生會(huì)變得更缺乏專注，做事更情緒化，對(duì)后來的病人治療上更大膽，等等。根據(jù)上文可以做出合理推測(cè)：因?yàn)樗麄兛吹讲∪怂劳龊髸?huì)產(chǎn)生失敗感或羞愧感，因此他們想通過更大膽的治療方案來拯救后來的病人的生命，不想讓這些病人再死去。

[B]意為：用這種方式他們能釋放被壓抑的情感。

[C]意為：他們想在病人身上做更多醫(yī)學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)。

[D]意為：他們被病人弄得沮喪而疲憊。

5.[C] 意為：醫(yī)生接受培訓(xùn)來處理他們的情感反應(yīng)。

作者在最后一段提出了建議，他們的建議不是不讓醫(yī)生表達(dá)悲傷的心情，而是要求醫(yī)生們掌握好限度（put up some emotional boundaries），并通過專門培訓(xùn)，訓(xùn)練醫(yī)生合理處理自己的悲傷（they need to be trained to deal with their own grief）。這里所謂“合理處理”當(dāng)然不僅僅是指不公開表達(dá)自己的悲傷。

[A]意為：醫(yī)生不再經(jīng)歷和談?wù)摫瘋?/p>

[B]意為：醫(yī)生改變他們與病人的關(guān)系。

[D]意為：極度悲傷的醫(yī)生不要公開表達(dá)自己的悲傷。

Part B 選擇搭配

1.[D]

此題在段尾，先看前面內(nèi)容。前文講，很多城市正在使用效率更高、壽命更長(zhǎng)的LED路燈來替換現(xiàn)有路燈，以降低能源消耗和維護(hù)成本。由此可知，本段涉及LED路燈的好處。快速瀏覽選項(xiàng)可發(fā)現(xiàn)，[D]開頭的these benefits與之呼應(yīng)銜接，從內(nèi)容看也符合連貫性。[D]意為：雖然新路燈有這樣的一些好處，但AMA的立場(chǎng)表明合理地使用這種新技術(shù)LED燈非常重要，燈光和人體健康之間存在緊密聯(lián)系。

2.[B]

此處空缺一個(gè)段落，需要承上啟下。先看上一段，主要講的是，一個(gè)色溫在4000K或5000K的白光LED燈釋放出大量的短波藍(lán)光，這種燈是目前很多更新路燈的城市的主要選擇，包括西雅圖和紐約。而下一段則提出一個(gè)問題：那么，社區(qū)里是否有節(jié)能而又不帶來健康和安全問題的燈呢？由此可見，所空缺的部分肯定提到了LED燈的“健康和安全問題”。瀏覽選項(xiàng)可發(fā)現(xiàn)，[B]中講到harshness of these lights（這種燈刺眼），而且選項(xiàng)B開頭的in the wake of these installations（緊跟著這些燈安裝之后）與上一段最后緊密銜接起來，之后講到的例子說明人們對(duì)LED燈刺眼有很多抱怨，要求將它們換掉。這與下一段問題的內(nèi)容也是銜接的。[B]意為：但在這些燈安裝之后緊隨而來的就是這種燈太刺眼的抱怨。一個(gè)極端案例是加州戴維斯市，市民申請(qǐng)全部替換掉這些高色溫的LED路燈。

3.[G]

此題在段落中間，要符合段落一致性，并且要與前后句銜接連貫。前一句講的是過去的傳統(tǒng)白熾燈泡，其色溫只有2400K，也就是說，相對(duì)于LED燈，它發(fā)出的藍(lán)光要少得多而紅光和黃光要多很多。而后一句則講：我們現(xiàn)在的情況已完全不同了。可以判斷，所空缺部分仍是在講過去的情況，而只有[G]符合要求：在電燈出現(xiàn)前，我們夜晚燒木頭或者點(diǎn)蠟燭照明，這種人造光的色溫在1800K左右，相當(dāng)黃/紅，幾乎沒有藍(lán)光。

4.[A]

此題在段落中間，應(yīng)與上下文內(nèi)容銜接連貫。先看上文，主要是講LED燈的問題：令眼睛不舒服和刺眼，這會(huì)給安全駕駛和晚上走路帶來安全問題。在下文第一句中，this same effect是關(guān)鍵信息詞，也就是說所空缺部分仍然是關(guān)于LED燈可能會(huì)產(chǎn)生的刺眼效果。瀏覽選項(xiàng)可知[A]符合要求，即：你可以很容易地感覺到這一點(diǎn)（承接上文），試著直視你家新洗衣機(jī)或其他電器的指示燈，你會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)這很難，因?yàn)檫@光刺眼。

5.[F]

此題在段首，需與下文內(nèi)容一致。根據(jù)下文的例子，LED燈光會(huì)讓動(dòng)物迷失方向，而且美國(guó)國(guó)家公園都采納了最優(yōu)化的照明設(shè)計(jì)和做法，以最大限度地降低對(duì)環(huán)境的影響。由此可知，本段講的是LED燈對(duì)自然及環(huán)境的影響。[F]大意：LED燈的有害影響不僅限于人類，過度的室外照明還干擾了許多需要黑暗環(huán)境的物種。

◎ Ⅲ.Translation

1.這是一個(gè)主從復(fù)合句。在本句的賓語從句中，介詞to后面有三個(gè)并列的賓語，其中l(wèi)ower attention span指注意力持續(xù)時(shí)間更短，decreased spatial awareness指空間感覺下降。在stastistically...motor speed這個(gè)賓語中，visual processing指視覺處理能力，visual motor speed指視覺與運(yùn)動(dòng)肌的協(xié)調(diào)能力，如眼睛看到某物后四肢是否能迅速做出反應(yīng)，這兩種能力都屬于認(rèn)知能力的范圍；assessment指對(duì)這兩種能力進(jìn)行測(cè)試，performance指測(cè)試的結(jié)果或成績(jī)。因此，statistically significant decrease指測(cè)試統(tǒng)計(jì)結(jié)果顯示，這兩種能力都有顯著減弱。本句可譯成：研究者發(fā)現(xiàn)，病毒的存在與下列三種現(xiàn)象有關(guān)聯(lián)：注意力時(shí)段更短，空間意識(shí)降低，“對(duì)視覺處理和視覺—運(yùn)動(dòng)速度所做的認(rèn)知測(cè)驗(yàn)成績(jī)從統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)上來看顯著降低”。

2.這是一個(gè)主從復(fù)合句，其中由but連接的兩個(gè)that引導(dǎo)的從句都作said的賓語。在第一個(gè)賓語從句中，how引導(dǎo)的從句作about的賓語，其中in such abundance意為“以如此大的量”。在第二個(gè)賓語從句中，they指研究小組的人員，contagious意為“傳染的”。本句可譯成：研究小組成員詹姆斯·L．范艾騰教授說，目前，對(duì)于病毒可能怎樣大量傳播到人身上還知之甚少，但是他們沒有理由相信病毒在人或畜中傳染。

3.這是一個(gè)主從復(fù)合句，句子的主干結(jié)構(gòu)是Using...we analyzed the data by systematically coding...and then comparing...，其中，介詞by引導(dǎo)兩個(gè)動(dòng)名詞短語，一是coding...for themes，二是comparing... robustly。本句中，qualitative指定性研究，區(qū)別于quantitative（定量研究）; empirical method指實(shí)證研究方法。名詞transcript指將錄音轉(zhuǎn)換為文字，stand out意為“突出”。本句中所說的theme指第二段中提到的那些情緒內(nèi)容，包括悲傷、失敗感、自我懷疑、無能為力等感覺。本句可譯成：我們使用一種被稱為扎根理論的定性實(shí)證方法對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行了分析，我們系統(tǒng)地對(duì)采訪錄音材料一行行地編碼找出主題，然后將每一次采訪中的發(fā)現(xiàn)放到所有的采訪中進(jìn)行比較，以觀察哪些主題最為突出。

4.這是一個(gè)主從復(fù)合句，其中it是形式主語，代替現(xiàn)在分詞短語noting...grief-stricken。在這個(gè)分詞短語中，that引導(dǎo)的從句作noting的賓語；在這個(gè)賓語從句中，who...issues是定語從句，修飾oncologists and other physicians。動(dòng)詞note意為“指出，注意到”, end-of-life issues指臨終事宜，put up意為“設(shè)立，確立”, grief-stricken指悲痛至極的狀態(tài)。這個(gè)句子的基本意思是說：醫(yī)生能冷靜對(duì)待病人的死亡非常重要。本句可譯成：值得注意的是，處理臨終事宜的腫瘤學(xué)家以及其他醫(yī)生劃出一些情感分界線是正確的：沒有人希望自己的醫(yī)生走來走去公開表示極度悲傷。

◎ Ⅳ.Writing

Sample for reference:

Part A 應(yīng)用文

Dear Jane，

I am really sorry that I cannot attend the farewell party for you this weekend. You know I have been preparing for the CPA test. It is scheduled for the coming Saturday. This test is important for me, as I will start looking for a job by the end of this term. Once I pass the exam, I will get the certificate, which will certainly give me more job opportunities.

Though I cannot attend the party, I have prepared a gift for you and asked Jenny to take it to you. If you are back from America for Chinese New Year, I will meet you at the airport and invite you to dinner.

I apologize to you again for my absence. Enjoy the party and have a pleasant journey.

Yours sincerely, Li Ming

Part B 英語寫作

In the picture, we can see a young man is ordering takeout online before a computer screen, with food offered at discounted prices. Behind the screen is the dirty environment of the kitchen of the restaurant. This picture obviously tries to reveal the problems with takeout food, which is worth our concern.

For one thing, we have to admit there are certain benefits with takeout food. To begin with, it is very convenient to order food online with our cellphone, saving us much time and money. Unlike the case in the restaurant, we can do other things while waiting for our food. Moreover, there is a greater diversity of food available online than we can find at school canteens. So, we will have more choices to meet our taste.

However, we cannot neglect the side effects of takeout food. In the first place, as revealed in the picture, the quality or even the safety cannot be guaranteed, which may be harmful to our health. In the second place, this industry leads to huge amounts of pollution to the environment. We can see a lot of plastic bags or containers thrown away every day.

From my perspective, we had better be rational towards this issue. Ordering takeout may bring us certain positive effects. On the other hand, there can be some problems. The government is supposed to enforce laws more strictly and punish those illegal behaviors. We are advised to pay more attention to the environment protection after ordering food online.