第一部分 中級篇——夯實基礎

U1 Language and Communication 語言與交際

Text What Does Bilingualism Means to Us？

Last week, Johnson took a look at some of the advantages of bilingualism.These include better performance at tasks involving“executive function”（which involve the brain's ability to plan and prioritise）, better defence against dementia in old age and—the obvious—the ability to speak a second language.One purported advantage was not mentioned, though.Many multilinguals report different personalities, or even different world views, when they speak their different languages.

It's an exciting notion, the idea that one's very self could be broadened by the mastery of two or more languages.In obvious ways the self really is broadened.Yet it is different to claim—as many people do—to have a different personality when using a different language.A former Economist colleague, for example, reported being ruder in Hebrew than in English.So what is going on here？

Benjamin Lee Whorf, an American linguist who died in 1941, held that each language encodes a worldview that significantly influences its speakers.This idea has its sceptics, but there are still good reasons to believe language shapes thought.

This influence is not necessarily linked to the vocabulary or grammar of a second language.Significantly, most people are not symmetrically bilingual.Many have learned one language at home from parents, and another later in life, usually at school.So bilinguals usually have different strengths and weaknesses in their different languages—and they are not always best in their first language.For example, when tested in a foreign language, people are less likely to fall into a cognitive trap than when tested in their native language. In part this is because working in a second language slows down the thinking.No wonder people feel different when speaking them.And no wonder they feel looser, more spontaneous, perhaps more assertive or funnier or blunter, in the language they were reared in from childhood.

What of“crib”bilinguals, raised in two languages? Even they do not usually have per-fectly symmetrical competence in their two languages.But even for a speaker whose two languages are very nearly the same in ability, there is another big reason that person will feel different in the two languages.This is because there is an important distinction between bilingualism and biculturalism.

Many bilinguals are not bicultural.But some are.And of those bicultural bilinguals, we should be little surprised that they feel different in their two languages.Experiments in psychology have shown the power of“priming”—small unnoticed factors that can affect behaviour in big ways.Asking people to tell a happy story, for example, will put them in a better mood.The choice between two languages is a huge prime.Speaking Spanish rather than English, for a bilingual and bicultural Puerto Rican in New York, might conjure feelings of family and home.Switching to English might prime the same person to think of school and work.

People seem to enjoy telling tales about their languages' inherent properties, and how they influence their speakers.A group of French intellectual worthies once proposed, rather self-flatteringly, that French be the sole legal language of the EU, because of its supposedly unmatchable rigour and precision.Some Germans believe that frequently putting the verb at the end of a sentence makes the language especially logical.

In this case, Ms Chalari, a scholar, at least proposed a specific and plausible line of causation from grammar to personality:in Greek, the verb comes first, and it carries a lot of information, hence easy interrupting.The problem is that many unrelated languages all around the world put the verb at the beginning of sentences.It would be a striking finding if all of these unrelated languages had speakers more prone to interrupting each other.

Reading Comprehension

1.The text mainly explores the question“________”.

[A]Do different languages confer different personalities？

[B]How do bilinguals manage between two languages？

[C]Is bilingualism good for fostering executive functions？

[D]What advantages do bilinguals have over monolinguals？

2.Which of the following is true according to the fourth paragraph？

[A]Vocabulary and grammar do not shape people's thought.

[B]Speaking native language well always affords an advantage.

[C]One mainly reserves one's native language for making fun.

[D]One is more on his guard when speaking a foreign language.

3.The author mentions bilinguals and biculturals to make the point that ________.

[A]there is a greater necessity now to make such a distinction

[B]there is actually no difference whatsoever between the two

[C]even bicultural bilinguals feel differently in the two languages

[D]small cultural factors have big influences on native speakers

4.It is implied that structural properties of language ________.

[A]conjure up different things in speakers' minds

[B]do not shape its speakers' individual attributes

[C]make one language more logical than another

[D]determine its status in international communication

5.To Ms Chalari's idea about language and personality, the author's attitude is ________.

[A]negative

[B]ironical

[C]supportive

[D]neutral

Notes

1.So bilinguals usually have...first language.（第四段）

第四段的這個句子中所說的強弱，指的是語言能力的強弱，本句是對most people are not symmetrically bilingual的具體說明。

2.And no wonder they fee.l..from childhood.（第四段）

第四段的這個句子中，loose指放松或警惕性不夠高，太隨意；assertive意為“有信心的”，甚至“過分自信的”; in the language they were reared in from childhood指他們的母語，或第一語言。

3.What of“crib”bilinguals, raised in two languages?（第五段）

第五段的這個句子中，what of意為“……情況怎樣”，跟what about意思差不多；crib指兒童床或搖籃，crib bilingual指從出生時候起就在雙語環境下長大的雙語者。

課文參考譯文

雙語對我們意味著什么？

上周，約翰遜看到有人提起操雙語的某些優勢。這包括在涉及“執行功能”（指大腦計劃和優先安排事情的能力）的任務上有更佳表現，更能保護自己以免在老年時患癡呆癥，這顯然也包括說第二種語言的能力。可是，還有一個所謂的優勢沒有被提到。許多說雙語的人在說不同語言時，其個性會產生不同，甚至其世界觀也不一樣。

這是一種令人激動的觀點，這一觀點告訴我們，一個人的自我可以通過掌握兩種以上的語言得以拓展。自我確實以明顯的方式獲得拓展。可是，如果我們像有些人所聲稱的那樣認為使用一種不同的語言就等于獲得一種不同的個性，那就是另一回事了。比如我以前在《經濟學人》時的一個同事，人們說他說希伯來文時比說英語時更粗魯。這到底是怎么回事呀？

本杰明·李·沃爾夫是美國語言學家，死于1941年，他認為，每一種語言都隱含一個世界觀，它對說話者產生顯著影響。這種看法有其懷疑者，但是仍然有很好的理由相信，語言塑造思維。

這種影響不一定與第二語言的詞匯或語法有關。顯然，大多數人在兩種語言的能力上是不平衡的。許多人在家跟父母學習一種語言，后來在生活——通常是在學校中又學習了一種語言。在他們各自的語言社區中，操雙語者有其優勢也有其劣勢，而且，他們并不總是第一語言最好。比如，當使用外語來測試他們時，與使用母語來測試他們相比，他們更不可能陷入認知陷阱。這部分是因為，用第二語言思考時速度會降低。怪不得說不同語言時人們會有不同感覺。而且，這也解釋了為什么他們在使用自己從小使用的語言時會感到更放松，更自然流暢，也許更自信，更好玩，更直率。

那些從“搖籃”里開始就接受雙語的人怎么樣呢？即使他們，通常也達不到雙語能力的完美平衡。但是，甚至那些雙語能力幾乎一樣的人，也有重要理由相信：他們說雙語時感覺是不一樣的。這就是為什么雙語和雙文化是有重要區別的。

許多雙語者并不是雙文化者。但是有些人是。在這些擁有雙重文化的雙語者中，如果他們在說不同語言時感覺不同，我們幾乎不必感到吃驚。心理學實驗表明“啟動”效應很強大，這里“啟動”指那些小的不為人知的因素，但它們卻能以重大方式影響人的行為。比如，要求人們講一個高興的故事能把他們置于更好的心態。在兩個語言中作選擇是一個巨大的“啟動”過程。對生活在紐約的一個雙語和雙文化的波多黎各裔人來說，說西班牙語而不是英語可能引起他對家和家庭的溫暖感覺。一旦變成說英語，同樣一個人就會聯想到學校和工作。

人們似乎喜歡講述有關其語言內在特點的故事，講述語言如何影響說話者。一群法國的知識分子曾經相當自負地提出，法語是歐盟唯一法律語言，是因為它所謂無法比擬的嚴格和準確性。一些德國人認為，頻繁將動詞放在句尾使語言變得特別邏輯化。

針對這種情況，作為學者的Chalari女士至少曾提出從語法到個性的一個具體的、可能的因果關系：在希臘語中，動詞放在前，它帶有大量信息，因此容易被打斷。問題是，在世界上許多沒有聯系的語言都把動詞放在句首。如果這些沒有聯系的語言的使用者都更傾向于打斷別人，那將是令人稱奇的發現。

答案與題解

1.[A] 意為：不同語言賦予不同的個性嗎？

第一段提到，作者（注意：約翰遜是本文作者自己的名字）上周看到有人提到操雙語的好處，其中唯獨沒有提到一個優勢，即說雙語的人在說不同語言時具有不同個性，甚至具有不同的世界觀。一門語言是否影響說這種語言的人的思想和個性，這是本文所探討的主要問題。從第二段和最后一段來看，作者對這個問題的回答基本上是否定的。比如作者在第二段中說，他承認學習一門新的語言能broaden one's self，但認為說哪種語言就相應地有哪種個性，這完全不是一碼事。

[B]意為：操雙語者如何應對兩種語言？

[C]意為：操雙語對培養執行功能有用嗎？

[D]意為：雙語者比單語者有哪些優勢？

2.[D] 意為：一個人在說外語時更警覺。

第四段的主題是第二句，即操雙語的人在兩種語言的能力上存在不平衡。但是作者也指出，使用不同語言有各自的好處，其中提到使用外語時更小心，不至于落入認知陷阱，而使用母語時更隨意，更自然。這里，說到母語的使用時作者用了loose, spontaneous, funny和blunt（直截了當的），由此推斷，說外語時人們不放松，不自然流暢，不直截了當，因此更小心，時刻監控自己說話的內容。

[A]意為：詞匯和語法不塑造人的思維。

[B]意為：把母語說好總是能帶來優勢。

[C]意為：一個人主要保留母語來開玩笑。

3.[C] 意為：即使雙文化雙語者說兩種語言時感覺也不一樣。

作者在第五段提到雙語和雙文化的區別。從第六段來看，他主要想說的觀點是：操雙語不等于擁有雙重文化，作者在第六段第三句又指出，即使擁有雙文化的雙語者（bicultural bilinguals），他們使用兩種語言時各自的感受也不一樣。下文提到居住在紐約的波多黎各人作為例子，說西班牙語時讓他們更有家的感覺，而說英語時則使他們想到工作和學習。

[A]意為：現在更有必要做出這種區分。

[B]意為：二者之間實際上什么區別都沒有。

[D]意為：小的文化因素對說母語的人有大的影響。

4.[B] 意為：不會塑造說話者的個性特征。

第七段提到，人們經常談到自己的母語有何內在特點，并認為這些特點影響到說話者的個性特征。作者在第八段也提到Chalari女士的觀點，她的觀點與第七段提到的法國人和德國人的看法基本上是一致的。在她看來，由于希臘語把動詞放在句首，因此希臘人在說話時容易打斷別人。在作者看來，這樣的結論是不可信的，因為，你必須證明所有說此類語言的人都更傾向于打斷別人，才能證明你的結論是可信的。言外之意，一種語言的語法特征與說這種語言的人的性格特征沒有必然聯系。

[A]意為：在說話者心中喚起不同的東西。

[C]意為：使一種語言比另一種語言更符合邏輯。

[D]意為：決定它在國際交流中的地位。

5.[A] 意為：不贊同的。

見第4題和第1題題解。

[B]意為：諷刺的。

[C]意為：贊同的。

[D]意為：中立的。

練習

◎ Ⅰ.Cloze

Every day more kids are born with parents of different nationalities and more people are living outside the country of their native language.A hybrid generation is emerging, not only 1 cyberspace but also by people living next door and touching each other's lives.

Bilingual kids, children speaking two languages, usually speak a bit later than kids who speak one language.Often their vocabulary in each language is a bit less than if one language were spoken.It can be 2 for parents to communicate with their children in separate languages. 3 , the benefits will be great after years of 4 and hard work.

The 5 of bilingualism run deeper than language.More than two languages, these kids 6 two ways of thinking, two cultures, and what's more, a personalized convergence（i.e.blending）of the two.The 7 for kids to really understand and share the feelings of people different from them increases when they internalize more than one language, 8 and culture.

Wars and ethnic 9 are almost always about money and greed.Power seekers—politicians, corporations and often religious leaders—are 10 to encourage public support for dehumanizing those who stand 11 the way of their aim.

However, the 12 of multilingual influence in the world is 13 for hope.Last October Dartmouth University researchers found that the human brain's language centers are actually 14 when dealing with two or more languages.Their findings reveal that we are 15 to understand each other's languages. Monolinguals might not be taking full 16 of the brainpower that nature has made available. 17 , bilingual kids are too busy advancing cognitive evolution to put 18 with dehumanizing propaganda and war. They, and we, are built to 19 among multiple cultures.It looks that 20 and children are winning.

1.[A]during

[B]throughout

[C]via

[D]along

2.[A]stimulating

[B]alienating

[C]perplexing

[D]speculating

3.[A]Besides

[B]Therefore

[C]Otherwise

[D]However

4.[A]persistence

[B]determination

[C]endurance

[D]continuation

5.[A]implications

[B]indications

[C]modifications

[D]contradictions

6.[A]symbolize

[B]embody

[C]resemble

[D]crystallize

7.[A]technique

[B]willingness

[C]efficiency

[D]capacity

8.[A]region

[B]origin

[C]nationality

[D]heritage

9.[A]disputes

[B]discrepancies

[C]conflicts

[D]contrasts

10.[A]keen

[B]anxious

[C]urgent

[D]acute

11.[A]on

[B]in

[C]over

[D]against

12.[A]decline

[B]disappearance

[C]rise

[D]boom

13.[A]excuse

[B]reason

[C]suggestion

[D]recommendation

14.[A]extended

[B]enhanced

[C]exerted

[D]envisaged

15.[A]designed

[B]invented

[C]fabricated

[D]produced

16.[A]knowledge

[B]use

[C]advantage

[D]credit

17.[A]Theoretically

[B]Ideologically

[C]Ironically

[D]Consequently

18.[A]on

[B]down

[C]up

[D]in

19.[A]multiply

[B]survive

[C]thrive

[D]stabilize

20.[A]biology

[B]humanity

[C]majority

[D]linguists

◎ Ⅱ.Reading Passages

Part A 閱讀理解

★Passage One

Assertiveness involves acting in one's own best interests by expressing one's thoughts and feelings directly and honestly.Essentially, assertiveness involves standing up for your rights when someone else is about to infringe on them.To be assertive is to speak out openly.

The nature of assertive communication can best be clarified by contrasting it with submissive communication and aggressive communication.Submissive communication is consistently giving in to others on points of possible contention.Submissive people tend to let others take advantage of them.Typically, their biggest problem is that they cannot say“no”to unreasonable requests.A common example is the college student who can't tell her roommate not to borrow her clothes.They also have difficulty in voicing disagreement with others and making requests themselves.In traditional trait terminology, they are timid.Although the roots of submissiveness have not been investigated fully, they appear to lie in excessive concern about gaining the social approval of others.However, the strategy of not making waves is more likely to garner others' contempt than their approval.1）Moreover, individuals who use this style often feel bad about themselves and resentful of those who they allow to take advantage of them.These feelings often lead the submissive individ-ual to try to punish the other person by withdrawing or crying.These manipulative attempts to get one's own way are sometimes referred to as“passive aggression”or“indirect aggression.”

It is sometimes difficult to differentiate between assertive communication and aggressive communication. In principle, the distinction is fairly simple.Aggressive communication involves an intention to hurt or harm other people.Assertive behaviour includes no such intention to do harm, but it does involve defending your rights.The problem in real life is that assertive and aggressive behaviour may overlap.When someone is about to infringe on their rights, people often fight back at the other party while defending their rights.The challenge, then, is to learn to be firm and assertive without going a step too far and becoming aggressive.

Advocates of assertive communication argue that it is much more adaptive than either submissive or aggressive communication.They maintain that submissive behaviour leads to poor self-esteem, self-denial, emotional suppression, and strained interpersonal relationships.They assert that aggressive communication tends to promote guilt, alienation, and disharmony.In contrast, assertive behaviour is said to foster high selfesteem and satisfactory interpersonal relationships.

Of course, behaving assertively does not ensure that you will always get what you want.2）The essen-tial point with assertiveness is that you are able to state what you want clearly and directly.Being able to do so makes you feel good about yourself and will usually make others feel good about you, too.And, although being assertive doesn't guarantee your chances of getting what you want, it certainly enhances them.

1.The best title for this passage is ________.

[A]The Nature of Assertiveness

[B]The Contrast between Submissive and Assertive Communication

[C]Interpersonal Communication Strategies

[D]Submissive and Aggressive Communication

2.A contrast is made in the passage with a view to ________.

[A]illustrating the detrimental effect of aggressive communication

[B]emphasizing the importance of consistent behaviour

[C]illuminating the nature of assertive communication

[D]spelling out a step-by-step strategy in interpersonal communication

3.Contrary to their expectations, submissive people often ________.

[A]fail to say“no”to unreasonable requests

[B]can not let others take advantage of them

[C]become aggressive when they are subjected to contempt

[D]end up resenting those who infringe on them

4.The chief difference between assertive and aggressive communication lies in ________.

[A]the kind of reaction when a person is subjected to infringement

[B]the intention in defending one's rights even if it is not threatened

[C]the satisfaction a person extracts from the defence of his own rights

[D]the attitude a person takes towards solving the problem in real life

5.The most important thing about being assertive, compared to submissive and aggressive communication is that ________.

[A]a person gets what he wants

[B]it gives a person self-esteem

[C]it enables a person to fight back

[D]it opens more opportunities for a person

【疑難長句翻譯與注解】

1.Essentially...them.（第一段）

【譯文】就其本質而言，果斷自信指當別人要侵害自己的權利時敢于站出來維護它們。

2.Submissive communication...contention.（第二段）

【譯文】順從型交際指在可能引起爭議的方面總是讓步于別人。

3.However, the strategy...approval.（第二段）

【譯文】然而，不惹是生非的策略更可能引起別人的蔑視，而不是贊許。

【注解】make waves指“搗亂，惹是生非”。

4.These manipulative...“indirect aggression”.（第二段）

【譯文】這種企圖操縱他人而實現自身欲望的行為，有時被稱作“被動型好斗”或“間接好斗”。

【注解】get one's own way意為“隨心所欲”。

5.The challenge, then...aggressive.（第三段）

【譯文】這里，人們所面臨的考驗是如何做到堅定、果斷，但又不越雷池一步，且不會變得好斗。

6.Advocates of...communication.（第四段）

【譯文】主張進行果斷自信交際的人認為，這種交際方式比順從型或好斗型交際方式更有助于提高人的適應能力。

★Passage Two

A study just published by the Public Library of Science, conducted by Ethan Kross of the University of Michigan and Philippe Verduyn of Leuven University in Belgium, has shown that the more someone uses Facebook, the less satisfied he is with life.3）Past investigations have found that using Facebook is associated with jealousy,social tension, isolation and depression, but these studies have all been“cross-sectional”—in other words, snapshots in time. As such, they risk confusing correlation with causation:perhaps those who spend more time on social media are more prone to negative emotions in the first place. The study conducted by Dr Kross and Dr Verduyn is the first to follow Facebook users for an extended period, to track how their emotions change.

The researchers recruited 82 Facebookers for their study.4）These volunteers,in their late teens or early 20s, agreed to have their Facebook activity observed for two weeks and to report,five times a day,on their state of mind and their direct social contacts（phone calls and meetings in person with other people）. These reports were prompted by text messages, sent between 10am and midnight, asking them to complete a short questionnaire.

When the researchers analysed the results, they found that the more a volunteer used Facebook in the period between two questionnaires, the worse he reported feeling the next time he filled in a questionnaire. Volunteers were also asked to rate their satisfaction with life at the start and the end of the study. Those who used Facebook a lot were more likely to report a decline in satisfaction than those who visited the site infrequently. In contrast, there was a positive association between the amount of direct social contact a volunteer had and how positive he felt. A volunteer's sex had no influence on these findings; nor did the size of his（or her）social network, his stated motivation for using Facebook, his level of loneliness or depression or his self-esteem. Dr Kross and Dr Verduyn therefore conclude that, rather than enhancing well-being, Facebook undermines it.

Their study does not tease out why socialising on Facebook has a different effect from socialising in person. But an earlier investigation conducted by another group of social scientists may have found the root cause. These researchers surveyed 584 users of Facebook aged mostly in their 20s. They found that the most common emotion aroused by using Facebook is envy. Endlessly comparing themselves with peers who have doctored their photographs, amplified their achievements and plagiarised their bon mots can leave Facebook's users more than a little green-eyed.

1.What is true of the new research？

[A]It has been justified by past investigations.

[B]It has rejected the results of past investigations.

[C]It has confused correlation with causation.

[D]It has recorded emotional change over time.

2.In the experiment, the purpose of the text message was to ________.

[A]minimize the effect of negative feelings

[B]reduce the amount of direct social contact

[C]remind the volunteers to report their feelings

[D]ask the volunteers very short questions

3.More positive emotions are fostered by ________.

[A]increasing real-world socializing activities

[B]bringing positive feelings to Facebook use

[C]reporting personal feelings on Facebook frequently

[D]motivating oneself to use Facebook more often

4.It is found that online socializing undermines happiness ________.

[A]even if one's social network is fairly large

[B]especially when one feels lonely all the time

[C]although one has built a high sense of self-esteem

[D]even when one does not use Facebook frequently

5.The dissatisfaction of Facebook users results mainly from ________.

[A]their inability to control negative emotions

[B]their jealousy of others' accomplishments

[C]their lack of skill in taking good photographs

[D]their ignorance of online socializing strategies

【疑難長句翻譯與注解】

1.As such, they risk confusing...in the first place.（第一段）

【譯文】這樣的研究有把相互關系和因果關系混淆的危險：也許那些花更多時間在社交媒體上的人本來就容易產生負面情緒。

【注解】本句中，as such意思是“像（或作為）這樣的研究”; risk后跟動名詞形式；correlation指兩個事物之間的關聯，但二者未必有因果關系；causation則指兩個事物之間的因果聯系。詞組be prone to意為“傾向于，易于”, in the first place意為“起初，首先”。

2.These reports were prompted...questionnaire.（第二段）

【譯文】這些報告是通過短信提示的，短信發出時間為上午10點到半夜之間，要求他們填完一份簡短的調查表。

【注解】text message指短信，These reports were prompted by text messages是說用短信提醒實驗參與者提交報告，midnight指零點；sent和asking這兩個分詞短語都作定語，修飾text messages，即被發送的是短信，短信的內容是要求他們提交報告并填寫一份調查表。

3.A volunteer's sex had no influence...self-esteem.（第三段）

【譯文】志愿者的性別對這些發現沒有影響；其社交網絡的大小、所說的使用Facebook的動機，其孤獨、抑郁或自信的程度，也沒有影響。

【注解】本句后半句是nor引導的省略句，意為“……對這些發現也沒有影響”。其中主語有三個，一是the size of his（or her）social network，這里，social network指在線社交網絡；二是his stated motivation for using Facebook，意為“他自己所說的使用Facebook的動機”；三是his level of loneliness or depression or his self-esteem，這里，level指這三種心理的程度。

4.Their study does not tease...in person.（第四段）

【譯文】他們的研究沒有弄清在Facebook上開展社交和面對面進行社交為什么會產生不同效果。

【注解】詞組tease out意為resolve the intricacy, complexity, or obscurity of something，即“搞清楚，揭示”, socialising指同其他人交往或交際，socialising in person指線下面對面的交流方式，即第二、三段所說的direct social contact。

5.Endlessly comparing themselves...green-eyed.（第四段）

【譯文】不斷地把自己與其他同齡人相比可能使Facebook使用者產生了不少醋意，因為后者美化自己的照片，放大自己的成就，剽竊各種妙語箴言。

【注解】本句的主干結構是Endlessly comparing...can leave Facebook's users...green-eyed，其中，comparing...mots是動名詞作主語。本句中，doctor是動詞，意為“修飾，造假”，這里指美化自己的照片；bon mots是法語，意思是“妙語，箴言”, plagiarise their bon mots是說他們抄襲盜用別人的語言，并把它們當作自己的語言；green-eyed意為“嫉妒的”。

Part B 段落排序

Directions：

The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order.For Questions 1～5 you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent article by choosing from the list [A]～[G]to fill in each numbered box. The first and last paragraphs have been placed for you in boxes.

[A]Most children develop speech and language effortlessly, but some are slow to acquire these skills and go on to struggle with literacy and academic skills throughout their schooling and this project set out to uncover what factors contributed to these problems.Professor Sue Roulstone said, “These findings are an encouragement to all parents to provide a positive communication environment for their child from the very start of their lives.”

[B]In this study, the child's communication environment is defined by the number of books available to the child; the frequency of trips to the library; the mother teaching a range of activities to the child; the number of toys available; and attendance at preschool.“Social disadvantage is often measured by parental income or education but this doesn't tell us how parents choose to spend their time or money, ”said Professor Law.“Simple activities such as visiting a library more often, playing games together or joining a Surestart group can help improve a child's communication skills immensely.”

[C]It soon became evident that what the mother did with her child in terms of activities and interaction, the resources available to her, and how supported she felt in the first two years had an important effect on her child's performance at five years old.Data from the study shows that children with a positive communication environment had a better expressive vocabulary by their second birthday.These children went on to achieve higher scores in language, reading and maths tests when they entered school.In the early years, the communication environment was a better predictor of children's success with language than their general social background.

[D]The Role of Language in Children's Early Educational Outcomes report（published 30 June 2011）looks at how a child's very early environment—before their second birthday—influences their language and school performance.

[E]“This is a very positive message as it gets us away from the belief that a child's educational future is predetermined by standard measures of socio-economic disadvantage such as income, housing or the mother's education.”The review is based on data from a long-term population study of children born between April 1991 and December 1992 to mothers living in and around the city.The research focused on the early questionnaires completed by mothers during the child's pre-school years, and data collected from the schools on entry.

[F]“The project did identify particular aspects of the communication environment, like having children's books around and not having the television on too much.But the main message is that, as parents, we can have an impact on how our children learn to talk by providing a range of communication experiences.And the better our children at talking by the age of two years, the better they will do when they start school.”

[G]“One message coming through loud and clear is that how a child learns in their very early years is critical for smooth transition into the educational system, ”said Professor James Law, Newcastle University, who was one of the researchers in the study.“Although we recognise that traditional indicators of social risk such as material wealth remain influential later on, what you do with your child and how you communicate with them when they're under two is far more important than having a flash car or a detached house in the country.”

Order：

【疑難長句翻譯與注解】

1.The Role of Language in Children's Early Educational Outcomes report（published 30 June 2011）looks at how a child's very early environment—before their second birthday—influences their language and school performance.（第一段）

【譯文】題為《語言在兒童早期教育中的作用》的報告（2011年6月30日出版）分析兒童的早期環境——在他兩歲生日前——對其語言和學習成績的影響。

【注解】理解本句有兩個要點：其一，較長的主語The Role of Language in Children's Early Educational Outcomes report（published 30 June 2011）；其二，用來進一步說明a child's very early environment的插入語before their second birthday。

2.Although we recognize that traditional indicators of social risk such as material wealth remain influential later on, what you do with your child and how you communicate with them when they're under two is far more important than having a flash car or a detached house in the country.（第二段）

【譯文】雖然我們承認社會風險的傳統指標——如物質財富——后來仍然有影響，但是，在孩子兩歲前你怎樣對待他以及如何與他交流，對他今后的影響遠比擁有酷車或鄉間獨棟別墅重要得多。

【注解】這是一個從句套從句的復合結構，由主句和Although引導的修飾全句的狀語從句構成。主句為系表結構，是一個比較句，其中的主語部分是兩個并列的從句what you do with your child和how you communicate with them及它們的時間狀語when they're under two，系表部分為is far more important than...。在Although引導的狀語從句中，we recognize..．為主句，that引導的從句traditional indicators of social risk such as material wealth remain influential later on是主句中謂語動詞recognize的賓語；而在這個賓語從句中，主語是traditional indicators of social risk，系動詞是remain。

3.The review is based on data from a long-term population study of children born between April 1991 and December 1992 to mothers living in and around the city.（第三段）

【譯文】這一評論基于一項長期的人口研究所獲得的數據，研究對象是1991年4月至1992年12月出生的兒童，他們的母親都居住于該市或該市周邊地區。

【注解】born between April 1991 and December 1992 to mothers living in and around the city為后置定語，修飾children，是對研究對象children的描述，包含對children的兩個限定，一個是對出生日期的限定，即：born between April 1991 and December 1992；另一個是對母親的限定，即mothers living in and around the city。

4.It soon became evident that what the mother did with her child in terms of activities and interaction, the resources available to her, and how supported she felt in the first two years had an important effect on her child's performance at five years old.（第四段）

【譯文】很快就有證據表明，在新生兒最初的兩年中，母親如何利用活動與交流、掌握的資源來對待孩子，她能感受多大支持，對于孩子五歲時在學校的表現有著重大的影響。

【注解】在that從句中，what the mother did..．和how supported she felt..．這兩個并列的從句為主語部分，had an important effect on..．是謂語部分。

5.Most children develop speech and language effortlessly, but some are slow to acquire these skills and go on to struggle with literacy and academic skills throughout their schooling and this project set out to uncover what factors contributed to these problems.（第六段）

【譯文】絕大多數兒童輕松自如地學會言語和語言，但是有些孩子掌握這些技能卻比較慢，他們在整個上學期間學習文化知識與專業技能都很吃力。這個研究項目旨在找出導致這些困難的因素。

【注解】本句中的speech和language不同，前者指實際使用的語言，而后者指語言的內在結構系統。

6.The project did identify particular aspects of the communication environment, like having children's books around and not having the television on too much.（第七段）

【譯文】這項研究確實發現了一些與交流環境相關的因素，比如（在家中）擺放著兒童讀物，不總是開著電視等。

◎ Ⅲ.Translation

Translate the underlined sentences in the Reading Passages of Part A into Chinese.

◎ Ⅳ.Writing

Part A 應用文

Directions：

You have been working in a local publishing house for three years.Now you want to pursue a Master's degree and have to prepare for the entrance examination.Write a letter of resignation to your boss.Your writing should include：

1）reasons for the resignation，

2）expression of thankful feelings，

3）expected resignation date.

You should write about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEET.

Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter.Use“Li Ming”instead.

Do not write the address.

Part B 英語寫作

Directions：

The following is a picture about the popularity of Internet buzz word.Write an essay of about 160～200 words based on the picture.In the composition you should

1）describe the picture，

2）explain the phenomenon, and

3）express your own attitude to it.

審題指導

不難看出，圖片所反映的主題是“網絡語言熱”。畫面中清晰可見諸如“蒜你狠”“圍脖”“稀飯”“走你”等目前盛行的網絡用語，生動地說明網絡語言的特點及流行。

網絡語言是伴隨著網絡的發展而新興的一種特殊語言形式，它主要由網民發明并使用，并以其簡潔而生動的特點從出現時起便受到眾多網民的熱愛，尤其得到年輕人的認同，并正以令人難以置信的速度發展。如今，像“粉絲”“菜鳥”“雷人”“給力”“灌水”等網絡流行語甚至出現在廣播、電視或嚴肅的報刊上，這更是對網絡用語傳播起到了推動的作用。

關于網絡語言，人們褒貶不一。有人認為它是網絡發展的必然產物，且簡潔、生動、新奇、詼諧，能最好地傳情達意。但也有相當一部分人認為，網絡語言不夠規范，尤其是網絡語言大量使用縮寫、錯字和別字，以及一些低俗的文字，由此將對漢語的規范性和純潔性帶來很大威脅。

然而，網絡語言作為網絡發展的產物，有著其存在的必然性，人們對此應持一種理性及包容的態度，同時加強對網絡語言的監管，保留、吸收、接受有思想、有創意的健康網絡語言，而對于低俗、不健康的網絡用語，堅決予以抵制。

寫作時，可以基于上面的分析，對網絡語言的流行與發展進行詳細的闡述，并解釋和說明應如何對待這一新生事物。

Useful Expressions

練習答案與題解

◎ Ⅰ.Cloze

1.[C] via

本題考介詞。本文主要講雙語兒童人數的增加可能產生的影響。段首句提供背景：每天都有更多的孩子出生在父母來自不同民族或國家的家庭，越來越多的人居住在本民族語言以外的國家。本句描述正在形成的混血一代（a hybrid generation）的特點：他們不僅通過網絡空間進行交流，而且比鄰而居，生活密切相關。via表示“借助，通過某種手段或某人”，如：We got to know each other via a mutual friend．我們是通過一個共同的朋友相識的。其余介詞在此均不適用：during一般指時間；throughout作介詞時意為“貫穿，遍及”; along意為“沿著，順著”。

2.[B] alienating

alienate是alien（異國的，異族的，外僑，外星人）的派生詞，意為“使疏遠，使不和”, alienating在此指父母在使用不同語言與子女講話時體會到的陌生感，符合文意：對家長們來說，父母用不同的語言同孩子交流可能使彼此感覺疏遠。其余選項均不適用：stimulating意為“激勵人心的，使人興奮的”; perplexing意為“使人疑惑的”; speculating意為“推測的，投機的”，一般以人作主語。

3.[D] However

本題考上下文邏輯關系。前文提及“孩子說話晚、詞匯量相對小以及家長和子女溝通有陌生感”等使用雙語的不利因素，本句講“益處很大”，故選表示邏輯轉折的副詞However（然而）。其余選項均不能正確表示上下文邏輯關系：Besides表示遞進；Therefore表示因果；Otherwise意為“否則”。

4.[A] persistence

determination意為“決心”，決心雖然重要，但“多年的（years of）”決心則意味著沒有行動；endurance雖然也有堅持的意思，但主要指“忍耐，忍受”; continuation指“繼續”。本題只有persistence（堅持不懈，持之以恒）可以與hard work并列且被years of限定，符合文意：經過多年不懈的努力……

5.[A] implications

本句謂語動詞run有“伸展，有效，繼續”等意思，在本句中作系動詞，與go同義；run deep意為“深遠，深刻”。根據下文展開內容，可以判斷出段首句當講雙語的意義不僅限于語言本身，implications有“暗示，含義”等意思，符合文意。其余選項不能概括本段內容：indications, “跡象，象征，表示”; modifications,“修訂，修改”; contradictions, “矛盾”。

6.[B] embody

本段講雙語的益處。雙語兒童掌握的不僅是兩種語言，他們還受到兩種思維方式和兩種文化潛移默化的影響，因此，他們身上體現出兩種文化在個人身上的交融。embody指“（使思想、感情等）具體體現，具體表達”。如：The idea or principle of representation is far from being fully or effectively embodied in existing political arrangements．代表制思想或原則還遠遠沒有在現行的政治體系中完全有效地體現出來。As a leader of the South West Africa People's Organization, he embodied Namibia's resistance to the South African occupation．作為西南非洲人民組織的領導人，他身上體現了納米比亞對南非占領的抵抗精神。其余選項不用于表示“體現、具有”:symbolize意為“象征”; resemble意為“與……相似”; crystallize本意為“結晶”，雖然也有“（使思想、計劃等）具體化”的含義，但主要指“（思想等）變得明確、清晰”。

7.[D] capacity

根據上下文，此處應當講隨著他們真正吸收（internalize“內在化”）不同語言文化，雙語兒童對不同文化背景的人的理解能力得到增強。capacity常特指“體會、理解或學習的能力”，是正確答案。其余選項與文意無關：technique, “技術”; willingness, “愿意”; efficiency, “效率”。

8.[D] heritage

兒童從來自不同國家或民族并使用不同語言的雙親身上，學到的是不同的語言和文化傳統。heritage有“傳統，繼承”等意，是正確答案。其余選項不與language and culture并列作internalize的賓語：region,“地區”; origin, “起源，出身”; nationality, “國籍，民族”。

9.[C] conflicts

本題四個選項都有“矛盾”的含義，但disputes主要指“爭論（difference of opinion）”; discrepancies指“差異（difference of conflicting facts or claims）”; contrasts意為“反差，差別，對比”，只有conflicts可以與wars并列，ethnic conflicts即“種族紛爭，民族矛盾”，符合文意。

10.[A] keen

keen意為“熱切的，（感情等）強烈的”, be keen to do sth．即“非常希望做某事”，符合文意：追逐權力者非常希望得到公眾支持……其余選項均不適用：anxious主要指“擔心，憂慮，焦急”; urgent（緊急的）和acute（激烈的，嚴重的，敏銳的）都不能用于be...to do sth．的句型。

11.[B] in

to stand in one's way（或to be in one's way）是固定用法，意為“妨礙某人”，是正確選項。on one's way意為“在路上”，不符合文意；over和against不與way如此搭配使用。

12.[C] rise

根據上文“越來越多”的雙語家庭等表述，可以判定作者認為雙語的影響在逐漸擴大，故選rise（增加，上升）。其余選項不合邏輯：decline, “減少，下降”; disappearance, “消失”; boom, “突然增加，繁榮”。

13.[B] reason

本題主要考理解。本段主要講科研表明人類的大腦有加工多種語言的能力，表明人類所具有的相互理解的潛力可以通過雙語得以增強，因而作者認為世界上的戰爭和民族矛盾有望減少。首句提出觀點，展開句給出論據。reason有“理由，原因”等含義，be reason for hope即“使人有理由抱有希望”，符合文意。其余選項都不能引出下文提到的原因：excuse雖然也有“理由”的意思，但主要指“借口”; sugges-tion, “建議，暗示”; recommendation, “推薦”。

14.[B] enhanced

本題四個動詞中只有enhanced（提高，加強）可以用于表示大腦等器官的能力得到增強，其余選項均不能修飾“人腦的語言中心”:extended意為“擴展，延伸”，主要指時間或空間的延伸；exerted意為“發揮，運用，施加影響”; envisaged意為“展望，想象”。

15.[A] designed

本題主要考習慣用語。design本意是“設計”, be designed to do sth．或be designed for sth．是習語，意為“為某種目的或用途而制造或設計”，常用于表示抽象概念或事物本質特點。本段引述科研結果論證雙語的益處，本句中“我們”指“人類”，作者認為大自然賦予人類相互理解的能力。注意下文作者重述這一觀點時的措辭：Then, and we, are built to..．我們人類本身有……的能力。其余三個動詞主要用于工農業生產，一般不能以人類作賓語：invented, “發明，創造”; fabricated, “制造，編造”; produced, “生產，制造”。

16.[C] advantage

本題主要考搭配。take full advantage of是固定用法，意為“充分利用……的優勢”，其余選項均不能用于take...of結構：have full knowledge of, “具有……全部知識，充分了解”; make full use of, “充分利用”; take credit for, “因……受到贊揚，由于……獲得榮譽”。

17.[A] Theoretically

本句“雙語兒童忙于發展認知能力，無法忍受詆毀他人的宣傳和戰爭”的推斷無法通過觀察或實驗加以驗證，故選Theoretically（從理論上講）。其余選項不符合文意：Ideologically, “意識形態方面地”;Ironically, “具有諷刺意味地，諷刺性地”; Consequently, “因此，所以”。

18.[C] up

本題考詞組。put up with意為“忍受，容忍”，其余介詞均不適合。

19.[C] thrive

本句中“他們”指代上句“雙語兒童（bilingual kids）”；從本文視角看，“我們”應該指包括所有其他人的全人類，從上文描述的科研成果可以推斷出，人類不僅有能力適應多種文化，而且在多語的環境中大腦功能得以增強，因而人類可以興旺發展。thrive意為“茁壯成長，蓬勃發展”，是最佳選擇。其余選項均不符合文意：multiply, “繁殖，增加”; survive, “生存，存活下來”; stabilize, “使安定，使堅固”。

20.[A] biology

本題主要考理解。作者從生物學的角度闡述人體功能適應雙語或跨文化環境，從而提出使用雙語的新一代人為世界和平帶來希望，故biology（生物學）符合文意：看來生物學和兒童正在贏得勝利。其余選項不合邏輯：humanity（人類）與children是包容關系，不能作并列關系；majority（大多數）在此無所指；本文沒有提及語言學家的觀點，故linguists（語言學家）與文意無關。

◎ Ⅱ.Reading Passages

Part A 閱讀理解

Passage One

1.[A] 意為：果斷自信的本質。

文章旨在說明果斷自信的交流方式的特點與益處。文章第一段總括了這種交流方式的特點，第二段對比了這種交流方式和順從型交流方式的差別，第三段對比了與好斗型交流方式的差別，第四段對這三種交流方式進行了概括，最后一段通過指出果斷自信的交流方式的益處對全文進行了總結。文章的側重點在于說明果斷自信的交流方式，與其他兩種交流方式做對比僅僅是為了更好地說明它的特點和益處。

2.[C] 意為：闡明果斷自信的交流方式的本質。

第二段第一句提到，通過將果斷自信的交流方式與順從型和好斗型交流方式進行對比，最能清楚地闡明果斷自信的交流方式的本質。文章在第二、三、四段將三種交流方式的特點做了詳盡的對比，最后一段再次回到果斷自信的交流方式這個主題上。

[D]意為：詳細地說明人際交流過程中逐步的策略。

3.[D] 意為：對侵害他們的人最終會感到怨恨。

第二段主要介紹了順從型交流方式的特征與后果。該段倒數第三、四句提到了兩方面的后果，一是習慣這種交流方式的人最終可能獲得的是別人的蔑視而不是贊許，二是這些人事后的自我感覺經常不好，對那些占自己的便宜的人會感到怨恨。

[C]意為：受到蔑視時會變得好斗。

4.[A] 意為：人受到侵害時的反應方式。

習慣好斗型交流方式的人有傷害人的意圖，而習慣于果斷自信的交流方式的人沒有傷害他人的意圖，但是后者的確也涉及保護自身的權利（含義是二者均是為了保護自己的權利）。從現實生活中看，二者有相同的地方（overlap原意為“交叉”或“重疊”），當有人要侵害我們的權利時，我們在保護自身的權利時經常向對方進行反擊。這樣看來，我們面臨的一個困難就是學會怎樣表現得堅定而果斷自信，但又不越雷池一步，不會變得好斗。總結起來看，二者的主要區別在于面臨侵害時的反應方式。

[C]意為：人從保護自身的權利中所獲得的滿足。

5.[B]

第四段對三種交際方式進行了總結。主張果斷自信的交際方式的人堅持認為，順從型的交際方式最終使人喪失自尊，走向自我否定，情緒處于壓抑狀態，人際關系緊張。而好斗型的交際經常使人產生內疚和疏遠的感覺，導致不和諧的氣氛。相比之下，果斷自信的行為卻能給人以很強的自尊心，創造出和諧的人際關系。最后一段也強調了在交流過程中獲得良好自我感受的重要性。

Passage Two

1.[D] 意為：它記述了一段時間內情緒的變化。

根據第一段，新研究的主要結論是：常用Facebook的人反而對生活更加不滿。這項研究跟以前的研究不一樣，是因為以前的研究都是cross-sectional，即就像照快照一樣，只研究生活的某個斷面，而不從歷史發展的角度研究情緒的變化。而新的研究持續了很長一段時間（兩周），更關心的是在頻繁使用Facebook前后使用者在情緒上發生的變化。

[A]意為：它被過去的研究證明是合理的。

[B]意為：它駁斥了過去的研究得出的結果。

[C]意為：它混淆了相關性和因果關系。

2.[C] 意為：提示志愿者匯報自己的感受。

第二段描述了實驗過程。實驗共持續了兩周，在這段時間內，志愿者每天五次向研究者匯報自己的心態（state of mind指情緒狀態），以及與其他人的直接接觸。在每天早上10點至午夜的這段時間內，研究者發短信給志愿者，要求他們填寫一個調查表，這個調查表的內容就是志愿者匯報的內容。在第二段最后一句中，prompt意為“提示，提醒”。可見，短信的目的是提示志愿者向研究者發送reports。

[A]意為：最大限度地減少負面情感的影響。

[B]意為：減少直接社會交往的量。

[D]意為：向志愿者提幾個非常簡短的問題。

3.[A] 意為：增加現實世界的社交活動。

作者在第三段陳述了這項新研究的成果，研究者們發現，在兩周之內用Facebook比較多的人，更傾向于對生活不滿，從而形成消極負面的情緒。相反，直接參與更多社會交往活動的人卻容易形成積極的情感，生活滿意度更高。研究者得出結論說，常用Facebook不能增加幸福程度，反而會降低它。

[B]意為：帶著積極的情緒使用Facebook。

[C]意為：經常報告對Facebook的個人感受。

[D]意為：給自己更經常使用Facebook的動機。

4.[A] 意為：即使一個人的社交網絡相當大。

作者在第三段提到研究的結論：常使用Facebook等社交網絡反而會降低幸福程度。作者在第三段中說，無論是男是女，無論一個人的社交網絡有多大、使用Facebook的動機是什么，無論他孤獨、抑郁、自信的程度如何，以上結論都是成立的。也就是說，這些因素并沒有影響這一結論。

[B]意為：特別是當一個人總是感到孤獨時。

[C]意為：雖然一個人已經建立了強大的自信心。

[D]意為：即使當一個人不經常使用Facebook時。

5.[B] 意為：他們對其他人成就的妒忌。

作者在第四段提到另一組研究者此前做的一項研究，這些研究者認為，Facebook的使用者常常在網上看到其他人貼出一些東西來夸耀自己，他們忍不住要把自己同這些人相比較，結果他們會感到別人比自己強，因此產生了嫉妒心，對自己的生活開始不滿意起來。在第四段中，envy和green-eyed雖然詞性不同，但都是“嫉妒”的意思。

[A]意為：他們不能控制自己的負面情緒。

[C]意為：他們缺乏拍攝好照片的技能。

[D]意為：他們不懂得網絡社交策略。

Part B 段落排序

1.[G]

首段[D]段點出本篇主題：新近發表的一項研究報告《語言在兒童早期教育中的作用》所論述的幼兒兩歲前的早期生活環境對他們的母語習得和入學后的表現的影響。下一段應當進一步介紹此報告或該項研究的具體情況，[G]段的內容符合這個要求。

[G]段首句的引號，提示該句當直接引自與上述研究相關的資料。該段引文之后道出信息來源為該項目研究人員之一James Law教授，這是本段定位的線索。隨后繼續的James Law教授的話，指出該研究的一個結論，即研究發現了比家境是否富裕更重要的影響兒童發展的因素。換言之，就兒童成長而言，家庭是否富足是無法選擇的先天環境，而如何把孩子帶大、如何與他們交流卻是父母可以為孩子營造的后天環境。這個結論與人們通常持有的觀點略有不同，以下當對此做進一步的說明或評價。[E]段正是這個內容。

2.[E]

本段首句This is a very positive message..．是對[G]段所公布結論的評價，This...message指前段提出的后天營造環境問題，very positive則是對此的評價。鑒于這個結論與通常的觀點有所不同，作者需要介紹結論的依據，使其具有說服力。因此，本段開始回顧研究的方法與過程，首先介紹了該結論來自一項長期研究的數據，并具體說明了研究對象及數據采集的方式。以下應具體呈現導致研究者們得出上述結論的數據。[C]段正是這一內容。此處需要提示的是，除了尾段[F]段外，本段和[G]段首句都是帶引號的直接引語，判斷本段應置于[G]段之后的關鍵是指示代詞This及其指代的意思。This用于指代剛剛提到的內容，因此，This...positive message應當已在前段有所說明，鑒于首段并沒有具體介紹研究結論或觀點，僅僅提及研究目的，而[G]段則明確闡述了研究發現，即幼兒兩歲前母親如何帶孩子對孩子今后的影響遠遠勝過富足家境的影響。This..．就是對這個觀點的評價。以評價觀點開頭的[E]段自然應該接在陳述觀點的[G]段之后。

3.[C]

前段尾句談到數據收集的方法，本段應延續數據這一話題，對數據進行具體分析。首句It soon became evident that..．和第二句Data from the study shows that..．都是對研究數據的描述與分析，證明本段當被置于[E]段之后。本段尾句是對研究發現的總結，即communication environment能比一般性的家庭社會背景更好地預測兒童語言學習的成果。

4.[B]

本段的定位有兩個關鍵角度。首先，前段尾句介紹了有關交際環境對兒童語言學習有重大影響的研究發現，本段當具體解釋這一發現；其次，前段兩次引用communication environment這個概念，并在尾句中稱其為a better predictor，本段首句則對communication environment做出進一步的量化描述，如書籍數量、去圖書館的頻度、母親帶孩子進行的活動種類、玩具數量以及是否參加學前班等。可見本段與[C]段有密切的前后銜接關系。隨后，文章引用Law教授的話說明，在父母的收入水平和受教育程度并不優越的家庭中，父母仍然可以卓有成效地幫助孩子改善交際的技能。

5.[A]

在介紹了研究目的、過程、數據與研究發現后，本段指出該研究成果的意義，即與傳統的富家子弟因物質條件優越而學習困難較少的觀點不同，該項研究指出，無論家境如何，家長都有可能為孩子營造出有利的交際環境，從而使他們的孩子不至于輸在起跑線上，這對所有的家長無疑是一個積極的信息。尾段提出此項研究結果對為人父母者的啟示。

本文的基本脈絡與研究報告的結構相符。首先，開門見山地點明與主題相關的重要信息，即研究項目（[D]段）和結論（[G]段），然后說明該結論是如何得出來的。文章一一介紹研究對象和數據采集（[E]段）、數據分析與發現（[C]段）、對研究發現的討論（[B]段），最后道出研究的現實意義（[A]段）和對家長的啟示（[F]段）。按照這一邏輯推測，并尋求段落首尾句與前后段的銜接關系作為佐證，便可順利排出正確的段落順序。

◎ Ⅲ.Translation

1.這是一個簡單主從復合句。句架是Moreover, individuals who...often feel bad...and resentful of those who...。句中前后兩個who都是關系代詞，引導定語從句，分別修飾individuals和those。本句可譯成：而且，使用這種方式（待人）的那些個人往往會感到難過，同時又對那些占自己便宜的人感到憤憤不平。

2.這是一個簡單主從復合句。句架是The...point...is that you are able to state what...。that引導名詞從句作表語；在表語從句中what又引導名詞從句，作動詞state的賓語。本句可譯成：有關果斷自信的重要一點是，你能清楚和直接地說出你要什么。

3.這是一個由but連接的并列句。第一個分句中包含一個賓語從句，其中investigations跟第二個分句中的studies都指所做的研究，be associated with意為“與……相聯系”, depression意為“抑郁癥”。在第二個分句中，cross-sectional study指橫向研究，即這些研究區別于縱向研究，不關心歷史發展過程，只關注某些時間片斷（snapshots in time）。本句可譯成：過去的研究已經發現，使用Facebook與嫉妒、社會緊張（關系）、孤獨和抑郁癥相聯系，但是這些研究都是“橫向的”，也就是說，它們只關注時間片斷。

4.這是一個簡單句，句子的主干結構是These volunteers...agreed to have...and to report...，即研究的參與者答應做兩件事：一是同意研究者觀察他們使用Facebook的活動，二是向研究者匯報他們的心態以及他們直接接觸了哪些人。句中，in their late teens or early 20s是定語，修飾volunteers（指自愿參加研究的人）; have something done指讓別人做某事，have their Facebook activity observed指讓研究者觀察他們的活動；report on指匯報某事，contacts指聯系人，meetings in person指面對面相見。本句可譯成：這些志愿者年齡接近或剛過20歲，他們同意在兩周之內自己上Facebook的活動被觀察，并同意每天報告五次自己的心態以及直接的社會聯系人（包括打電話和面見的其他人）

◎ Ⅳ.Writing

Sample for reference:

Part A 應用文

Dear Mr.Wang，

I feel absolutely sorry to you but I have to submit my resignation from the current position in the company.The major reason is that I want to pursue a Master's degree in journalism and I have to prepare for the entrance examination in the next few months.

I would like to say that I really enjoy working here in the past three years with you and other colleagues, from whom I have learned so much that I cannot learn in other working places.Your kindness and that of my nice and friendly colleagues has left unforgettable memories in my mind.

I would appreciate it so much if you accept my resignation.Meanwhile, I shall stay on until you find a replacement for my position.I hope that will happen soon.

Thank you.

Truly yours, Li Ming

Part B 英語寫作

In this picture, a man is flooded with Chinese Internet buzz words—words or phrases created by Chinese Netizens, also called Netspeak.Clearly, this interesting picture is intended to indicate that Internet buzz word has stepped into people's life and is spreading rapidly today.Such Chinese words or phrases as“Suan Ni Hen”, or English ones like“smilence”can frequently be seen online.There is also the mixed use of Chinese and English or that of English and Pinyin or figures, like“geilivable”（cool; giving power）, “B4”（before）,“F2F”（face to face）and so forth.

Internet buzz word has also found its way into students' writing or serious media reports.This novel phenomenon has consequently aroused great concern from the public.There are people who are worried that the popularity of Internet buzz word may corrupt the purity of formal and standard Chinese.They also argue that those rude or vulgar words will have a negative impact on people's mind.So, regulations should be set up to restrict the overuse of it.However, young netizens take an opposite stand.To them, Internet buzz word has its reasons to exist, as a product of the information age.In addition, Internet buzz word is easy to learn and remember and can express ideas more vividly.

Personally, we need to be tolerant of the emergence of Internet buzz word.But we should also guard against rude and vulgar expressions.Everyone can do something to normalize the development of this new form of language use.