1.2.5　表面改性

（1）表面化學(xué)改性　表面化學(xué)改性是指通過(guò)反應(yīng)劑與材料表面發(fā)生化學(xué)反應(yīng)，使材料表面在化學(xué)結(jié)構(gòu)上發(fā)生改變，從而達(dá)到提高材料某些性能的目的。橡膠表面化學(xué)改性時(shí)所發(fā)生的化學(xué)反應(yīng)很復(fù)雜，涉及取代、置換和環(huán)化反應(yīng)等。改性手段主要有表面鹵化、表面磺化、表面氧化、共價(jià)功能化等。

（2）表面物理改性　表面物理改性是通過(guò)各種物理技術(shù)對(duì)橡膠表面進(jìn)行改性的一種方法。用于橡膠表面改性的物理技術(shù)包括火焰處理、電暈處理、冷等離子與熱等離子處理、紫外線(xiàn)處理、激光處理、X射線(xiàn)與γ射線(xiàn)處理、電子束處理、離子束處理、金屬化以及噴涂處理等。

（3）表面涂層　表面涂層是指在不改變橡膠表面性質(zhì)的基礎(chǔ)上，在其上覆蓋一層具有特殊功能的物質(zhì)。形成這些涂層的方法多種多樣，有加熱沉積法、配成涂料涂覆法、溶液浸涂法、靜電噴涂法和媒介法等。

（4）等離子技術(shù)　等離子體是由高能離子（電子、正負(fù)離子、中性粒子）和紫外線(xiàn)組成的。利用等離子體進(jìn)行橡膠表面改性的方法通常分成等離子體處理、等離子體聚合和等離子體接枝聚合。

等離子體材料表面改性可以使材料表面產(chǎn)生一系列物理與化學(xué)變化，或產(chǎn)生刻蝕而粗糙，或形成致密的交聯(lián)層，或引入含氧極性基團(tuán)，使親水性、黏結(jié)性、可染性、生物相容性及電性能分別得到改善，而材料基體性能幾乎不受影響。

材料大多是通過(guò)表面與環(huán)境相互作用的。在實(shí)際應(yīng)用中，橡膠的表面性能涉及生物相容性、黏合性、耐磨性和耐老化性等諸多性能，若想更好地發(fā)揮橡膠的表面性能，除了需要對(duì)橡膠表面化學(xué)特性、表面能、潤(rùn)濕性、界面相互作用等問(wèn)題進(jìn)行研究外，還需要從橡膠表面分子的微觀結(jié)構(gòu)入手，不斷探索新的改性手段，從而達(dá)到適應(yīng)不同環(huán)境的目的。

今后橡膠改性的發(fā)展趨勢(shì)主要是綜合利用多種改性技術(shù)，使改性品種向系列化和高性能化發(fā)展，改性工藝趨向于高效、節(jié)能、環(huán)保與低成本。橡膠改性技術(shù)仍將是技術(shù)開(kāi)發(fā)的熱點(diǎn)之一，更是開(kāi)發(fā)具有嶄新性能新型材料的重要途徑。

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