第1章　希臘羅馬文化

1.1　復(fù)習(xí)筆記

Ⅰ. The historical background

Ⅱ. Political Structure and Social Life

Ⅲ. Homer

Ⅳ. Lyric Poetry

Ⅴ. Drama

Ⅵ. History

1. Herodotus

2. Thucydides

Ⅶ. Philosophy and Science

1. Pythagoras

2. Heracleitus

3. Democritus

4. Socrates

5. Plato

6. Aristotle

7. Contending Schools of Thought

8. Science

Ⅷ. Art, Architecture, Sculpture and Pottery

1. Art

2. Architecture

3. Sculpture

4. Pottery

Ⅸ. The impact of Greek Literature

Ⅰ. The historical background（歷史背景）

(1) A war was fought between Greece and Troy, ending in the destruction of Troy

(2) Greek culture reached a high point of development in the 5th century B.C. They defeat the invasion of Persia and it result in the establishment of democracy and the flourishing of science, philosophy, literature, art and historical writing in Athens. The century closed with civil war between Athens and Sparta.

(3) In the second half of the 4th century B.C., all Greece was brought under the rule of Alexander, King of Macedon.

(4) In 146 B.C. the Romans conquered Greece.

（1）希臘和特洛伊之間爆發(fā)了戰(zhàn)爭，戰(zhàn)爭以特洛伊的失敗而告終。

（2）希臘文化達(dá)到了歷史發(fā)展的最高點(diǎn)。擊退波斯的入侵后，雅典建立了民主政治。雅典和斯巴達(dá)之間的戰(zhàn)爭結(jié)束了這一輝煌時期。

（3）公元前四世紀(jì)下半期，馬其頓王國的亞歷山大帝統(tǒng)治了希臘。

（4）公元前146年，羅馬統(tǒng)治了希臘。

Ⅱ. Political Structure and Social Life（政治結(jié)構(gòu)和社會生活）

Athens was a democracy. While women, children, foreigners and slaves were excluded from it. They had no rights. The Greeks loved sports. Once every four years, they had a big festival on Olympus Mount which included contests of sports. Thus began the Olympic Games. Revived in 1896, the Games have become the world’s foremost amateur sports competition.

雅典是一個民主國家，然而只有國家的男性公民才享有民主，婦女、孩子、外國人以及奴隸是沒有的。雅典人熱愛運(yùn)動，每隔四年，他們都會在奧林匹斯山上舉行運(yùn)動活動。

Ⅲ. Homer（詩人荷馬）

★ancient Greeks considered Homer to be the author of their epics. His two epics, the Iliad and the Odyssey, have survived.

★the Iliad deals with the alliance of the states of the southern mainland of Greece, led by Agamemnon in their war against the city of Troy. The heroes are Hector on the Trojan side and Achilles and Odysseus on the Greek. In the final battle, Hector was killed by Achilles and Troy was sacked and burned by the Greeks.

★the Odyssey deals with the return of Odysseus after the Trojan war to his home island of Ithaca. It describes many adventures he ran into on his long sea voyage and how finally he was reunited with his faithful wife Penelope.

★希臘人把荷馬當(dāng)作是他們的史詩詩人。他的兩部史詩作品，“伊利亞特”和“奧德賽”留存了下來。

★“伊利亞特”講述的是由阿伽門農(nóng)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的希臘南部城邦聯(lián)盟對抗特洛伊的事。故事中的英雄分別是特洛伊的黑客多和希臘的阿喀琉斯和奧德修斯。在最后的戰(zhàn)斗中，赫克多被阿喀琉斯和特洛伊殺死了，特洛伊被洗劫一空并被燒掉。

★“奧德賽”講述了特洛伊戰(zhàn)爭后奧德賽回家鄉(xiāng)伊薩卡島的事。它描述了在漫長的海上航行中奧德賽所遇到的一些冒險，以及他最后是如何與他那忠貞的妻子佩內(nèi)洛普團(tuán)聚的事情。

Ⅳ. Lyric Poetry（抒情詩）

Homer’s epics were not the only form of poetry the Greeks had written. There were other forms, such as lyrics. Of the many lyric poets of the time, two are still admired by readers today: Sappho and Pindar.

古希臘人除了寫史詩，還寫抒情詩。這個時期的重要抒情詩人包括Sappho and Pindar.

Ⅴ. Drama（戲劇）

Early in their remote past, the Greeks started to perform plays including comedy at religious festivals. Out of these origins a powerful drama developed in the 5th century B.C.

Three important drama writers:

a. Aeschylus (525—456 B.C.)

b. Sophocles (496—406 B.C.)

c. Euripides (484—406 B.C.)

早在遙遠(yuǎn)的過去，希臘人就開始在宗教節(jié)日時演戲，包括喜劇。以此為由，公元前五世紀(jì)出現(xiàn)了一種重要的戲劇。

Ⅵ. History（歷史作品）

1. Herodotus (484—430 B.C.) （赫羅多斯）

He is often called “Father of History”, wrote about the wars between Greeks and Persians.

他被稱為“歷史之父”，寫的主要是希臘和波斯之間的戰(zhàn)爭。

2. Thucydides (about 460—404 B.C.) （修斯底德）

Younger than Herodotus, he is more accurate as an historian. He told about the war between Athens and Sparta and between Athens and Syracuse, a Greek state on the island of Sicily. Macaulay, himself an eminent historian, called Thucydides “the greatest historian that ever lived.”

他被著名的歷史學(xué)家Macaulay稱為最偉大的歷史學(xué)家。

Ⅶ. Philosophy and Science（哲學(xué)和科學(xué)）

1. Pythagoras (about 580—500 B.C.) （畢達(dá)哥拉斯）

Founder of scientific mathematics. To him and his school we owe the abstract conceptions underlying mathematics— point, line, magnitude, surface, body—and the first theory of proportion.

數(shù)學(xué)學(xué)科的奠基人。他和他的學(xué)派創(chuàng)立了基礎(chǔ)數(shù)學(xué)的抽象概念——點(diǎn)，線，面，體積，和比例的第一原理。

2. Heraclitus (about 540—480 B.C.) （赫拉克利特）

To him, “all is flux, nothing is stationary.”

把物質(zhì)的一切起源歸于火

3. Democritus (about 460—370 B.C.) （德謨克利特）

Speculated about the atomic structure of matter. Indeed, he was one of the earliest exponents of the atomic theory

推測事物的原子結(jié)構(gòu)，他是原子理論的最早倡導(dǎo)者。

4. Socrates（蘇格拉底）

Dialectical method辯證法

5. Plato（柏拉圖）

His Dialogues are important not only as philosophical writing but also as imaginative literature. Of the Dialogues he wrote, 27 have survived, including: The Apology (Socrates’ defence of himself at the trial), Symposium (dealing with beauty and love), and the Republic (about the ideal state ruled by a philosopher but barring poets).

Plato’s philosophy is called Idealism.

柏拉圖的對話最為出名。有名的對話包括:《道歉》《研討會》和《共和國》。

柏拉圖的哲學(xué)被稱為理想主義。

6. Aristotle（亞里士多德）

He wrote epoch-malting works, which dominated European thought for more than a thousand years

7. Contending Schools of Thought（百家爭鳴）

Later on, in the 4th century B.C., four schools of philosophers often argued with each other. They were the Cynics, the Sceptics, the Epicureans and the Stoics.

后來，在公元前四世紀(jì)，西方哲學(xué)四派經(jīng)常互相爭論。這四派分別是犬儒主義學(xué)派、疑論學(xué)派、伊壁鳩魯學(xué)派、斯多亞學(xué)派。

8. Science（科學(xué)）

★Eclid is even now well-known for his Elements, a textbook of geometry, perhaps the most successful textbook ever written, because it was in use in English schools until the early years of the20th century.

★Archimedes (287—212 B.C.) did important work not only in geometry, but also in arithmetic, mechanics, and hydrostatics.

★He discovered that when a body is immersed in water its loss of weight is equal to the weight of the water displaced.

★歐幾里得因?yàn)樗膸缀谓炭茣对亍范雒?/p>

★阿基米德（公元前287-212）的貢獻(xiàn)不僅在幾何方面，而且在數(shù)學(xué)，力學(xué)，和流體靜力學(xué)方面都有成就。

Ⅷ. Art, Architecture, Sculpture and Pottery（藝術(shù)，建筑，雕塑和陶器）

1. Art（藝術(shù)）

Greek art is a visual proof of Greek civilization.希臘藝術(shù)是其文明的見證。

2. Architecture（建筑）

Greek architecture can be grouped into three styles: the Doric style which is also called the masculine style; the Ionic style which is also called the feminine style; and a later style that is called the Corinthian style.

古希臘建筑可以劃分為三種風(fēng)格：多里克風(fēng)格，也被稱為男性風(fēng)格；二為愛奧尼亞風(fēng)格，也被稱為女性風(fēng)格；科林斯式風(fēng)格。

3. Sculpture（雕塑）

i. Discus Thrower鐵餅

ii. Venus de Milo米洛的維納斯

iii. Laocoon group about 125 B.C.公元前125年的群像

4. Pottery（陶器）

There were Black-figure paintings (700—600 B.C.) and Redfigure paintings (—50 B.C.).

The Black-figure paintings are paintings on pottery that have red background and black figure. The Red-figure paintings are paintings on pottery that have black background and pink figure.

黑色的人物畫（700-600B.C.）和紅色的人物畫（公元前50年）。

黑人物畫是指畫在陶瓷上的有紅色的背景和黑色的人的畫。紅色的人物畫是指有黑色的背景和粉紅色的人物的圖畫。

Ⅸ. The impact of Greek Literature（希臘文化的影響）

The rediscovery of Greek culture played a vital part in the Renaissance in Italy and other European countries.

1. spirit of innovation創(chuàng)新精神

2. supreme achievement in nearly all fields of human endeavor各個方面的成就

3. lasting effect of its philosophical ideas and literary images哲學(xué)思想和文學(xué)形象的持久影響