第2章　愛德華茲?富蘭克林?克里夫古爾

2.1　復習筆記

American critic Van Wyck Brooks attempted a general survey of eighteen-century America and American characters. He stated that Jonathan Edwards and Benjamin Franklin shared the eighteenth century between them. The American Puritanism is a two-faceted tradition of religious idealism and levelheaded common sense. Jonathan Edwards represents the former aspect, and Franklin the latter. The one was as a good Puritan as the other.

美國評論家范·威克·布魯克斯在評述到18世紀美國及美國人性格時指出：喬納森·愛德華茲和本杰明·富蘭克林一起代表了18世紀。決定美國人性格的清教主義傳統具有宗教虔誠和冷靜務實兩個特點；喬納森·愛德華茲代表前者，富蘭克林代表后者。兩人都是虔誠的清教徒。

I. Jonathan Edwards (1703-1758)（喬納森·愛德華茲）

1．Life（生平）

Edwards was born into a very religious family. He entered Yale at 13 and took his M. A. in 1723. Later He became the minister of the church of Northampton, Massachusetts. His sermons taught the power of God and the depravity of man and man’s need to communicate with Holy Spirit to receive God’s grace. He was instrumental in bringing about the “Great Awakening.” He became famous not only in his own country, but won a measure of international recognition as well.

愛德華茲出生于一個宗教氣息極其濃郁的家庭里。13歲，他進入耶魯大學學院學習，于1723年獲得碩士學位。后來他成為馬薩諸塞州北安普頓郊區的牧師。他在布道時著重描述上帝的威力、人的墮落、以及人與圣靈的交流、接受上帝恩惠的必要性等。他是促進北美“大覺醒”運動發生和發展的關鍵人物之一。他不僅揚名北美，而且飲譽歐洲。

2．Ideas（思想）

(1) He was the first modern American and the country's last medieval man.

他是美國第一位具有現代思想的哲學家，美國最后一位思想依舊停留在中世紀的神學家。

His works reveal the modern consciousness of the man. He was influenced to no small extent by Newton's mechanical view of the universe and the Lockean thesis. He tried to reconcile Puritan ideas with the new rationalism of Lock and Newton.

The same works reveals the medieval mind of the man. He liked to walk in the woods, to be solitary, far from all mankind, so as to sweetly converse with Christ, to be wrapped and swallowed up in God. This is meant by the inward communication of soul with god, by “conversation” through the heart rather than through reason.

他的作品顯示出他思想的強烈現代意識。他深受牛頓機械宇宙觀和洛克哲學思想的影響。他竭力調和清教思想和洛克、牛頓的理性主義。

他的作品也顯示出他作為一個中世紀人的心態。他喜歡在林中獨自漫步，和基督愉快的交談，身心都深置于上帝的包圍中。這就是所謂 “靈魂與上帝的交流”， 這種交流由發自內心“皈依”而來而不是出于理性的考慮。

(2) He was a good deal of a transcendentalist.

他在很大程度上是一位超驗主義者。

He holds that God is immanent. God manifests himself in nature and man, and that man, being a part of God, is divine.

His work Images or Shadow of Divine Things anticipated the nature symbolism of nineteenth-century Transcendentalism. The mystical implication of his Puritan idealism was to be developed and given full, explicit realization by Ralph Waldo Emerson in the next century.

他認為上帝無處不在。上帝通過自然界和人體現自己，人既是上帝的一部分，因此也是神圣的。

其作品《神圣事物的形影》堪稱為19世紀超驗主義自然象征論的先導。而他的清教神秘主義在19世紀愛默生的著作中得到了全面而明確的陳述。

3．Major works（主要作品）

The Freedom of the Will《自由的意志》

The Great Doctrine of Original Sin Defended《偉大的基督教教義的原罪說辯》

The Nature of True Virtue《真正美德的本質》

“Sinners in the hands of An Angry God”《發怒的上帝手中的罪人》

“Personal Narrative”《自述》

Images or Shadow of Divine Thing《神圣事物的形影》

II. Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790)（本杰明·富蘭克林）

Franklin was a rare genius in human history. He became everything: a printer, postmaster, almanac maker, essayist, scientist, orator, statesman, philosopher, political economist, ambassador—“Jack of all trades.”

富蘭克林是人類歷史上少有的天才。他是出版家、郵政總長、歷書作者、散文家、科學家、演說家、政治家、哲學家、政治經濟學家、大使、業務員等等。

1．Life（生平）

He was born into a poor candle-maker’s family. He was a voracious reader. At 16 he published essays under the pseudonym Silence Dogood. At 17 he ran away to Philadelphia to make his own fortune. He became a printer. He helped found the Pennsylvania Hospital, an academy which led to the University of Pennsylvania, and the American Philosophical Society. He was a preeminent scientist of his day. He signed the Declaration of Independence, the Treaty of Alliance with France, the Treaty of Peace with England, and the Constitution. He was one of the makers of the new nation. Franklin’s claim to a place in literature rests chiefly on his Poor Richard’s Almanac and The Autobiography.

富蘭克林出生于一個貧窮的蠟燭制造匠家庭。他非常勤奮好學。16歲時開始以筆名“靜行善”發表評論文章。17歲時只身逃往費城謀生。后成為出版商。他幫助建立了賓夕法尼亞大學的前身——賓夕法尼亞醫學院和北美哲學學會。他也是當時著名的科學家。他簽署過《獨立宣言》、《美法同盟條約》、《英美和平條約》和《美國憲法》。他是美國的締造者之一。富蘭克林在文學上的地位主要由他的兩項文學成就確定，即《窮查理歷書》和《富蘭克林自傳》。

2．Analysis of major works（主要作品分析）

◆Poor Richard’s Almanac《窮查理歷書》

Franklin issued Poor Richard’s Almanac in 1732 and kept publishing it for almost a quarter of a century. Apart from poems and essays, he managed to put in a good many adages and commonsense witticisms which became, very quickly, household words and, for many, mottos of the most practical kind. He borrowed from maxims from others. But he made good use of his own wit and wisdom to simplify and enrich their axioms which made Poor Richard’s Almanac to teach as well as amuse.

富蘭克林于1732年首次發行《窮查理歷書》并且這本歷書持續發行長達25年之久。歷書中有詩歌，散文，以及許多成語箴言，這些成語箴言很快便家喻戶曉，其中許多成為為人處世的座右銘。他的許多格言來源于別的作家。但是他充分運用自己的幽默智慧簡化豐富了這些格言，這使得《窮查理歷書》寓教于樂。

◆The Autobiography《自傳》

(1) The Autobiography was probably the first of its kind in literature. It is the simple yet immensely fascinating record of a man rising to wealth and fame from a state of poverty and obscurity into which he was born, the faithful account of the colorful career of American’s first self-made man. The book consists of four parts, written at different times.

(2) The Autobiography is, first of all, a Puritan document. It is a record of self-examination and self-improvement. The book is also a convincing illustration of the Puritan ethic that, in order to get on in the world, one has to be industrial, frugal and prudent.

(3) The Autobiography is also an eloquent elucidation of the fact that Franklin was a spokesman for the new order of eighteenth-century enlightenment, and that he represented in America all its ideas, that man is basically good and free by nature, endowed by God with certain inalienable rights of liberty and the pursuit of happiness. Through telling a success story of self-reliance, the book celebrates the fulfillment of the American dream.

(4) The style of The Autobiography reveals that it is the pattern of Puritan simplicity, directness and concision.

(1) 《自傳》是自傳體文學中的上乘佳作。它簡明而極其引人入勝地敘述了富蘭克林由窮苦卑微而躍至富有、聞名的故事。它忠實地記錄了美國第一位自力更生者光輝燦爛的職業生涯。全書由四部分組成，分別寫于不同時期。

(2) 《自傳》首先是一本清教文獻。它記錄了清教徒的自我反省和自我完善。它也是清教道德原則的最好說明，為了取得成功，人必須勤勞、簡樸、謹慎。

(3) 《自傳》充分說明了富蘭克林是18世紀美國啟蒙運動的代言人。他代表著，在美國，人本質是善良自由的，擁有上帝賦予的不可剝奪的自由及追求幸福的權力。該書通過講述自力更生而獲取成功的故事，歌頌了美國夢的實現。

(4) 《自傳》的文體體現出清教徒樸素、直爽、簡潔的風格。

III. Hector St. John de Crevecoeur (1735-1813)（克里夫古爾）

Crevecoeur was a French settler. His famous work is Letters from an American Farmer.

克里夫古爾是法國移民。其著名作品是《來自一個美國農夫的信》。

◆Analysis of Letters from an American Farmer（《來自一個美國農夫的信》作品分析）

Crevecoeur wrote letters back to Europe to explain the meaning of America to the outside world. Letters from an American Farmer is made up of 12 letters. The first 8 letters reveal the pride of a man being an American. Starting from his ninth letter, he began to speak with a different voice, the voice of a definitely disillusioned man. He became aware of the existence of evil which he thought the American had left behind in the old world. The note of pessimism began to vibrate in Letters from an American Farmer.

克里夫古爾寫信到歐洲介紹美國這個新國家的性質和意義，以幫助世界了解美國。《來自一個美國農夫的信》包括12封信。前8封信流露出作為美國人自豪的心情。然而，從第9封信開始，作者的語調開始變得低沉。他意識到美國也存在著被認為只有歐洲舊世界才有的各種罪惡。《來自一個美國農夫的信》中縈繞著悲觀主義的基調。