Chapter 2 文字型作文

真題解讀

真題1（2017年6月卷一）

Directions:

for this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write an advertisement on your campus website to sell a bicycle you used at college. Your advertisement may include its brand, specifications/features, condition and price, and your contact information. You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words.

指南：該部分要求在30分鐘內寫一篇出售二手自行車的廣告，內容包括自行車的詳細信息和自己的聯系方式。文章字數介于120詞到180詞之間。

范文

secondhand1 bicycle is for sale right now. It is of excellent quality and reasonable2 price. If you are interested in it, just come and take a look at it.

This Nicolai bicycle is a German brand which enjoys a high reputation3 in the world market. They are especially popular and famous among young people. The wheel diameter is 26 inches long. It has a black and white color and is sold in almost every big shopping mall or bicycle specialty store. It first entered the market in the spring of last year. It is fast and in perfect condition. The frame of the bicycle is made from aluminum, making it strong enough for you to ride at least ten more years. It cost me 2000 yuan half a year ago. However, I can give you a fifty percent discount4 if you buy it right now.

If you are interested in it or intend to5 know more details, please don't hesitate6 to contact me, and I can be reached at 89757. I'm looking forward to your phone calls.

譯文

現出售二手自行車。自行車物美價廉，若有興趣，歡迎前來購買。

出售的自行車為德國尼古拉品牌，在國際市場享有極高的聲譽。尤其在年輕人中大受歡迎。該品牌自行車車輪直徑26英寸，顏色黑白相間，在各大商品市場和自行車專賣店均有出售。單車與去年春季首次入市。車速度快且目前狀況良好。車身材料為鋁，能讓您至少再使用個十年。本人于半年前花2000云購買該品牌單車。但您若現在購買，我可以提供半價優(yōu)惠。

任何感興趣或想進一步了解具體情況的同學，歡迎隨時向我咨詢。我的電話是89757。靜候佳音。

萬能句型

1．secondhand bicycle is for sale right now.（該句位于文章的開頭，簡明扼要地說明廣告的目的。）

類似的用法還有：

I have three used course books about English learning to sell at a fairly low price.

我有三本關于英語學習的舊教材低價出售。

I am going to sell my personal computer at a low price.

我打算低價出售個人電腦。

A used Canyon bike is (available) on sale!

二手單車低價轉讓。

2．this nicolai bicycle is a german brand which enjoys a high reputation in the world market. (該句是個復合句，主句為主系表結構，表語后面跟一個which引導的定語從句。)

類似的用法還有：

It is well maintained and in good condition which is perfect for any standard of riders.

它保養(yǎng)很好，車況優(yōu)良，無論哪類騎手都能滿意。

These books could be beneficial to anyone who decides to buy them.

這些書籍對任何一位決定購買的同學都將大有裨益。

3．if you are interested in it or intend to know more details, please don't hesitate to contact me, and i can be reached at 89757. (這是一個并列句，由三個分句組成。第一個是if引導的條件狀語從句，第二個是祈使句，第三個是被動語態(tài)結構。)

類似的用法還有：

If you are interested in my books or have any further questions, please feel free to contact me. I can be reached at phone 87654321.

如果你對我的書籍感興趣或是想進一步了解詳情，請隨時聯系我。我電話是87654321.

Please feel free to contact me if you are interested in this bike. I can be reached at phone 87654321 or by my e-mail 123@abc.com.

如果你對這輛車感興趣，請隨時聯系我。我的電話是87654321，郵箱是123@abc.com.

真題2（2014年12月卷三）

Directions:

for this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay about a campus activity that has benefited you most. You should state the reasons and write at least 120 words but mo more than 180 words.

指南：該部分要求在30分鐘內介紹讓自己“收獲最大的校園活動”，并闡述原因。文章字數介于120詞至180詞之間。

范文

College students are familiar with numerous1 campus activities, such as English speech contests, singing competitions2 and so forth. I have participated3 in many campus activities, but when it comes to the one that has benefited me most, I can't help remembering the debate competition last year.

The competition was launched between different majors, talking about which is more important—theoretical4 knowledge or practices. For me, what mattered most is not the result of the debate, but the preparation process5. We look for information not only in the library, but also on the computer. Besides gathering information, we also practiced the debating skills. We work as a team, realizing that no individual could accomplish6 the challenging task all by himself. I believe it is more precious7 than winning or losing the competition.

Therefore, I confirm8 that the debate competition is the campus activity that I benefit most from. If I had not got involved in it, I could not have realized the importance of team spirit and cooperation.

譯文

大學生對學校里豐富多彩的活動都十分熟悉，比如：英語演講比賽、歌手大賽等等。我參加過很多次校園活動，但說到收獲最大的一次，我便情不自禁地想到了去年的辯論賽。

這是一場在不同專業(yè)之間發(fā)起的比賽，辯論內容是理論知識與實戰(zhàn)經驗孰輕孰重。對我來說，最重要的不是結果，而是辯論賽的準備過程。我們不僅在圖書館查找資料，還在網上搜集信息。在搜集材料的同時，還會不斷練習辯論技巧。我們小組人員相互合作，大家都意識到，沒有人可以單獨完成這項挑戰(zhàn)。

因此，我確信，辯論賽是讓我收獲最大的一次校園活動。如果沒有參加那次活動，我就不會意識到團隊精神和相互合作的重要性。

萬能句型

1．i have participated in many campus activities, but when it comes to the one that has benefited me most, i can't help remembering the debate competition last year.（此句位于第一段，用于引出文章的介紹對象，不僅運用了靈活多變的插入語when it comes to...，還使用了can't help doing sth這一固定搭配，由此可以顯示出扎實的語法基礎，同時為文章增添亮點。）

句中靈活多變的表達方式還有：

主動與被動——We must take some effective measures to stop pollution.

Some effective measures must be taken to stop pollution.

我們必須采取有效措施來治理污染。

普通與強調——We put off the football match because of the bad weather.

It was because of the bad weather that we put off the football match.

由于天氣惡劣，我們推遲了足球比賽。

2．the competition was launched between different majors, talking about which is more important—theoretical knowledge or practices.（此句中talking about引導的句子作伴隨狀語，其中還含有一個which引導的賓語從句，同時破折號后的句子用于做進一步解釋說明，使得句子整體很有邏輯性，屬于高難句型，十分考驗英語功底，因此更容易得高分。）

常見的高分句型還有：

強調句——It was my father who did the experiment in the lab yesterday evening.

昨天晚上在實驗室做實驗的是我的父親。

虛擬語氣——If I were you, I would work harder in my lessons.

如果我是你，我就會更加努力學習。

倒裝句——Only in this way can we finish the work.

只有這樣，我們才能完成工作。

3．if i had not got involved in it, i could not have realized the importance of team spirit and cooperation.（此句采用了虛擬語氣為文章增色不少。）

虛擬語氣的用法：

虛擬語氣用來表示說話人的主觀愿望、假想、懷疑、猜測、建議等含義，但不表示客觀存在的事實；所說的是一個條件，不一定是事實，可能與事實相反。這里主要介紹虛擬語氣在if引導的條件句中的三種情況：

（1）表示與現在事實相反的情況

從句：If+主語+過去式（be動詞用were）

主句：主語+should/would/might/could+do

例句：If I were you, I would take an umbrella.

譯文：如果我是你，我就會帶把傘。（事實：我不可能是你）

（2）表示與過去事實相反的情況

從句：If+主語+had+done

主句：主語+should/would/might/could+have done

例句：If I had got there earlier, I should / would have met her.

譯文：如果我早到那兒，我就會見到她。（事實：去晚了）

（3）表示對將來情況的主觀推測

從句：① if+主語+were to do

② if+主語+should+do

③ if+主語+過去式（be動詞用were）

主句：主語+should / would / might / could + do

例句：① If he were to come here tomorrow, I would talk to him.

② If he should come here tomorrow, I would talk to him.

③ If he were to be here tomorrow, I would talk to him.

譯文：如果他明天來這兒的話，我就跟他談談。（事實：來的可能性很小，不可能）

真題3（2015年12月卷一）

Directions:

for this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write an essay commenting on the saying "Learning is a daily experience and a lifelong mission." You can cite examples to illustrate the importance of lifelong learning. You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words.

指南：該部分要求在30分鐘內評價“活到老，學到老”這一諺語，并舉例說明終身學習的重要性。文章字數介于120詞至180詞之間。

范文

We all know that learning in the society with information explosion1 seems to become more convenient than before. As the saying goes, "Learning is a daily2 experience and a lifetime3 mission." We can see that only if we devote our life to learning can we learn more useful skills.

There are some reasons to support this opinion. First of all, we should invest4 a large amount of time5 even our whole life in learning because of the complexity6 of learning. Secondly, what we learned before is easily forgotten. Consequently, we are supposed to learn in our whole life. For instance, it's very necessary for us to memorize7 vocabulary before we take an English exam. Unless you have an unusual talent, it will be nearly impossible for you to remember all the words within a short time. As a result, you could spend ten minutes keeping a number of words in your mind every day.

In a word, you couldn't understand what learning is about until you realize the significance8 of lifetime learning.

譯文

我們都知道，在這個信息爆炸的社會，學習似乎變得比之前更加方便快捷。然而有句古話說：“活到老，學到老”。由此我們可以看出，要想學到更多有用的技能，我們還要用一生的時間來學習。

有幾點原因來支持這個觀點。首先，由于學習本身比較復雜，因此我們應該投入大量的時間乃至我們的一生來學習。其次，我們學到的東西很快就會忘記，因此，我們應該學會終身學習。舉個例子，英語測試前必須記英語詞匯。除非你有某項特殊的天分，不然不可能在短時間內記憶所有單詞。所以，每天花上十分鐘時間來記一些單詞。

總而言之，直到你意識到終身學習的重要性時，你才能理解學習的真諦。

萬能句型

1．We can see that only if we devote our life to learning can we learn more useful skills.（此句是由that引導的賓語從句，從句中又包含一個條件狀語從句，由于為了體現強調的效果把only置于句首，后面用了部分倒裝結構can we learn）。

部分倒裝是指將謂語的一部分（如助動詞、情態(tài)動詞）置于主語之前，主要用于以下幾種情況：

① no、not、few、little、never、barely、hardly、rarely、seldom等否定詞置于句首，通常要引起部分倒裝。

Never has she heard such remarks．她從未聽到過這樣的評語。

② 副詞only位于句首，修飾狀語、賓語時，通常要引起部分倒裝。

Only until then did he realize his mistake．只有到了那時候，他才意識到自己的過錯。

③ nowhere（無處）, no longer（不再）, no more（也不）等位于句首時，通常要引起部分倒裝。

No longer does he live here．他已經不住在這里了。

2．Unless you have an unusual talent, it will be nearly impossible for you to remember all the words within a short time.（此句是unless引導的條件狀語從句，時態(tài)遵循“主將從現”的原則，是一個拿分句型。）

遵循“主將從現”原則的句子還有：

if引導的條件狀語從句——If it doesn't rain tomorrow, we will go climbing together.

如果明天不下雨，我們就一起去爬山。

as soon as引導的時間狀語從句——I will tell him the news as soon as he comes back.

他一回來我就告訴他這個消息。

when引導的時間狀語從句——When he is present at the meeting, I'll call you.

他出席會議的時候我會給你打電話的。

3．in a word, you couldn't understand what learning is about until you realize the significance of lifetime learning.（該句用in a word總結全篇，然后用了not...until的基本句型來強調“終身學習的重要性”。）

可以表達強調意味的句型還有：

強調句——It is on Sunday that he met his primary school teacher.

在周日那天，他碰見了他的小學老師。（強調時間狀語on Sunday）

助動詞表強調——She did catch a cold but recovered from it soon.

她確實感冒了，不過很快就好了。（助動詞did表強調）

用介詞短語表示強調——What on earth did he do wrong?

他到底做錯了什么？（on earth表強調）

真題4（2015年12月卷二）

Directions:

for this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write an essay commenting on the saying"never go out there to see what happens, go out there to make something happen."You can cite examples to illustrate the importance of being creative rather than the mere onlookers in life. You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words.

指南：該部分要求在30分鐘內評論古語“與其臨淵羨魚，不如退而結網”，你可以舉例說明在生活中做個創(chuàng)客遠比做個看客重要的多。文章字數介于120詞至180詞之間。

范文

There is a famous saying: Never go out there to see what happens, go out there to make something happen. Apparently, to be a maker is far more important than being an onlooker. Most people have accepted the profound1 and thought-provoking truth.

A wealth of examples can be given to support this opinion. Let's take a convincing2 example about Wright brothers. If the brothers had chosen to be onlookers3, they wouldn't have been the people who successfully invented the world's first airplane after a number of failed attempts. similarly4, no matter who you are or what you are engaged in5, there is no doubt that you can't merely wait for achievement of others but go into action if you are unwilling to fall behind the times.

From the mentioned above, it is concluded that innovation6 is so essential7 that only in this way can we always exceed any other competitive rivals8.

譯文

有一句著名的諺語：出去永遠不要只看發(fā)生了什么，而要做點什么。很顯然，做一個創(chuàng)造者遠比做一個旁觀者更重要。這句諺語意義深遠，發(fā)人深省，為大多數人所認可。

很多例子都可以證明以上觀點。我們就舉萊特兄弟這個令人信服的例子來說明吧。如果當時萊特兄弟選擇做看客，他們也就不會在經過許多次失敗的嘗試后，成功發(fā)明出世界上第一架飛機了。同樣地，不管你是誰，也不管你從事什么職業(yè)，毫無疑問地，如果你不愿意被時代淘汰，就必須行動起來，而不僅僅是等著享受別人的成果。

從上述觀點可以得出一個結論，創(chuàng)新是最基本的，只有通過創(chuàng)新我們才能戰(zhàn)勝其他所有競爭對手。

萬能句型

1．if the brothers had chosen to be onlookers, they wouldn't have been the people who successfully invented the world's first airplane after a number of failed attempts.（該句采用了虛擬語氣，表示與過去事實相反的情況。）

常見的虛擬語氣的三種基本結構：

（1）由if only引導（be動詞的過去式常用were）

If only I could go with her．如果我能跟她去就好了。

（2）由wish引導

She wished she had not bought so many luxury bags．她真希望沒買過那么多奢侈的包。

（3）由if引導

If I had enough time, I should accomplish it better．如果我有足夠的時間，我會完成得更好。

If she had tried harder, she should / would have got the chance to enter the final.

如果她再努力一些，她可能有機會進入決賽。

2．...no matter who you are or what you are engaged in, there is no doubt that you can't merely wait for achievement of others but go into action if you are unwilling to fall behind the times.（該復合句中，no matter引導的是讓步狀語從句。）

以下連詞都可以引導讓步狀語從句，注意其不同的用法：

（1）although, though引導讓步狀語從句，不能和but連用，但可以和yet, still連用。

Although / Though he got a cold, he（still）kept on studying.

雖然他感冒了，他仍然堅持學習。

（2）as引導讓步狀語從句，從句要倒裝，表語或狀語要放在as前。

Heavily as it was raining outside, she went out to find her lost watch.

盡管外面下著傾盆大雨，她還是出去找丟失的表了。

（3）even if, even though引導讓步狀語從句，兩者可以互換。

Even if / though you just looked at a soldier the wrong way, you would be killed.

即使你只是用了錯誤的方式看一個士兵，你仍然會被殺的。

（4）“no matter + 疑問詞”或者“疑問詞-ever”引導讓步狀語從句，兩者可以互換。

No matter what / Whatever you say, I will never change my mind.

不管你說什么，我都不會改變主意的。

3．...only in this way can we always exceed among the competitive rivals.（該句only位于句首，句子用部分倒裝結構，表示強調。）

以下情況都需要用倒裝結構：

（1）as / though引導的讓步狀語從句，可以用部分倒裝。

Good-tempered she is, what he has done made her angry.

盡管她脾氣好，他的所作所為仍然讓她生氣。

（2）as引導方式狀語從句時，如果主語比謂語長，謂語動詞可以位于主語前，形成全部倒裝。

I wish, as do all of you, that we can get a good mark.

我和你們都希望我們可以拿到一個好成績。

（3）so引導的形容詞或副詞位于句首時，句子要部分倒裝。

So hot it was that we preferred to stay at home．天氣太熱了，我們寧愿呆在家。

（4）當表示前面所述的某一肯定情況同樣適用于后者時，通常用部分倒裝結構：So+助動詞/情態(tài)動詞/be動詞+主語。

Ted likes dancing. So does his wife．特德喜歡跳舞，他妻子也是。

真題5（2015年12月卷三）

Directions:

for this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write an essay commenting on the saying "Listening is more important than talking." You can cite examples to illustrate the importance of listening. You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words.

指南：該部分要求在30分鐘內評論“傾聽比說重要”，你可以舉例說明傾聽的重要性。文章字數介于120詞至180詞之間。

范文

We are endowed with1 two kinds of most powerful capacities2 of talking and listening by the Creator. Compared to the former, it is not an overstatement3 that listening is more important than talking.

There are numerous examples. For instance, when we talk with our family, if we concentrate on4 speaking without listening we might ignore and even hurt their feelings. We will never understand what people say and obstacles5 would exist in our communication. As time goes by, we might be alienated6 from our family. Put another way, we can not only open our mind but also profit7 from others' experience by listening. After all, it is inadvisable8 to give our views about the topics that we know a little about.

Someone likens talking to a window through which we show people what we are thinking, while listening is likened9 to a door through which we can receive information from others. A house without a door is unimaginable. Therefore, my conclusion is that spending more time in listening instead of speaking is of great significance in our life.

譯文

造物主賦予我們兩種超強的能力，那就是聽和說。兩者相比較，“聽比說更重要”這種說法并無夸張。

有很多例子。比如，我們和家人說話的時候，如果我們不聽別人的，一味地說自己的，就會忽視甚至傷害別人的感受。我們永遠無法理解別人的意思，交流也會存在障礙。久而久之，我們和家人也會疏遠。換個角度來講，通過傾聽我們不僅可以開闊思路，也可以從別人的經驗中受益。畢竟，談論我們不熟悉的話題時貿然開口總是不明智的。

有人把“說”比喻成一扇窗，通過這扇窗我們可以向別人展示我們所想，把“傾聽”比喻成一扇門，通過這扇門我們可以接受來自他人的信息。房子里沒有門是不可思議的。因此，我的結論是，生活中多花時間去傾聽，而不是訴說，這有著非常重要的意義。

萬能句型

1．compared to the former, it is not an overstatement that listening is more important than talking.（Compared to the former是過去分詞短語作插入語，后面的it是形式主語，真正的主語是that引導的名詞性從句。）

常見的插入語形式如下：

（1）形容詞短語作插入語時，通常位于句首。

Sure enough, she went to Australia on her own．果然，她一個人去了澳大利亞。

（2）副詞或副詞短語作插入語可以位于句首或句末，也可位于句中。

Luckily, she caught the first bus．幸運的是，她趕上了首班公交車。

（3）介詞短語作插入語，可以位于句首或句中。

By the way, remember to take an umbrella before you go to school.

順便說一聲，去上學前別忘了拿把傘。

（4）代詞短語作插入語

All in all, we have achieved some results this month.

總的來說，我們這個月也取得了一些成績。

（5）不定式短語作插入語

To tell the truth, I have already met your teacher．說實話，我已經見過你的老師了。

2．Put another way, we can not only open our mind but also profit from others' experience by listening.（該句用了put another way“換種方式”作插入語，表示承上啟下。）

類似的連接詞還有：

in other words...（換句話說……）in a word...（總而言之……）

on the contrary...（相反地……）

3．someone likens talking to a window through which we show people what we are thinking, while listening is likened to a door through which we can receive information from others.（該句是while引導的狀語從句，表對比，其中主句和從句中又各包含一個由介詞+關系代詞，即through + which引導的定語從句。）

（1）介詞與定語從句的先行詞是習慣搭配：

Is that the magazine for which you often write articles?（write articles for the magazine）

那是你經常寫文章投稿的那本雜志嗎？

（2）介詞與定語從句中的動詞是習慣搭配：

Who is the man with whom your boss is shaking hands?（shake hands with sb）

你的老板正在與他握手的那個人是誰？

（3）介詞與定語從句中的形容詞是習慣搭配：

It is unnecessary to explain to me how to use the machines about which I am sure.（be sure about）

這些機器的用法我很有把握，不需要再給我解釋了。

（4）根據定語從句的意義來確定介詞：

This is her pair of glasses, without which she cannot see clearly.（without which）

這副眼鏡是她的，沒有眼鏡她看不清楚。

（5）表示“所有格”或“整體與部分關系”時，用介詞of：

I have many friends, of whom some are writers.

我有很多朋友，其中有些是作家。