北京航空航天大學2013年基礎英語考研真題

Ⅰ.Vocabulary and structure(20points)

Directions:There are four choices in each of the following sentences.Decide which one is correct and make the correct answer on the ANSWER SHEET.

1.She had to exercise all her____to prevent clashes between the two opinionated guests.

A.tacks

B.tactics

C.tarts

D.thinks

2.His____behavior shows that he’s honest,but he seems rude to some people.

A.forehead

B.degenerate

C.forthright

D.forming

3.The right of citizens to vote shall not be denied or abridged on account of race,color,or previous condition of____

A.simulation

B.solitude

C.seclusion

D.servitude

4.Doubt and mistrust could creep into our lives,____personal and professional relationships.

A.converting

B.corresponding

C.consoling

D.corroding

5.Dramatic literature often____the history of aculture in that it takes as its subject matter the important events that have shaped and guided the culture.

A.confounds

B.repudiates

C.recapitulates

D.anticipates

6.Contrary to the popular conception that it is powered by conscious objectivity,science often operates through error,happy accidents,____and persistence in spite of mistakes.

A.fact

B.controls

C.hunches

D.deduction

7.Compared with their parties,politicians are____they are considerably less enduring than the organizations in which they function.

A.ubiquitous

B.autonomous

C.transitory

D.fickle

8.Researchers____that genes may determine the strength of the immune system,which could help to explain how an infectious disease could have ahereditary link.

A.evaluate

B.estimate

C.speculate

D.anticipate

9.The writer has gained such popularity with his readers that even his inanities are now considered____

A.trenchant

B.vacuous

C.speculative

D.allusive

10.The idealized paintings of nature produced in the eighteenth century are evidence that the medieval____natural settings had been____and that the outdoors now could be enjoyed without trepidation.

A.fear of...exorcised

B.concerns about...regained

C.affection for...surmounted

D.disinterest in...alleviated

11.The river was____with industrial waste from the nearby factory.

A.irradiated

B.corrupted

C.contaminated

D.fragmented

12.Nonviolent demonstrations often create such tensions that acommunity that has constantly refused to____its injustices is forced to correct them:the injustices can no longer be____

A.acknowledge...ignored

B.decrease...verified

C.tolerate...accepted

D.address...eliminated

13.In order to be successful in life,one needs to____in spite of life’s challenges.

A.perpetuate

B.persevere

C.preserve

D.pretend

14.Despite the fact that the book promises acomplete rethinking of the factors contributing to the conflict,the picture that the book paints is____the causes it suggests are more orthodox than____

A.unique...innovative

B.commonplace...imitative

C.controversial...radical

D.familiar...revisionist

15.The belief that science destroys the arts appears to be supported by historical evidence that the arts have____only when the sciences have been____

A.declined...attacked

B.flourished...neglected

C.matured...unconcerned

D.succeeded...developed

16.____Scholars hold differing opinions.Some trace the roots of Chicanos in the United States all the way back to the earliest migrations across the Bering Strait.Others start with Aztec society to demonstrate the historical continuities between contemporary Chicanos and their Aztec-ancestors.A third group identifies the“Spanish Borderlands”period(1540-1820)as the earliest phase of Chicano history.

A.When does Chicano history begin?

B.There is continuing interest in Chicano history.

C.Chicano history has fascinated scholars for many years.

D.Few are concerned about setting aprecise date for the origin of Chicano history.

17.Many Easterners think that all California college students surf every day,wear sunglasses indoors as well as outdoors(even on rainy days),and mingle with the superstars daily.____ recent survey of students on alarge,urban CSU campus revealed that only2percent had surfed,and although40percent did wear sunglasses,15percent of those were doing so on their doctors’recommendations.As for the superstars,barely10percent had met aHollywood actor.

A.The possibilities of such stereotypes are endless.

B.Stereotypes,however,are often misleading.

C.Probably both Easterners and Californians would like to fit all of those stereotypes.

D.Most California students do live up to those enviable stereotypes.

18.Accompanying the article on humor were pictures of aleering Groucho Marx and agrinning Sigmund Freud,on ea brilliant humorist and the other abrilliant analyst whose own study of humor has been largely ignored.The unlikely pair attracted readers to the article,whose author made two major points.Serious studies of humor are rarely undertaken.____

A.Comics would urge us to laugh,not soberly to study laughter.

B.What ajoke aFreudian analysis of the Marx Brothers would have been.

C.The studies that are made are rarely taken seriously.

D.Freud was interested in all aspects of the human mind.

19.Another area that technology is changing our way of life is entertainment.____eople listened to music in concert halls or at small social gatherings.For many people now however,music is asolitary experience.

A.Entertainment was once an activity enjoyed by agroup of people.

B.The changes in entertainment is only one case in point.

C.Music was once favored by many people,old and young.

D.Music,for instance,was once agroup experience.

20.As researchers on aging noted recently,no treatment on the market today has been proved to slow human aging.____Those findings suggest that caloric restriction could delay aging and increase longevity in humans,too.

A.And scientists found that rats fed alow-calorie diet lived longer on average than free-feeding rats and also had areduced incidence of conditions that become increasingly common in old age.

B.But one intervention,consumption of alow-calorie yet nutritionally balanced diet,works incredibly well in abroad range of animals,increasing longevity and prolonging good health.

C.What’s more,animals eating low-calorie diet survived longer than those eating normally,which means that the maximum life span increased.

D.In addition,studies with monkeys demonstrated that calorie-restricted monkeys have lower blood pressure and adecreased likelihood of heart disease.

Ⅱ.Error spotting(20points)

Directions:Decide which underlined part in each of the following sentences is incorrect and mark the correct answer on the ANSWER SHEET.

21.So Aon that perfect October morning,I stopped Carlos and said,point-blank B,“It doesn’t seem tobother Cyou—to be short D,I mean.”

22.What Ais limiting the realization of the opportunity are Bthe absence of relevant idealsin the minds of Cthe peoplewho Dare using and developing and innovating these technologies.

23.Bernstein and his colleaguesassembled Aagroup ofliberally-minded citizens Bfrom Boulder and a separate group ofconservatives Cfrom Colorado Springsto discuss D,climate change same-sex civil unions,and affirmative action.

24.A garden is an extension Aof oneself—or selves—and so ithas to be Ban arenawhere Cstriving does not cease,but continuesin other means D.

25.Only the gardeneris capable of Aendlessly revivingso much hope Bchat this year,regardless of Cdrought,flood,typhoon,or his own stupidity,this year isgoing to Ddo it right!

26.UnlessAajournalist for amajor paper or TV network is foundto have run Bafalse story perhaps because it was“too good to check” C—then his or her careeris over. D

27.As it is A,though,I cannot deny that when April comes Ifind myselfgo out to Blean on the fence and look at that miserable plot of land,resolving Cwith all my rational powersnot to plant Dit again.

28.There was thehighly regarded Aforeign correspondent who won aprize for articles which Bincluded an interview with atop Taleban officialwho Cturned outnot exist Dat all.

29.But then,both through Asome mistakes or lack of care,the plant beganto wither Band decline C,and nothing Idid would bring Dit back to health.

30.This most important measurementhas omitted Ain the studies of the quality of education in this country,the only one,I think,that Bextendseven to children Cthe license to freely speak,write andbe creative D.

31.The No Child Left Behind law,whichmarks Aits sixth anniversary next month,is the first federal effortto hold Ball public K-12schools accountableto Cthe performance oftheir students D.

32.If that kind of thinghad happened Awhen I had been young B,the whole village would have condemnedsuch an ungrateful son Cand his fatherwould surely have given Dhim agood beating.

33.Hesat in front of Athe young people,his dusty facemasking his age B,dressed in Caplain brown suit that did notfit for him D.

34.By studying Ageometry,studentscan Blearnwhat to Cdevelop logical arguments through Ddeductive reasoning.

35.So he could not resist the temptation toplay alittle joke on Athe education system,which had been thrown Bintosuch apanic Cby thesuccessfully launching Dof the Russian Sputnik.

36.Schools mustmeet their annual goals Afor all students and those same goals for specified student subgroups,includes Bmembers of racial and ethnic minorities,economically disadvantaged students C,English-language learners,andchildren with disabilities D.

37.Although Internet has the capacity Ato bring people together,too often Bthe associations formed onlinecomprising Cself-selecting groups with little diversity of opinion,explains Dthe Frankfurter professor of law.

38.If more studentsare thriving Ain higher education,high schools mustnote only Bhelp them earn good grades in demanding courses,but alsostep up their work Cto guide them through the difficult process ofchoosing and applying to Dcolleges.

39.Evolutionis always about Acompetition,but for humans,with Darwin speculated B,competition among groupshas turned us into Cpretty cooperative,empathetic and altruistic creatures—at least Dwithin our our families,groups and sometimes nations

40.The new approachchallenges Athe new atheists,whosee themselves involve Bin awar ofreason against CCfaith and who have an unwarranted faith in the power of pure reason andin the purity Dof their own reasoning.

Ⅲ.Cloze(20points)

Directions:Fill in each blank with one word and write the answers on the ANSWER SHEET.

Building trust among key stakeholders is astrategic concern for any corporation.Today,41companies seek to improve their reputations,they can’t ignore the environment.These issues are not only top of mind among consumers but also42by almost half of the survey respondents as an area in which corporation have anegative impact on society43they pollute and otherwise damage44ecosystems.

Each company must analyze what role environmental issues and climate change can and should45in its strategies.For some,building trust among46and seizing an important business opportunity can47hand in hand.A packaged-goods company that introduces smaller containers48of recycled pulp products,for example,not only stands to benefit from lower materials and transportation49but also visibly contributes to the reduction of50gas emissions.

But many corporations would be wrong to focus almost all of their societal efforts51environmental issues and to forget about52that are important in their industries.In retailing,for example,our consumer research suggests that53such as reducing energy consumption and54environment-friendly products are important for winning credibility as asocially responsible55.The most burning issue for this industry,56,is the way global retailers treat their employees,so companies should address that one as57.

Indeed,when asked which specific area would be most effective if large corporations wanted to raise their overall58,19percent of consumers said that companies should improve the benefits and conditions of59employees,17percent that they ought to become more environmentally60.

Ⅳ.Writing(50points)

Part One(20points)

Directions:You will read atable showing desertification in aregion.Write acomposition of no less than120words to describe the trend of the changes,the possible causes and effects,and some effective solutions for these changes on the ANSWER SHEET.

Part Two(30points)

Directions:Life expectancy has soared in China,while fertility has plummeted due to strict birth control policies.In2009there were167million over-60s,about an eighth of the population.By2050there will be480million,while the number of young people will have fallen.Taking care of the old will not only be abig challenge for individual families,but also for the government.

Write an essay with the title“How Should the Chinese Society Face the Aging Era”in no less than200words on the ANSWER SHEET.

Ⅴ.General Knowledge(40points)

Part One(20points)

Directions:Read the following unfinished statements carefully.Choose the best one from the four choices A,B,C and Dto finish each statement.Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.

61.____is the hometown of Shakespeare?

A.Stratford

B.London

C.Liverpool

D.Edinburgh

62.____is aDemocratic president of the U.S.

A.Theodore Roosevelt

B.George W.Bush

C.Bill Clinton

D.Abraham Lincoln

63.The9/11Attacks were aseries of four coordinated suicide attacks upon the United States in the New York City and the Washington D.C.areas in September of____

A.2000

B.2001

C.1999

D.1998

64.Wimbledon tennis tournament is held in____each summer.

A.the U.K.

B.the U.S.

C.Canada

D.Australia

65.The highest office in the judiciary in the U.K.is____

A.the Lord Chancellor

B.the Prime Minister

C.the Secretary of State

D.the Queen

66.The____grew up within the relative economic prosperity of the1950s and1960s,who created the counterculture of the1960s.

A.Generation Xers

B.Generation Yers

C.Baby Boomers

D.Generation Zers

67.Queen Victoria was the Monarch of the U.K.during the period from____

A.1066to1089

B.1837to1901

C.1558to1603

D.1981to1989

68.In the American welfare reform of1996,AFDC was changed from an open-ended entitlement program to ablock grant program called____

A.TANF

B.Medicaid

C.Medicare

D.SSI

69.Historians refer to the years between the Civil War and the start of the20th century in the U.S.history as the____an era of industrial giants.

A.Golden Age

B.Permissive Age

C.Gilded Age

D.Jazz Age

70.The faith of“Devine Rights of the King”was held by James Iof the House of____

A.Plantagenet

B.Tudor

C.Windsor

D.Stuart

71.The16th century English Renaissance boomed under the reign of____

A.Mar Tudor

B.ElizabethⅠ

C.HenryⅡ

D.HenryⅧ

72.The following were the welfare benefits granted in cash in the U.S.except____

A.SSI

B.TANF

C.Medicaid

D.Unemployment Compensations

73.After____England entered the age of Feudalism.

A.the Roman invasion

B.the arrival and settlement of Celts

C.the Norman Conquest

D.the Viking and Danish invasion

74.In the U.S.____is the language secondary only to English in terms of the number of speakers.

A.French

B.Dutch

C.Spanish

D.Chinese

75.____has/have consistently been regarded with pride by the majority of British people.

A.Public housing

B.The Department of Social Security

C.Trade unions

D.the National Health Service

76.In1944Congress passed the Servicemen’s Readjustment Act,popularly:called the____which granted financial aid to the veterans to go to college.

A.Miranda Warnings

B.Bill of Rights

C.G.I.Bill of Rights

D.Equal Rights Amendment

77.____abolished slavery in the U.S.

A.The Civil Rights Act of1964

B.The Voting Rights Act of1965

C.The Emancipation Proclamation of1863

D.The Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution of1865

78.____as practiced on the Island of Great Britain before Christianity was brought there.

A.Islam

B.Judaism

C.Druidism

D.Presbyterianism

79.The main criticisms of the post-war practice of universal state welfare provision were advocated by____in the U.K.

A.John Major

B.Tony Blair

C.George Brown

D.Margret Thatcher

80.In the House of Commons in the U.K.,there are____MPS.

A.659

B.439

C.695

D.539

Part Two(10points)

Directions:Explain the following terms in English.Write your answer in the corresponding space on the ANSWER SHEET.(2.5points for each)

81.“common-law”family

82.Salad bowl

83.GCE-A-Level

84.Medicare

Part Three(10points)

Directions:Discuss on the following topic with persuasive arguments.Write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET．

There has been asoaring statistics of gun-related crimes,but lobbies for citizen’s right to arms remain strong in the United States.How do you interpret this phenomenon?

參考答案

Ⅰ.Vocabulary and structure(20points)

1.B.譯文：她必須使盡所有的手段來阻止這兩位固執己見的客人間的沖突。tactic“手段，策略”，exercise one’s tactics“運用某人的手段”，符合題干句意，為正確答案。tack“大頭針”，tart“果餡餅”，think“思考”，均排除。

2.C.譯文：他的直率行為說明他是個誠實的人，但有些人卻認為他很粗魯。forthright“直率的”，符合題干句意，為正確答案。forehead“前額”；degenerate“衰退的，墮落的”；forming“形成的”，均排除。

3.D.譯文：公民的選舉權不得因為種族、膚色或以前的奴隸身份而被剝奪。servitude“奴隸（狀態）”，符合題干句意，為正確答案。simulation“模擬”，solitude“孤單，獨居”，seclusion“隱居”，均排除。

4.D.譯文：懷疑和不信任會深入我們的生活，破壞個人關系和工作關系。corrode原意為“（化學作用）侵蝕”，比喻意義為“破壞，損壞”，corrode the relationship意為“破壞關系”，符合題干句意，為正確答案。convert“改變（形式或用途），改變（信仰）”，常見搭配為convert from sth.to/into sth.“將某物從……改為……”；correspond with“相符合，相一致”，常見搭配為correspond with sth.“與……相符”，console“安慰，慰問”，常見搭配為console sb.for/on sth.“因為……而安慰某人”。

5.C.譯文：戲劇文學往往會扼要概括某一文化的歷史，因為它的創作題材是形成和引導文化的重要事件。recapitulate“重述要點，簡要回顧”，recapitulate the history of aculture“扼要概括某文化的歷史”，符合題干句意，為正確答案。confound“使（思想）混亂”；repudiate“否決，回絕”；anticipate“期望，預料”，常見搭配為anticipate doing sth.和anticipate that+從句，意為“期望某事物發生”。

6.C.譯文：與“科學以有意識的客觀性為其推動力”這一流行的觀念相反，科學常常是通過謬誤、巧合、直覺式的預感以及全然不管失誤而堅持不懈的努力來運行的。hunch“基于直覺的想法”，可與error,happy,accidents等形成語義和結構上的并列，符合題干句意，為正確答案。fact“事實”，control“自制”，deduction（根據原則而做出的）推理，推斷；三者可以說都是有意識的客觀性conscious objectivity，與題干語境不符，均排除。

7.D.譯文：政治家與其政黨相比起來更為善變：他們的韌性不如其所效力的組織。fickle“易變的，無常的”，與題干中less enduring“不持久的”語境相符，故為答案。ubiquitous“無處不在的”，autonomous“自治的”；transitory“（持續時間）短暫的”，均排除。

8.C.譯文：研究者們推測基因可能決定著人體免疫力的強弱，這一推測有助于解釋傳染病在何種程度上與遺傳有關。speculate“（在證據并不充分情況下）推測，推斷”，符合題干研究者們的推測語氣，表達出了科學的嚴謹，故為答案。evaluate“評估，評價”，estimate“估計，估量（某物的大小，成本，價值等）”，anticipate“期望（某事物）；預料（某物會發生）”，均排除。

9.A.譯文：這位作家很受讀者歡迎，就連他空洞無物的話語都被看做是犀利的言辭。trenchant“（指言論，論據等）有力的，尖銳的”，符合題干“該作家受歡迎”的邏輯語境，故為答案。vacuous“無思想的，空洞的”，speculative“思考的；推測出的”，allusive“暗指的；含典故的”，均排除。

10.A.譯文：18世紀理想的風景寫生證明了中世紀人們對大自然的恐懼已經消除，那時候人們已經可以毫不害怕地享受戶外景色。分析句子結構可知，空處所在分句與“the outdoors now could be enjoyed without trepidation”(那時候人們已經可以毫不害怕地享受戶外景色）為并列結構，可推知空白處在語義上應該體現“人們對自然環境沒有恐懼”的含義，fear of

“對……恐懼”，exorcise“祛除，消除”，exorcise the fear of natural settings“消除對自然環境的恐懼”，符合題干語境，故為答案。concern about“關心”；regain“奪取，奪回”；affection for“喜愛”；surmount“克服，打破”；disinterest in“對……冷漠”；alleviate“緩解，減輕”。

11.C.譯文：這條河流被附近工廠的工業廢料污染了。contaminate“污染”，contaminate the river“污染河流”，符合題干語義，故為答案。irradiate“照射”，常見搭配為irradiate sth.with sth.“使某物生輝”；corrupt“墮落，腐化(尤指有傷風化）”；fragment“使破碎，分裂”。

12.A.譯文：非暴力示威游行通常會制造這樣的緊張狀態，即一直拒絕承認其不公平行為的團體被迫去糾正這些行為：不公平行為不再被忽視。分析題干句子結構可知，句中的同位語從句的大意是“a community is forced to correct them”(該團體被迫去糾正這些不公平行為），從其中的“forced”(被迫）一詞推出“該團體肯定是拒絕承認其不公平行為”，再從“correct them”(去糾正不公平行為)一詞推出“不公平行為不再被忽視”，acknowledge“承認（某物）屬實”，ignore“忽視”，符合題干語境，故為答案。decrease“減少”；verify“證實，核對”；tolerate“容忍，忍受”；accept“接受”；address“提出”，eliminate“消除”。

13.B.譯文：為了取得成功，人們必須堅持不懈，不管生活中有多少挑戰。persevere“堅持做某事（尤指不畏困難和挑戰）”，常見搭配為persevere at/in/with sth.“鍥而不舍做某事”，符合題干語境，故為答案。perpetuate“使某物永存，持續”；preserve“保護，維護”；pretend“假裝”；均排除。

14.D.譯文：盡管這本書承諾對引起沖突的因素進行徹底反思，但是書中描繪的情形卻是毫無新意的：它闡述的理由都是合乎傳統的，沒有做出修正。根據句首despite“盡管”這一表示讓步轉折的介詞，可推知這本書的內容還是為人熟知的familiar，與該書沒有做出重新考慮rethinking這一語境形成照應；冒號后面的句子對主干含義進行補充說明，根據句中的比較結構可知，空格2處應與形容詞orthodox“合乎傳統的，正統的”形成對立，revisionist“修正主義者（強調對傳統教條的修正）”符合題干語境，故為正確答案。unique“獨一無二的”；innovative“革新的，新穎的”；commonplace“普通的”；imitative“模仿的”；controversial“有爭議的”；radical“激進的”。

15.B.譯文：科學破壞藝術的觀點似乎有歷史證據支持。這一證據指出只有當科學被忽視的時候，藝術才得以繁榮發展。空格1為藝術arts發出的動作，空格2為科學science承受的動作，這兩個動作要體現主句中science destroys the arts“科學損壞藝術”的含義，從而推知兩個空格應填入一組反義詞體現科學和藝術的對立關系，“藝術的繁榮”與“科學遭受忽略”形成對立，符合題干語義，故為正確答案。decline“衰落”；attack“攻擊”；mature“成熟”；unconcerned“冷漠的”；succeed“成功”；develop“發展”。

16.A.A項以問句形式引出，與下文作者設問性的回答和進一步解釋語篇連貫。

17.B.調查研究說明加州大學生的實際情況可能并不像東方人所想，可推知作者在此處作了轉折。

18.C.馬克思是典型的幽默家，而弗洛伊德是分析家，分析家不應該和幽默搭邊，所以分析家所做的幽默研究都被忽略了。

19.D.技術影響人們的生活，體現在娛樂上：人們原來在音樂廳或者小型聚會上聽音樂，但現在音樂可以獨自體驗。

20.B.作者在空白部分對首句研究者的觀點進行了轉折，而且也提到了有關低熱量可以延緩衰老的新發型。

Ⅱ.Error spotting(20points)

21.D.To be short→being short?！皞€子矮小”是一種狀態，應該用動名詞形式，being short作句子真正的邏輯主語。

22.B.are→is。What引導的主語從句做主語，謂語用單數。

23.B.liberally-minded citizens→liberal-minded citizens。復合形容詞形式名詞，結構是：形容詞+名詞-ed。

24.D.in other means→by other means。“通過其他方式”。

25.D.is going to→he is going to。本句的do的實施者是the gardener，為了避免與上文名詞重復，用人稱代詞來代替。

26.A.unless→If。連詞if引導條件狀語從句。

27.B.go out to→going out to。find+V-ing表示主動含義，find+V-ed表示被動含義。兩個短語都表示“不知不覺地在……”。

28.D.not exist→not to exist。固定結構：it turned out that或者sb.turned out to be。

29.A.both through→either through。這里是either...or...結構，表示選擇。

30.A.has omitted→has been omitted。主語measurement與動詞omit之間是動賓關系。

31.C.to→for。accountable（to sb.）for sth.“為（某人的）某事負責”。

32.B.had been young→was young。when引導的時間狀語從句是對過去事實的陳述，用一般過去時。

33.D.fit for him→fit him。fit作及物動詞講時，表示“合身”；fit作形容詞講時，固定搭配：be fit for sb.

34.C.what to→how to。動詞develop的賓語已經給出，不應該在使用what這一疑問代詞，而改用how這一疑問副詞。

35.D.successfully launching→successful launching。launching這一動名詞是of所有格結構中的中心詞，應由形容詞來修飾。

36.B.includes→including。本句已經有完整句子主干，include只能以V-ing的形式出現，做伴隨狀語。

37.C.comprising→comprise。comprise這里應作句子的謂語，不能以非謂語形式出現。

38.A.are thriving→are to thrive。這是if引導的對將來情況的假設，用be to do表示將來。

39.B.with Darwin speculated→as Darwin speculated。這里不符合with引導的獨立主格結構：with+主語+動詞-ing/動詞-ed。而是as引導的非限制性定語從句。

40.B.see themselves involve→see themselves involved。see+賓語+動詞原形/動詞-ing，表示“看到某人做某事的過程/正在做某事”。

Ⅲ.Cloze(20points)

41.as。此處需要表示因果關系的連詞。

42.regarded。regard...as...“將……認作……”。

43.because。此處需要表示因果關系的連詞。

44.global.形容詞global能體現出企業對生態環境從污染到毀壞的過程。

45.play.play arole in sth.“在……中起作用”。

46.consumers。“利益相關者”就是“消費者”，填入consumer照應句首。

47.go.go hand in hand“攜手并進”。

48.made.made of“由……制成”。

49.costs.由句意“包裝消費品在引進小容器之后肯定會降低原料和運輸成本”可知。

50.greenhouse.greenhouse gas“溫室氣體”。

51.on.focus...on...“集中注意力”。

52.others.“對環境問題的重視”與“對其他問題的忽略”形成對照，空白處的other issues簡化為others。

53.measures.無論是降低能耗，還是銷售環保產品在性質上都是一種措施。

54.selling.可以看出空格處與前文形成并列結構，所以此處填入動詞-ing形式。

55.company.這里是介詞as引出句子的動作實施者。

56.however.零售行業的公司可以通過環保措施取得信任，但是他們不能忽視自己員工的問題。

57.well.as well“也”。

58.reputations.企業都在試圖提高自己的聲譽。

59.their.因為主語已經出現名詞company，為了避免重復，采取“形容詞性物主代詞+名詞”的形式。

60.friendly.文章第三段已出現復合形容詞environment-friendly，此處應填入“副詞+形容詞”結構。

Ⅳ.Writing(50points)

略。

Ⅴ.General Knowledge(40points)

Part One(20points)

61-65ACBAA

66-70CBACD

71-75BCCCD

76-80BDCDA

Part Two(10points)

81.“common-law”family

A common law family is aman and awoman living together in acommon law marriage situation with children.A common law marriage is an alternative form of marriage.Unlike atraditional marriage,common law marriage does not require that the couple have aceremony led by ajustice of the peace,or that they obtain amarriage license.A common law marriage is instead obtained purely through the conduct and relationship of the two people.While many states outlawed common law marriage by statute in the1800’s,fifteen states and the District of Columbia still recognize acommon law union.

82.Salad bowl

The salad bowl concept suggests that the integration of the many different cultures of the United States residents combine like asalad,as opposed to the more traditional notion of acultural melting pot.

In the salad bowl model,various American cultures are juxtaposed—like salad ingredients—but do not merge into asingle homogeneous culture.Each culture keeps its own distinct qualities.

83.GCE-A-Level

GCE-A-Level,(that is,the Genera)Certificate of Education Advanced Level,is an academic qualification offered by educational institutions in England,Wales and Northern Ireland to students completing secondary or pre-university education.

A-level requires studying an offered A-level subject over atwo-year period and sitting for an examination at the end of each year,proctored by an official assessment body.GCE-A-Level is recognized by many universities as the standard for assessing the suitability of applicants for admission in England,Wales,and Northern Ireland,and many such universities base their conditional admissions offers on astudent’s predicted A-level grades.

84.Medicare

Medicare is anational social insurance program,administered by the U.S.federal government since1965.It guarantees access to health insurance for Americans aged65and older and younger people with disabilities as well as people with end stage renal disease and persons with Lou Gehrig’s disease.

The current Medicare has four parts;hospital insurance,medical insurance,medicare advantage plans and prescription drugs.

Part Three(10points)

略。