上篇 夯實閱讀基礎之長難句加減法
Part 1 別在簡單句上犯錯誤

01 句子成分知多少
復雜事物的形成一定是從簡到繁的過程。要想了解托福的長難句如何破解,我們要先知道其最簡單、最基本的組成成分,在英文語法中稱之為句子成分。
常見的句子成分有主語、謂語、賓語、系動詞、表語、定語、狀語和補語。
(1)主語
位置:常位于句子開頭
作用:是整個句子的主要討論對象
構成:名詞、名詞短語、代詞、非謂語短語、從句等
例如:
●名詞做主語:Lily is a girl.
●名詞短語做主語:The cute dog ran to that house.
●代詞做主語:He went to school.
●非謂語短語之
doing sth做主語:Studying English is very interesting.
to do sth做主語:To pass the exam is not easy.
●從句做主語:What you said means a lot to me.
●it做形式主語:It is not easy to pass the exam.
It is possible that I will be late.
當句子中的主語是名詞、代詞的時候,并不會給考生帶來難點,反而是復雜的非謂語doing sth、to do sth或從句以及it做形式主語的時候有一定的混效性。
主語重難點:it做形式主語的時候,真正的主語是后文的to do sth或從句。這是一個常考點。
(2)謂語
位置:常位于主語之后
作用:表達主語的活動、動作,是整個句子的核心所在
構成:動詞、動詞短語、助動詞動詞組合、情態動詞動詞組合等
例如:
●動詞做謂語:He loves traveling.
●動詞短語做謂語:The young student insisted on his opinion.
●助動詞+動詞組合:Your task had been finished by Tom.
●情態動詞+動詞組合:Lucy may forget the party.
●系動詞+表語組合:Your mom looks very young.
謂語作為一個句子最核心的內容,構成形式相對比較簡單,都與動詞相關。一般理解長難句的時候,找到謂語是最關鍵的一環。
謂語重難點:
√助動詞+動詞做謂語,何為助動詞?
be動詞、have(has,had)都是助動詞,能夠幫助動詞的不同形式表達時態和語態,如:
現在進行時:He is doing his homework.
過去完成時:The soldier had returned to the battle field.
被動語態:My wallet was stolen by someone.
√情態動詞+動詞做謂語,何為情態動詞?
常見的情態動詞有:can, could, may, might, shall, should, must, have to等。情態動詞后面的動詞形式一定是原形,與動詞一起做謂語,共同表達主語的行為動作。
例如:
●You can't buy this purse.
●We should send the postcard to him.
√謂語動詞在句子中一般只有一個,謂語進行并列除外(后文詳細講解并列關系)。因此一旦出現了一定做謂語的形式之后,其余的動詞形式就不再充當謂語。
(3)賓語
位置:常位于謂語之后
作用:是謂語動詞的支配對象
構成:名詞、名詞短語、代詞、非謂語短語、從句等(與主語相同)
例如:
●名詞做賓語:We bought a kite.
●名詞短語做賓語:He sent a beautiful card to me.
●代詞做賓語:I love him.
●非謂語短語做賓語之
doing sth做賓語:This group likes swimming.
to do sth做賓語:All the students here want to go abroad.
●從句做賓語:The words suggested that he has grown up.
●it 做形式賓語:New technology made it possible that this machine works more quickly.
(4)系動詞
位置:常位于主語之后
作用:與表語一起表達主語的狀態、感知等
構成:be動詞、感官動詞和趨勢動詞
例如:
●be動詞:I am a student.
●感官動詞:People feel very tired after the game.
●趨勢動詞:The weather kept hot.
系動詞重難點:
√感官動詞有:feel,sound,smell,look,taste。
√常見的趨勢動詞做系動詞:remain, keep, go, become, appear, grow, seem。
√系動詞與普通動詞的區別在于:普通動詞后面加名詞、名詞短語或不加內容;系動詞后面加名詞、名詞短語或形容詞。
例如:
●He is eating an apple. an apple是名詞短語,eat是普通動詞
●The weather kept warm. warm是形容詞,kept/keep是系動詞
(5)表語
位置:常位于系動詞之后
作用:與系動詞一起表達主語的狀態、感知等
構成:代詞、名詞、名詞短語、形容詞、非謂語短語、介詞短語、從句
例如:
●代詞做表語:That is yours.
●名詞做表語:They are girls.
●名詞短語做表語:She is a pretty lady.
●形容詞做表語:The tree is growing taller and taller.
●非謂語做表語之
doing sth.做表語:The students kept practicing English at night.
to do sth.做表語:The result turned to be right.
●介詞短語做表語:All of my money is in the bank.
●從句做表語:This is why I love him.
表語重難點:系表結構與謂賓結構不同,系表結構表達的是主語本身的動作行為或狀態,不涉及第二個人;而謂賓結構表達的是主語對賓語實施的動作。
例如:
●I met him in the café.本句中 met是謂語,him是賓語,met是主語I對him的動作。
●She is a pretty lady. 本句中is是系動詞,a pretty lady是表語,一起表達了she的身份和狀態,不涉及別人。
(6)定語
位置:常位于名詞之前或之后
作用:修飾名詞
構成:數詞、名詞、形容詞、非謂語短語、介詞短語、形容詞短語、從句
例如:
●數詞做定語:Three cats are climbing the tree.
●名詞作定語:The apple store is located near the subway.
●形容詞做定語:He bought a cute bag.
●形容詞短語做定語:I have a lot of money.
●非謂語短語做定語之:
doing sth 做定語:The boy beating me is my brother.
done by… 做定語:The boy beaten by me is my brother.
●介詞短語做定語:The computer on the table is mine.
●從句做定語:I knew the girl who told you the message.
定語重難點:定語是構成托福長難句的重中之重,因此需要重點了解。
√前置定語:單個詞做定語修飾名詞,直接放在名詞之前進行修飾。
例如:
●The running river is named Xiangjiang River.本句中running只有一個詞,修飾river,因此放在river之前,與中文語序一樣,不構成難點。
√后置定語:兩個或多于兩個詞做定語修飾名詞,則需要放在該名詞的后面進行修飾,與中文語序不同,是較大難點。
例如:
●He sent me a letter with no word. 本句中with no word是由三個詞組成的介詞短語,放在letter后面進行修飾,修飾的是letter,本句意思為:他給我寄了一封沒寫一個字的信。中英語序不同,需要格外注意。
(7)狀語
位置:常位于句子的開頭、謂語動詞之前或之后,位置比較靈活
作用:修飾謂語動詞或整個句子,表示狀態、時間、地點、原因、結果、目的、方式、程度、讓步、條件等
構成:副詞、非謂語短語、介詞短語、從句
例如:
●副詞做狀語:He runs quickly.
●非謂語短語做狀語:My mom was doing exercise to lose weight.
●介詞短語做狀語:Don't sing songs at night.
●從句做狀語:We like you because you are very honest.
狀語重難點:狀語的形式變化多端,位置也可前可后,甚至可以距離謂語動詞很遠。因此在遇到修飾成分的時候,可以先考慮其是否為前面名詞的定語,如果前面沒有名詞或者不能修飾前面的名詞,則考慮其為狀語。
例如:
●On Monday, the chairman will come to our company. on Monday位于句子的開頭,前面并沒有出現名詞,所以只能認定其為時間狀語。
●Don't sing songs at night.at night在句子中位于結尾,前面有名詞songs,但是從語義上判定at night并不能修飾songs,所以依然判定at night是一個時間狀語。
(8)補語
位置:常位于句子的開頭或者結尾,結尾最常見,位于賓語之后,也叫賓語補足語
作用:通常是一個句子表達的意思不夠完整,需要用補語來補充句子的信息,從而使句子完整準確
構成:動詞或動詞短語、名詞或名詞短語、形容詞、非謂語短語
例如:
●動詞或動詞短語做補語:We helped Lily do his homework.
●名詞或名詞短語做補語:People consider Zhang the best director in China.
●形容詞做補語:Don't make him sad.
●非謂語短語做補語:Teacher asked me to come earlier.
補語重難點:補語在閱讀中以賓語補足語最為常見,同時,因為補語和定語都屬于修飾成分,且賓語補足語同樣修飾名詞,所以我們在分析長難句的過程中可以忽略補語,只將其看作是對前面名詞的修飾。
請分析以下句子的句子成分。
[1]He and I cleaned the windows.
[2]Your hat is red and mine is blue.
[3]Who told you that joke?
[4]To give is better than to receive.
[5]It is clear that the environment is very important.
[6]We will understand that studying abroad is a good way to broaden our life.
[7]The apple smells fragrant meters away.
[8]She looks after her father carefully when he is ill.
[9]Staring at the computer screen for a long time harms people's eyes greatly.
[10]They like teachers who are humorous and friendly.
02 熟知5種簡單句
句子成分要想構成句子,一般是通過以下公式進行的:

要想解決長難句問題,通常的做法是尋找句子主干。主語、謂語、賓語、系動詞和表語會在句子中如何排列以構成句子的主干呢?在英語中,有五種簡單句的基本構成,即任何一個句子拿掉修飾成分之后,最終將會剩下這5個簡單句中的某一個。
(1)主語+謂語
這是英語句子最簡單的形式,表達主語的行為動作。
例如:
●I do.
●The biggest hare ran away.
●A bird in the cage is singing loudly.
(2)主語+謂語+賓語
這種結構是在主謂結構的基礎之上添加動作行為的賓語,重點表述主語和賓語之間的動作。
例如:
●I love you.
●The merchants sold the spices to European.
●The Chinese customers bought a lot of handbags in the outlet located in the suburb.
(3)主語+系動詞+表語
主系表結構是通過系動詞和表語共同表達主語的身份、狀態等,一般不涉及主語以外的地方,句子中只有主語一個描述對象。
例如:
●That white car turned left.
●The flowers smelled very good.
●Even development in architecture has been the result of major technological changes.
(4)主語+謂語+賓語+賓語補足語
當主謂賓在一起無法表達完整的句子意思的時候,就需要添加賓語補足語來補充句子意思,這類句子中常含有固定表達。
例如:
●The story made me cry.
●This system enabled the agriculture to develop very fast.
●The fat kept heat from escaping into the surrounding air.
(5)主語+謂語+間接賓語+直接賓語
一般的句子中,一個賓語足以支撐句子的意思,但是在某些特定謂語動詞出現時,通常會出現兩個賓語,如含有“給”的意思的謂語動詞便是如此,即中文中的“A給B某物”。
例如:
●Mom sent me a letter.
●I will make my friend a birthday cake.
●At last, I gave the policeman standing next to the liquor shop the penny found on the street.
綜上所述,這5種簡單句的基本構成是句法的基礎,無論一個句子如何繁雜,刪掉修飾成分之后都會剩下這5種結構中的一個。因此,熟練掌握這5種簡單句的基本構成十分重要。
請分析以下句子屬于哪種簡單句的基本結構。
1:Working outside makes women unable to take good care of their children.
2:Our country is a developing country that is on the way of becoming a developed country.
3:The shy boy writes the girl he has loved secretly for ten years a long letter.
4:I cleaned the windows and organized the room.
5:Each month my pocket money is always run out.
6:That little boy standing under the tree is eating a very big apple imported from the USA quietly.
03 快速識別簡單句修飾成分
一個句子除了句子的主干之外,修飾成分也是句子的重要組成部分。從句子成分的角度劃分,定語、狀語和補語都是句子的修飾成分。
形容詞、副詞、名詞等做修飾成分通常不會給考生帶來太多干擾,所以,短語類和從句類做句子的修飾成分是長難句分析的重點。
常見的短語類修飾成分包含介詞短語和非謂語動詞短語,這兩類短語可以在句子中充當定語、狀語、補語,因此只要找到這兩類短語將其從句子中刪掉,便可以判定句子的主干。
(1)介詞短語
我們在本書中提到的介詞短語的構成為介詞+名詞,如in the room, on the table, within the week, below the bridge等。
介詞短語在句子成分中的作用很大,針對托福閱讀的常見情況,我們只需了解3種形式,即介詞短語做表語、介詞短語做定語和介詞短語做狀語。
例如:
●介詞短語做表語:The bird was in a cage.
●介詞短語做定語:I like the melon on the table.
●介詞短語做狀語:You can go there with your passport.
介詞短語重難點:介詞短語做表語的情況不是非常常見,除非前面是系動詞。最常見的情況是介詞短語做定語和狀語。
如何判斷一個介詞短語是定語還是狀語呢?方法同上文狀語的重難點一樣,先看介詞短語前是否有名詞以及是否修飾前面的名詞,如果是,則為定語,如果不是,則為修飾謂語動詞或者句子的狀語。
(2)非謂語動詞短語
相比于介詞短語,非謂語動詞要復雜得多。三種非謂語動詞短語的形式為:
doing sth:可做主語、賓語、表語、定語、狀語和補語
to do sth:可做主語、賓語、表語、定語、狀語和補語
done (by/with):可做定語、狀語、補語
因為做主語、賓語和表語的時候,doing sth和to do sth的位置比較鮮明,因此在此處只討論做修飾成分的情況。在做修飾成分的時候,三者分別表達不同的意義:
doing sth:表達主動動作或者正在進行
to do sth:表達目的、結果
done (by/with):表達被動動作或者完成
例如:
●非謂語動詞短語做定語:The cat running after a mouse is mine.
●非謂語動詞短語做狀語:He bought a book to study English.
●非謂語動詞短語做狀語:Distributed by the wind, all the pollen spread far away.
非謂語動詞短語重難點:非謂語動詞短語在句子中可做的成分較多,需要熟練掌握其位置和意義,否則在理解句子的過程中會弄混主被動關系。
非謂語動詞短語中的done是最具有混淆性的一個,因為很多動詞的done形式和did形式是一樣的,如cause這個詞的done和did都是caused。在閱讀中如果遇到caused,如何判斷其是done還是did的形式呢?要注意done做非謂語時候表達的是所修飾名詞的被動意義,而did是名詞的主動動作。
例如:
●The rate of death caused by war was increasing rapidly.caused修飾rate of death,表達的是rate of death被戰爭造成,是被動意義,所以caused by是一個非謂語動詞短語,本句中的謂語是was increasing。
●The war caused the rate of death to increase rapidly. caused前文是the war,戰爭是主動造成rate of death迅速增加,所以caused是謂語did的形式。
(3)形容詞短語
除了介詞短語和非謂語動詞短語兩類之外,還有一類形容詞短語,即形容詞+介詞形成的短語,如capable of、a lot of等,這類短語出現的頻率不高,但是既可以做前置定語,也可以做后置定語,同時也可以做賓語補足語。
例如:
●形容詞短語做前置定語:They gave the girl a little milk.
●形容詞短語做后置定語:The basket full of fruits belongs to the old woman.
●形容詞短語做賓語補足語:He is the only boy capable of playing soccer in my class.
形容詞短語重難點:根據上文對于賓語補足語的分析,為了分析方便,也可以直接將賓語補足語看作是后置定語,修飾其前面的名詞。
找出句子中的介詞短語、非謂語動詞短語和形容詞短語,并分析其作用是什么。
[1]The city of New York is famous for its developed economy and fast pace of life.
[2]His love for this country is very great.
[3]They built a highway leading into the mountain.
[4]What's the language spoken in that region?
[5]Among the men to take part in the work, he is probably the most active.
[6]Students brave enough to take this adventure course will certainly learn a lot of useful skills.
[7]He had a big family to support.
[8]Consolidated (or cemented)sediments contain millions of minute water-holding pores.
[9]By far the most abundant type of groundwater is meteoric water.
[10]The necessary space is there in many forms.
04 別被并列關系搞暈了
并列關系是構成句子的一個重要手段,并列關系即將兩個或以上的詞、短語或者句子用特定的并列詞連接在一起,表達并列、選擇或者轉折的關系,從而使得句子的長度更長,表達的意思也更加完整和豐滿。
常見的表達并列關系的詞有:and, or, either…or…, neither…nor…, not only…but (also)…, but, then, as well as等。
詞和詞之間可以進行并列,短語和短語之間也可以進行并列,同時句子和句子之間也能進行并列。因此,在我們看到句子中出現了并列詞的時候,需要先判定并列成分是什么。
注:一般情況下,相同形式的詞、短語才可以進行并列,如doing sth和doing sth進行并列,形容詞和形容詞進行并列。
(1)詞和詞的并列
詞和詞的并列是一種相對簡單的形式,找到并列關系詞,一般看并列關系后邊的內容,再往前找到相同形式的內容,即可判定兩者進行并列。
例如:
●She is young and pretty.
●The students and teachers are all outside the classroom.
●Don't run or jump in the building.
(2)短語和短語的并列
短語和短語之間的并列更要求形式相同,如名詞短語和名詞短語需要進行并列,介詞短語和介詞短語進行并列。因此找到相同形式的短語是判斷并列成分的重要一環。
例如:
●He put the books in the shelves or on the table.
●The little boy not only can read 4 foreign languages but also can speak those very fluently.
●You can either go swimming or go playing basketball.
●He turned around but didn't talk to me.
短語之間的并列難點較大,有時候出現插入成分或者形式不同的短語,也可以進行并列,比如最后一個例子中的turned around 和didn't talk to me,形式完全不同,前者是肯定,后者是否定,但是兩者都是動詞,也可以進行并列。
(3)句子和句子的并列
句子和句子的并列也是一種常見的形式,如果并列關系詞后面的內容是一個完整的句子的話,則說明兩種情況,一種是主語和主語的并列,另一種就是句子和句子的并列。后者是最常見的。在所有的并列關系詞中,能完整進行句子并列的一般是and,or和but。
例如:
●He went away, and his daughter cried sadly.
●I can understand you, but I don't think I can forgive you.
●You have to go, or she will go.
(4)并列省略現象
并列關系本身不是一個特別的難點,但是在出現并列的時候因為常出現省略,所以對于句子準確性的把握會有一定影響。因此,如果出現了并列,其中一個并列成分的語義不完整的時候,可以看另一個并列成分的語義,從而對不完整的部分進行補全。
例如:
●Because the weather varied irregularly, you can't plant trees now, or flowers, either.
在這個句子中,or后面只出現了flowers,flowers與前文的trees進行并列,在并列的基礎上出現了省略,本句的完整形式是:Because the weather varied irregularly, you can't plant trees now, or you can't plant flowers, either.但是無論是在口語中還是在書面語中,直接用flowers就可以便捷地表達句子的意思,讓讀者了解句子的含義,因此可以直接用并列省略的形式。但是如果在考題中出現了“Why can't you plant flowers now?”,也要知道前文的weather varied irregularly是原因,因為其是you can't plant trees now的原因,所以也是can't plant flowers的原因。
找出以下句子的并列關系詞,并判斷并列成分。
[1]He said he would try to write or he will let other people do this.
[2]This principle was not only valid in England but virtually everywhere.
[3]Performers may wear costumes and masks to represent the mythical characters or supernatural forces in the rituals or in accompanying celebrations.
[4]As a result, it may abandon or modify some rites.
[5]It attributes both desirable and undesirable occurrences to supernatural or magical forces, and it searches for means to win the favor of these forces.
[6]This region has a semiarid climate, and for 50 years after its settlement, it supported a low-intensity agricultural economy of cattle ranching and wheat farming.
[7]Plant communities assemble themselves flexibly, and their particular structure depends on the specific history of the area.
[8]Individual fish may be replaced, but the number of fish will tend to be the same from one year to the next.
[9]This enables them to avoid the worst rigors of high winds and permits them to make use of the higher temperatures immediately adjacent to the ground surface.
[10]The deposited sediments are on a lake floor or the seafloor at first, but will be located inland at some future date.
05 長難簡單句如何破解
在托福閱讀中,并不是所有的句子都是含有單個或多個從句。有的句子雖然是簡單句,并不包含從句,但是因為出現了多個修飾成分和并列成分,同樣可能會構成長難句,為考生的學習和理解帶來很大的困難。要想破解長難句,需要再復習一下句子的構成。
(1)語法知識回顧

通過上文的講解可見,簡單句只有五種基本形式,在理解上不應該存在任何難點。但是長難句的難點來自于修飾成分的復雜性。因此要想理解長難句,其中最重要的一個環節就是破掉修飾成分,將以上加法公式變成減法,只剩下句子的主干。
修飾成分的主要難點在于短語類,即介詞短語、非謂語動詞短語和形容詞短語。
句子主干即簡單句的五種基本構成:
主謂
主謂賓
主系表
主謂賓+賓補
主謂+間賓+直賓
(2)長難句方法講解
在以上語言知識的基礎之上,簡單句在形成長難句之后的破解方法可以分為三步:
第一步:刪去句子中的修飾成分
第二步:找到句子中的主干
第三步:分析刪掉的修飾成分的作用
簡而言之,這三個步驟為“刪”“找”“析”,我們將此方法稱為減法式閱讀。
“刪”即將句子中的介詞短語、非謂語短語、形容詞短語等修飾成分刪去,刪去之后,原來長難的句子會變短,只包含句子的主干。
“找”即在剩余的句子內容中找到句子的主干,也就是五種簡單句的構成。這一步驟即可幫助考生了解句子的基本意義。
“析”是最重要的一步。上一步讀懂了句子的主干,也只能明白句子的基本信息,要想了解句子的全部內容,必須要分析清楚每一個修飾成分的作用。根據上文的講解,如果有介詞短語和非謂語短語做修飾成分,一般要先去判定前文是否有名詞以及能否修飾該名詞,如果不能,則是謂語動詞的狀語。
(3)例題講解
例題1 This disruption of food chain and climate would have eradicated the dinosaurs and other organisms in less than fifty years.
解析:
本句在理解過程中可以使用減法式閱讀三步法進行分析。句子中的of food chain and climate是介詞短語,可以刪去,in less than fifty years也是介詞短語可以刪去。句子中便只剩下了“This disruption would have eradicated the dinosaurs and other organisms.”。
句子中的主語是this disruption,謂語是would have eradicated,賓語是the dinosaurs and other organisms,標準的主謂賓結構。句子主干的意思是“這個破壞消滅了恐龍和別的生物”。
接下來要分析句子中被刪去的修飾成分。of food chain and climate是一個介詞短語,該介詞短語前面存在名詞disruption(of結構一般做定語),從語義上可以進行修飾。另一個被刪掉的介詞短語in less than fifty years前面也有名詞other organisms,但是從語義上無法進行修飾,只能做時間狀語。
因此,本句分析之后語義為:食物鏈和氣候的破壞會在五十年的時間內消滅掉恐龍和別的生物。
中托福高頻詞:disruption,eradicate
例題2 The companies building the canals to transport coal needed surveyors to help them find the coal deposits worth mining as well as to determine the best courses for the canals.
解析:
利用減法式閱讀三步法解析本句,先找到句子中的修飾成分。Building the canals是一個非謂語動詞短語,to transport coal也是一個非謂語動詞短語,to help them find the coal deposits也是一個非謂語短語,worth mining是一個形容詞短語,as well as是一個并列詞,后面的to determine the best courses是一個非謂語動詞短語,for the canals是一個介詞短語。值得注意的是,needed surveyors是非謂語動詞done還是謂語動詞did的形式呢?done的非謂語形式需要表達被動的含義,后面不能跟名詞,因此needed后文跟了surveyors說明是did的形式。
如此一來,該句只剩下了:The companies needed surveyors. 也是一個典型的主謂賓的形式,該句語義就變得非常簡單,即公司需要調查員。
最重要的一步是最后要分析所有被刪除的修飾成分的作用,來補充和完善句子意思。Building the canals前文有名詞companies,從語義上可以修飾;to transport coal前是名詞canals,也可以進行修飾,說明canals的作用;to help them find the coal deposits 前面有名詞surveyors,可以進行修飾,且surveyors是賓語,所以to help them find the coal deposits是一個賓語補足語,而as well as后面的to determine the best courses for the canals也一樣做surveyors的修飾成分,來說明surveyors的工作內容。
因此,整句理解為:建造運河來運輸煤的公司需要調查員來幫他們尋找值得開采的煤的沉積層,也幫他們決定對于運河來說的最好的走向。
中托福高頻詞:coal,deposit,mine,determine
例題3 In a countercurrent exchange system, the blood vessels carrying cooled blood from the flippers run close enough to the blood vessels carrying warm blood from the body to pick up some heat from the warmer blood vessels.
解析:
利用減法式閱讀三步法進行解析。本句比前兩個句子的長度還要長,修飾成分也有增加,但是利用三步法同樣可以進行解析。In a countercurrent exchange system是一個介詞短語,可以刪掉,carrying cooled blood是一個非謂語動詞短語,from the flippers是一個介詞短語,接下來的run close enough to the blood vessels的run是謂語動詞的run還是非謂語動詞的run是一個焦點問題,在不確定的情況下只需要保留即可,因為一個句子中只有一個謂語,所以如果后文沒有出現可以承擔謂語的動詞,則run就可以做謂語。后面carrying warm blood是非謂語動詞短語,from the body是介詞短語,to pick up some heat是非謂語動詞短語,from the warmer blood vessels是介詞短語。
鑒于一直到句子結尾都沒有出現可以做謂語的動詞,所以run close enough to the blood vessels的動詞短語便可以承擔謂語動詞的任務,整個句子的主干為:the blood vessels run close enough to the blood vessels。語義為:血管靠近(另一組)血管。
從主干意義上看,句子的意思明顯不夠完整準確,因此,需要分析所有被刪除的修飾成分的作用。In a countercurrent exchange system的前面并沒有出現名詞,因此只能修飾整個句子做地點狀語;carrying cooled blood前文有blood vessels,語義上可以進行修飾;from the flippers修飾前文的cooled blood;后文的非謂語動詞短語carrying warm blood的前文也有blood vessels,語義上也可以進行修飾;from the body修飾前文的warm blood;to pick up some heat表達的是目的或結果,語義上不能修飾前文的body,因此只能做狀語,表達run的目的,后文的from the warmer blood vessels修飾前文的名詞some heat。
因此,本句理解為:在逆流系統中,攜帶著來自于腳蹼的冷血的血管靠近攜帶著來自身體的熱血的血管,去從熱一點的血管中獲取熱量。
托福高頻詞:exchange,countercurrent,heat
請用長難句的三步法分析以下句子。
[1]Helping this group of teachers to revise their thinking about classroom events became central.
[2]Moreover, getting petroleum out of the ground and from under the sea and to the consumer can create environmental problems anywhere along the line.
[3]Long-distance trade in obsidian probably gave the elite residents of Teotihuacán access to a wide variety of exotic good, as well as a relatively prosperous life.
[4]Modern architectural forms generally have three separate components comparable to elements of the human body.
[5]Another task for the Glomar Challenger's scientists was to try to determine the origin of the domelike masses buried deep beneath the Mediterranean seafloor.
[6]David Douglas found a disturbing change in the animal life around the fort during the period between his first visit in 1825 and his final contact with the fort in 1832.
[7]The standard criterion for the survival of a species is its success in competing with other species and adapting to slowly changing environments.
[8]In 1769 in a little town in Oxfordshire, England, a child with the very ordinary name of William Smith was born into the poor family of a village blacksmith.
[9]At the same time, operators of the first printing presses run by steam rather than by hand found it possible to produce a thousand pages in an hour rather than thirty.
[10]Their migration may have been set in motion by an increase in population caused by a movement of peoples fleeing the desiccation, or drying up, of the Sahara.
[11]The geologic timescale is marked by significant geologic and biological events, including the origin of Earth about 4.6 billion years ago, the origin of life about 3.5 billion years ago, the origin of eukaryotic life-forms (living things that have cells with true nuclei)about 1.5 billion years ago, and the origin of animals about 0.6 billion years ago.
[12]The basic cultural requirements for the successful colonization of the Pacific islands include the appropriate boat-building, sailing, and navigation skills to get to the islands in the first place, domesticated plants and gardening skills suited to often marginal conditions, and a varied inventory of fishing implements and techniques.
[13]With question such as these clearly before them, the scientists aboard the Glomar Challenger processed to the Mediterranean to search for the answers.
[14]Even diluted by the terrestrial material excavated from the crater, this component of meteorites is easily identified.
[15]Vast areas along the coast may have been deglaciated beginning around 16,000 years ago, possibly providing a coastal corridor for the movement of plants, animals, and humans sometime between 13,000 and 14,000 years ago.
[16]The first is support from administrators in an education system, enabling teachers to understand the requirements of reflective practice and how it relates to teaching students.
[17]It swims farther into the cold of the northern and southern oceans than any other sea turtle, and it deals with the chilly waters in a way unique among reptiles.
[18]Before the arrival of Europeans, the islands in the two largest cultural areas, Polynesia and Micronesia, together contained a population estimated at 700,000.
[19]General knowledge of categories of events such as a birthday party or a visit to the doctor's office helps older individuals encode their experiences, but again, infants and toddlers are unlikely to encode many experiences within such knowledge structures.
[20]Workers were united in resenting the industrial system and their loss of status, but they were divided by ethnic and racial antagonisms, gender, conflicting religious perspectives, occupational differences, political party loyalties, and disagreements over tactics.
06 參考答案
(1)句子成分練習
請分析以下句子的句子成分。
[1]He and I cleaned the windows.
主語是he and I,謂語是cleaned,賓語是the window。
[2]Your hat is red and mine is blue.
句子有兩個部分組成,and連接兩個句子。第一個分句的主語是your hat,系動詞是is,表語是red;第二個分句的主語是mine,系動詞是is,表語是blue。
[3]Who told you that joke?
主語是who,謂語是told,間接賓語是you,直接賓語是that joke。
[4]To give is better than to receive.
主語是to give,系動詞是is,表語是better,補語是than to receive。
[5]It is clear that the environment is very important.
It是形式主語,is是系動詞,表語是clear,真正的主語是that environment is very important.
[6]We will understand that studying abroad is a good way to broaden our life.
主語是we,謂語是will understand,賓語是that后面的從句;賓語從句中,主語是studying abroad,系動詞是is,表語是a good way to broaden our life。
[7]The apple smells fragrant meters away.
主語是the apple,系動詞是smells,表語是fragrant,狀語是meters away。
[8]She looks after her father carefully when he is ill.
主語是she,謂語是looks after,賓語是her father,狀語是carefully和when he is ill。
[9]Staring at the computer screen for a long time harms people's eyes greatly.
主語是staring at the computers screen,謂語是harms,賓語是people's eyes,定語是for a long time,狀語是greatly。
[10]They like teachers who are humorous and friendly.
主語是they,謂語是like,賓語是teachers,定語是who are humorous and friendly。
(2)簡單句基本結構練習
請分析以下句子屬于哪種簡單句的基本結構。
[1]Working outside makes women unable to take good care of their children.
基本結構是:主語+謂語+賓語+補語。
[2]Our country is a developing country that is on the way of becoming a developed country.
基本結構是:主語+系動詞+表語。
[3]The shy boy writes the girl he has loved secretly for ten years a long letter.
基本結構是:主語+謂語+間接賓語+直接賓語。
[4]I cleaned the windows and organized the room.
基本結構是:主語+謂語+賓語。
[5]Each month my pocket money is always run out.
基本結構是:主語+系動詞+表語。
[6]That little boy standing under the tree is eating a very big apple imported from the USA quietly.
基本結構是:主語+謂語+賓語。
(3)修飾成分練習
找出句子中的介詞短語、非謂語動詞短語和形容詞短語,并分析其作用是什么。
[1]The city of New York is famous for its developed economy and fast pace of life.
介詞短語of New York是定語,修飾the city;
介詞短語for its developed economy and fast pace of life是狀語,修飾is famous。
[2]His love for this country is very great.
介詞短語for this country是定語,修飾his love。
[3]They built a highway leading into the mountain.
非謂語短語leading into the mountain,修飾a highway。
[4]What's the language spoken in that region?
非謂語短語spoken in that region,修飾language。
[5]Among the men to take part in the work, he is probably the most active.
介詞短語Among the men to take part in the work是狀語,修飾后面的主干;
狀語中的非謂語短語to take part in the work是后置定語,修飾the men。
[6]Students brave enough to take this adventure course will certainly learn a lot of useful skills.
形容詞短語brave enough to take this adventure course,修飾students,做后置定語;
形容詞短語 a lot of,修飾useful skills,做前置定語。
[7]He had a big family to support.
非謂語動詞短語to support,做賓語補足語。
[8]Consolidated (or cemented)sediments contain millions of minute water-holding pores.
非謂語動詞consolidated (or cemented)修飾sediments,做前置定語;
形容詞短語millions of修飾minute water-holding pores,做前置定語。
[9]By far the most abundant type of groundwater is meteoric water.
介詞短語by far做狀語,修飾后面的句子;
形容詞短語the most abundant type of修飾groundwater,做前置定語。
[10]The necessary space is there in many forms.
介詞短語in many forms,做狀語,修飾前面的句子 the necessary space is there。
(4)并列關系練習
找出以下句子的并列關系詞,并判斷并列成分。
[1]He said he would try to write or he will let other people do this.
并列關系詞是or,并列前后兩個完整的句子。
[2]This principle was not only valid in England but virtually everywhere.
并列關系詞是but,并列的是in England和virtually everywhere。
[3]Performers may wear costumes and masks to represent the mythical characters or supernatural forces in the rituals or in accompanying celebrations.
并列關系詞or,并列的是the mythical characters和supernatural forces.
[4]As a result, it may abandon or modify some rites.
并列關系詞or,并列的是abandon和modify。
[5]It attributes both desirable and undesirable occurrences to supernatural or magical forces, and it searches for means to win the favor of these forces.
第一個并列關系詞是and,并列的是desirable和undesirable;
第二個并列關系詞還是and,并列的是it attributes both…forces,和it searches…到結尾的句子。
[6]This region has a semiarid climate, and for 50 years after its settlement, it supported a low-intensity agricultural economy of cattle ranching and wheat farming.
第一個并列關系詞是and,并列的是This region has a semiarid climate,和后面的整個句子;
第二個并列關系詞是and,并列的是cattle ranching和wheat farming。
[7]Plant communities assemble themselves flexibly, and their particular structure depends on the specific history of the area.
并列關系詞是and,并列前后兩個完整的句子,即Plant communities…flexibly和their particular structure…一直到結尾。
[8]Individual fish may be replaced, but the number of fish will tend to be the same from one year to the next.
并列關系詞是but,并列的是前后兩個完整的句子,即Individual fish may be replaced,和the number of fish…一直到句尾。
[9]This enables them to avoid the worst rigors of high winds and permits them to make use of the higher temperatures immediately adjacent to the ground surface.
并列關系詞是and,并列的是enables them to avoid the worst rigors of high winds,和permits them to make use…一直到句尾,即兩個謂賓短語進行并列。
[10]The deposited sediments are on a lake floor or the seafloor at first, but will be located inland at some future date.
第一個并列關系詞是or,并列的是a lake floor和the seafloor;
第二個并列關系詞是but,并列的是are on a lake floor…at first,和will be located…到句尾。
(5)簡單句練習
請用長難句的三步法分析以下句子。
[1]Helping this group of teachers to revise their thinking about classroom events became central.
幫助這群老師去修正他們關于教室的想法成為中心任務。
[2]Moreover, getting petroleum out of the ground and from under the sea and to the consumer can create environmental problems anywhere along the line.
另外,從地里或者海下獲取石油再運送給消費者,會在這條線路沿線各個地方產生環境問題。
[3]Long-distance trade in obsidian probably gave the elite residents of Teotihuacán access to a wide variety of exotic good, as well as a relatively prosperous life.
黑曜石的長距離貿易可能給了Teo城精英居民們一個機會,使他們能接觸到各種各樣的外來貨物并擁有一個相對繁榮的生活。
[4]Modern architectural forms generally have three separate components comparable to elements of the human body.
現代建筑形式通常有三個分開的組成部分,相當于人類身體的構成元素。
[5]Another task for the Glomar Challenger's scientists was to try to determine the origin of the domelike masses buried deep beneath the Mediterranean seafloor.
對于GC的科學家來說,另一個任務是嘗試去確定深埋在地中海海底的穹頂狀塊狀物的起源。
[6]David Douglas found a disturbing change in the animal life around the fort during the period between his first visit in 1825 and his final contact with the fort in 1832.
大衛·道格拉斯發現,在他1825年第一次到要塞和1832年最后一次來要塞期間,要塞周圍的動物生活發生了令人困擾的變化。
[7]The standard criterion for the survival of a species is its success in competing with other species and adapting to slowly changing environments.
對于物種來說生存的標準有兩個,一個是在跟其他物種競爭過程中取得勝利,另一個是適應不斷緩慢變化的環境。
[8]In 1769 in a little town in Oxfordshire, England, a child with the very ordinary name of William Smith was born into the poor family of a village blacksmith.
1769年在英格蘭牛津郡的一個小鎮上,一個有著普通名字“威廉·史密斯”的小孩出生在一個貧窮的農村鐵匠家中。
[9]At the same time, operators of the first printing presses run by steam rather than by hand found it possible to produce a thousand pages in an hour rather than thirty.
與此同時,第一臺蒸汽運行而非手動的印刷機的操作者發現,有可能在一小時而非三十個小時之內印一千張紙。
[10]Their migration may have been set in motion by an increase in population caused by a movement of peoples fleeing the desiccation, or drying up, of the Sahara.
他們的遷徙開始的原因可能是因為人口的增長,而人口的增長是由于人們逃離撒哈拉的干燥或者干旱而搬遷所造成的。
[11]The geologic timescale is marked by significant geologic and biological events, including the origin of Earth about 4.6 billion years ago, the origin of life about 3.5 billion years ago, the origin of eukaryotic life-forms (living things that have cells with true nuclei)about 1.5 billion years ago, and the origin of animals about 0.6 billion years ago.
地質的時間表是被很多重大的地質和生物事件所標記的,包括46億年前地球起源,35億年前生命形式出現,15億年前真核生物形式出現(具有真核細胞的生物)和6億年前動物開始出現。
[12]The basic cultural requirements for the successful colonization of the Pacific islands include the appropriate boat-building, sailing, and navigation skills to get to the islands in the first place, domesticated plants and gardening skills suited to often marginal conditions, and a varied inventory of fishing implements and techniques.
要成功占領太平洋島嶼的基本的文化需求包括合適的造船、航行和導航的技術,以首先能到達這些島嶼,還有栽培植物和園藝的技巧以適應經常極端化的環境,另外還有各種漁業工具和技術。
[13]With question such as these clearly before them, the scientists aboard the Glomar Challenger processed to the Mediterranean to search for the answers.
伴隨著這些清楚展現在他們面前的問題,科學家們登上了Glomar Challenger號,前往地中海去尋找答案。
[14]Even diluted by the terrestrial material excavated from the crater, this component of meteorites is easily identified.
即便是被隕石坑中挖掘的陸地物質給稀釋了,隕石的這種成分也還是能很容易被鑒定出來。
[15]Vast areas along the coast may have been deglaciated beginning around 16,000 years ago, possibly providing a coastal corridor for the movement of plants, animals, and humans sometime between 13,000 and 14,000 years ago.
沿著海岸的大片區域冰川開始融化,大概是16000年前開始,為植物、動物和人在13000~14000年前的遷徙提供了一個海岸走廊。
[16]The first is support from administrators in an education system, enabling teachers to understand the requirements of reflective practice and how it relates to teaching students.
第一個就是來自于教育系統管理者的支持,使得教師能理解反思實踐的要求,以及能理解它如何與教學相聯系。
[17]It swims farther into the cold of the northern and southern oceans than any other sea turtle, and it deals with the chilly waters in a way unique among reptiles.
它在南邊和北邊的寒冷的海水中,比任何別的海龜都游得更遠,同時它有一種在爬行動物中獨一無二的方式來處理冷水。
[18]Before the arrival of Europeans, the islands in the two largest cultural areas, Polynesia and Micronesia, together contained a population estimated at 700,000.
在歐洲人到來之前,這兩個最大的文化區域Polynesia和Micronesia中的島嶼一共包含了估計有700000的人口。
[19]General knowledge of categories of events such as a birthday party or a visit to the doctor's office helps older individuals encode their experiences, but again, infants and toddlers are unlikely to encode many experiences within such knowledge structures.
對于比如生日聚會、看醫生等事件的分類的一般知識能幫助大一點的個體來分析他們的經歷,但是,再說一遍,嬰兒和幼兒不太可能用這樣的知識結構來分析很多經歷。
[20]Workers were united in resenting the industrial system and their loss of status, but they were divided by ethnic and racial antagonisms, gender, conflicting religious perspectives, occupational differences, political party loyalties, and disagreements over tactics.
工人們在反感工業體系和他們地位丟失方面被團結在一起,但是又因為民族和種族對抗、性別、矛盾的宗教信仰、職業差異、政治信仰以及戰略不同等被割裂開來。