- 記錄人類文明的那些美文（環球時代美文讀本）
- 吳中東 宮玉波
- 1878字
- 2020-08-20 09:57:22
08 Sociobiology
社會生物學：關于猴群侵犯行為的發生和控制的調查研究
導讀
社會生物學（sociobiology）是一門研究動物（包括人類）社會行為的生物學。研究動物的各種社會行為，諸如群體結構、社會等級、通信交流、侵犯行為、利他行為、性行為等現象的遺傳基礎，當前企圖弄清遺傳物質DNA與動物社會行為的關系。
社群行為（social behaviour）是動物集體合作的行為。典型的社群性動物包括蜂、蟻、狒狒和人類等。動物集群共同取食、共同御敵、共同育幼，增強了個體存活和種族延續的幾率。目前的研究集中在：（1）對社群行為的現場觀察和精確描述；（2）對社群行為的遺傳、生理和種群機制的探索。
本文從社會生物學的角度介紹了關于猴群侵犯行為的發生和控制的調查研究。
Investigators of monkey's social behavior have always been struck by monkeys' aggressive potential and the consequent need for social control of their aggressive behavior. Studies directed at describing aggressive behavior and the situations that elicit it, as well as the social mechanisms that control it, were therefore among the first investigations of monkeys' social behavior.
Investigators initially believed that monkeys would compete for any resource in the environment: hungry monkeys would fight over food, thirsty monkeys would fight over water, and, in general, at time more than one monkey in a group sought the same incentive
simultaneously, a dispute would result and would be resolved through some form of aggression. However, the motivating force of competition for incentives began to be doubted when experiments like Southwick's on the reduction of space or the withholding of food failed to produce more than temporary increases in intragroup aggression. Indeed, food deprivation not only failed to increase aggression but in some cases actually resulted in decreased frequencies of aggression.
Studies of animals in the wild under conditions of extreme food deprivation likewise revealed that starving monkeys devoted almost all available energy to foraging, with little energy remaining for aggressive interaction. Furthermore, accumulating evidence from later studies of a variety of primate groups, for example, the study conducted by Bernstein, indicates that one of the most potent stimuli for eliciting aggression is the introduction of an intruder into an organized group. Such introductions result in far more serious aggression than that produced in any other types of experiments contrived to produce competition.
These studies of intruders suggest that adult members of the same species introduced to one another for the first time show considerable hostility because, in the absence of a social order, one must be established to control interanimal relationships. When a single new animal is introduced into an existing social organization, the newcomer meets even more serious aggression. Whereas in the first case aggression establishes a social order, in the second case resident animals mob the intruder, thereby initially excluding the new animal from the existing social unit. The simultaneous introduction of several animals lessens the effect, if only because the group divides its attention among the multiple targets. If, however, the several animals introduced to the group constitute their own social unit, each group may fight the opposing group as a unit; but, again, no individual is subjected to mass attack, and the very cohesion of the groups precludes prolonged individual combat. The submission of the defeated group, rather than unleashing unchecked aggression on the part of the victorious group, reduces both the intensity and frequency of further attack. Monkey groups therefore seem to be organized primarily to maintain their established social order rather than to engage in hostilities per se.
調查猴子社群行為的研究工作者總是對猴子潛在的侵犯沖動和隨之發生的對其侵犯行為進行社群控制的需要這些現象產生濃厚的興趣。因而，以描述猴子的侵犯行為和其引發的環境，以及控制這種行為的社群機制為目標的研究就成為首批對猴子社群行為調查研究所圍繞的中心。
研究工作者起初認為，猴子會為爭奪環境資源而發生對抗：饑餓的猴子會為食物而戰；干渴的猴子會為飲水而戰。在一般情況下，任何時候，在猴群中，一個以上的猴子同時追求同一刺激物時，爭執就會發生，而經過某種形式的侵犯行為爭執就會得到解決。然而，當像索思威克所進行的這類減小空間或拒給食物的實驗，只能產生暫時增強猴群內部侵犯行為的結果時，爭奪刺激物的動機的理論開始受到質疑。事實上，食物匱乏不但不能增強侵犯行為的發生，在某些情況下，反而實際上造成侵犯行為發生率降低的結果。
對于在食物匱乏條件下的野生動物的研究也同樣顯示，挨餓的猴子幾乎投入全部可利用的精力來搜尋食物，很少有精力來從事相互侵犯的行為。此外，后來對許多靈長目動物群的研究（例如伯恩斯坦的研究）所積累的證據指出：引起侵犯行為的最強有力的刺激因素之一是向有組織的群體引進一個侵入者。這種引進所造成的發生侵犯行為的后果，比起任何其他專為設計產生對抗行為的實驗所產生的后果，要更加嚴重得多。
對于侵入者的這些研究表明，同一物種的成年成員首次被相互引見時，顯示出很大的敵對情緒，因為在缺乏社群秩序的條件下，必須建立起一種秩序來控制動物內部的相互關系。當單個新動物被引入一個業已存在的社群組織時，這個新來者會遭到甚至更為嚴重的侵犯。首先，通過侵犯行為建立起一種社群秩序；而其次定居的動物圍攻入侵者，接著開始把新來的動物驅逐出現存的社群單位。同時引進幾個動物會減輕其后果，即使只是因為群體面對多個目標而分散了注意力。然而，如果引進一個群體的幾個動物組成自己的社群單位的話，每一個群體作為一個單位會與相對立的群體展開戰斗；但是，個別成員不會遭到大量攻擊。而且，正是這種群體的凝聚力排除長時間的個體化格斗。是失敗群體的屈服，而不是勝利群體發動的無節制侵犯，減輕進一步攻擊的強度和次數。因而猴子群體似乎主要是為了保持其已經建立起來的社群秩序而不是為了從事敵對行動本身而組織起來的。
Sentence Translation
句子翻譯
1. However, the motivating force of competition for incentives began to be doubted when experiments like Southwick's on the reduction of space or the withholding of food failed to produce more than temporary increases in intragroup aggression.
2. Whereas in the first case aggression establishes a social order, in the second case resident animals mob the intruder, thereby initially excluding the new animal from the existing social unit.
Key
1．然而，當像索思威克所進行的這類減小空間或拒給食物的實驗，只能產生暫時增強猴群內部侵犯行為的結果時，爭奪刺激物的動機的理論開始受到質疑。
2．首先，通過侵犯行為建立起一種社群秩序；而其次定居的動物圍攻入侵者，接著開始把新來的動物驅逐出現存的社群單位。