07 Internet Is Changing Publishing網(wǎng)絡(luò)改變出版

導(dǎo)讀

本文談的是通過(guò)互聯(lián)網(wǎng)發(fā)表研究成果的一種新方式，指出了三大業(yè)務(wù)模式。第一段先談傳統(tǒng)的雜志出版（論文發(fā)表）流程，這種出版流程使科學(xué)工作者只有訂購(gòu)了該科學(xué)雜志才可以獲得科學(xué)的結(jié)果。文章第二段介紹一種新型的出版方式——網(wǎng)絡(luò)出版，使得科技人員容易獲得科學(xué)結(jié)果。第三段談到科學(xué)的價(jià)值和投資回報(bào)取決于雜志的發(fā)行量和易獲得性。第四段具體介紹了這一新趨勢(shì)的主要出版模式。

It used to be so straightforward. A team of researchers working together in the laboratory would submit the results of their research to a journal. A journal editor would then remove the authors' names and affiliations from the paper and send it to their peers for review. Depending on the comments received, the editor would accept the paper for publication or decline it. Copyright rested with the journal publisher, and researchers seeking knowledge of the results would have to subscribe to the journal.

No longer. The Internet and pressure from funding agencies, who are questioning why commercial publishers are making money from government-funded research by restricting access to it, is making access to scientific results a reality. The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development（OECD）has just issued a report describing the far-reaching consequences of this. The report, by John Houghton of Victoria University in Australia and Graham Vickery of the OECD, makes heavy reading for publishers who have, so far, made handsome profits. But it goes further than that. It signals a change in what has, until now, been a key element of scientific endeavor.

The value of knowledge and the return on the public investment in research depends, in part, upon wide distribution and ready access. It is big business. In America, the core scientific publishing market is estimated at between$7 billion and $11 billion. The International Association of Scientific, Technical and Medical Publishers says that there are more than 2,000 publishers worldwide specializing in these subjects. They publish more than 1.2 million articles each year in some 16,000 journals.

This is now changing. According to the OECD report, some 75% of scholarly journals are now online. Entirely new business models are emerging; three main institutional subscribers pay for access to a collection of online journal titles through site-licensing agreements. There is open-access publishing, typically supported by asking the author（or his employer）to pay for the paper to be published. Finally, there are open-access archives, where organizations such as universities or international laboratories support institutional repositories. Other models exist that are hybrids of these three, such as delayed open-access, where journals allow only subscribers to read a paper for the first six months, before making it freely available to everyone who wishes to see it. All this could change the traditional form of the peer-review process, at least for the publication of papers.

Cloze

完形填空

This is now changing. 1 to the OECD report, some 75% of scholarly journals are now online. 2 new business models are emerging; three main institutional subscribers pay for access 3 a collection of online journal titles through site-licensing agreements. There is open-access publishing, typically supported by asking the author（or his employer）to pay for the paper to be published. Finally, there are open-access archives, where organizations such as universities or international laboratories support institutional repositories. Other models exist that are hybrids of these three, such as delayed open-access, 4 journals allow only subscribers to read a paper for the first six months, 5 making it freely available to everyone who wishes to see it. All this could change the traditional form of the peer-review process, at 6 for the publication of papers.

Key

1. According 2. Entirely 3. to 4. where 5. before 6. least

Translation Practices

翻譯練習(xí)

（1）Textual Translation（篇章翻譯）

過(guò)去在期刊上發(fā)表論文是很簡(jiǎn)單直接的。在同一個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)室工作的一組人員會(huì)將他們的研究成果投給某家期刊。雜志編輯會(huì)將作者名字和附件從論文上刪去再交給同領(lǐng)域的其他研究者進(jìn)行審閱。編輯將根據(jù)得到的評(píng)價(jià)決定是發(fā)表論文還是退回稿件。版權(quán)歸雜志發(fā)行人所有，研究人員要查詢有關(guān)知識(shí)成果必須先購(gòu)買雜志。

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（2）Sentence Translation（句子翻譯）

子曰：“視其所以，觀其所由，察其所安，人焉瘦哉？人焉瘦哉？”

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參考譯文

(1) It used to be so straightforward. A team of researchers working together in the laboratory would submit the results of their research to a journal. A journal editor would then remove the authors' names and affiliations from the paper and send it to their peers for review. Depending on the comments received, the editor would accept the paper for publication or decline it. Copyright rested with the journal publisher, and researchers seeking knowledge of the results would have to subscribe to the journal.

(2) Confucius said, “If you want to know a person, you should analyze the motives of his words and deeds, observe the way he takes and examine what he is up to with ease of mind. If so, how can a person cover up himself? How can a person cover up himself?”