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第一節 單詞和句子

考察能力及閱讀思維

GMAT閱讀考查考生理解文章中的術語的能力和對英語語言的整體理解能力。雖然考試不測試考生的詞匯量,但要求考生掌握一定的術語,測試考生解釋文章中特定術語的能力。題目也測試考生理解英語的能力,這些問題要求考生要對文章具有整體理解的能力。

例如下面的文章:

It was once believed that the brain was independent of metabolic processes occurring elsewhere in the body. In recent studies, however, we have discovered that the production and release in brain neurons of the neurotransmitter serotonin (neurotransmitters are compounds that neurons use to transmit signals to other cells) depend directly on the food that the body processes.

上面的文字中出現了大量的專業術語,比如metabolic, neurons, neurotransmitter, serotonin。對于中國考生而言,當看到文章生詞較多時會有一種恐懼感,頓時會有一種心理暗示,即文章讀不懂題目一定做不對。其實,在考試中這種情況是很常見的,在此提醒考生注意,GMAT閱讀是邏輯的考試,而不是英文和中文翻譯的考試,所以在出現大量的專業詞匯讀不懂時,一定要注意提煉文章的邏輯結構。

文章的邏輯結構可以提煉為:老觀點+新觀點

It was once believed that...(老觀點)+In recent studies, however...(新觀點)——

請看下面的題目:

Which of the following titles best summarizes the contents of the passage?

(A) Neurotransmitters: Their Crucial Function in Cellular Communication

(B) Diet and Survival: An Old Relationship Reexamined

(C) The Blood Supply and the Brain: A Reciprocal Dependence

(D) Amino Acids and Neurotransmitters: The Connection Between Serotonin Levels and Tyrosine

(E) The Effects of Food Intake on the Production and Release of Serotonin: Some Recent Findings

【解析】根據新老觀點文章的特征,新觀點可以看作文章的主題句TS(Topic Sentence)。因此,在做主旨題時,將TS同義改寫即可。正確答案是E。

GMAT閱讀強調的是新觀點,而非老觀點,所以考生在看到老觀點時可以采取快速瀏覽或跳讀的方法,這樣可以避免閱讀過多的細節內容而導致對文章有過多的主觀判斷。若考生有大量名詞不認識,可以利用首字母提煉的方式進行處理,這樣更有利于對文章主干的理解,即提煉文章的邏輯結構。

閱讀思維

考試時每篇文章后面有3~4道題,文章通常有1~4段。因為題目是按照難易程度考查,所以一篇文章應該有一個小題庫。通過對大量的閱讀文章的觀察,發現一篇文章的題庫一般有6~8題。所以,如果在讀完文章做題前,能預測出這6~8個考點,那么在考試中定位的準確性就會極大地提高。應試技巧:考點的位置經常是段首句和段尾句,考點特征是強轉折、強對比、強因果的句子以及有正負評價的句子。所以,只需將這些句子讀懂即可,段落中其他看不懂的句子暫時先跳讀,這就是整體理解能力的應用。

閱讀心得





第二節 觀點邏輯關系

考察能力及閱讀理解

GMAT閱讀考查考生理解觀點邏輯關系的能力,即要求考生評價文中某一觀點的優點和缺點,或者評價文中觀點的重要性。

例如,在美國歷史上,女性經常從事低工資、低技能的工作這種社會現象,經濟學家提出了三種理論來解釋。先提出A解釋,說不能有效解釋這種現象;然后提出B解釋,將B解釋也否定了;最后提出C解釋,認為是合理的解釋,可以有效解釋女性經常從事低工資、低技能的工作這種社會現象。

考試時要求考生對A、B、C三種解釋進行評價:A解釋是負評價;B解釋是大負小正評價,整體是將B否定的,所以是大負的評價。那為什么B解釋會有小正評價呢?因為相對于A解釋作者后提出B解釋,說明B有優于A解釋的地方,所以B解釋有小正評價。C解釋是正評價。

請看下面的文章:

During the 1950's and 1960's, the primary economic development strategy of local governments in Europe was to attract manufacturing industries. Unfortunately, this strategy was usually implemented at another community's expense...

In the 1970's the strategy shifted from this zero-sum game (A situation in which a gain by one person or side must be matched by a loss by another person or side) to one called “high-technology development”. Although this approach was preferable to victimizing other geographical areas by taking their jobs, it also had its shortcomings...

Recently, local governments have increasingly come to recognize the advantages of yet a third strategy: the promotion of homegrown small businesses...

文章的邏輯結構可以提煉為:

P1:1950's and 1960's...manufacturing industries...Unfortunately (-)...

P2:1970's...high-technology development...Although...preferable (+)...shortcoming (-):

P3:Recently...advantages (+): homegrown small businesses

上面的文章對于第一段談到的經濟發展戰略manufacturing industries是負評價,由unfortunately可以看出來;對于第二段談到的經濟發展戰略high-technology development是大負小正評價,由Although...preferable(+), shortcoming(-)可以看出來;對于第三段談到的經濟發展戰略homegrown small businesses是正評價,由advantages可以看出來。了解邏輯關系對于了解閱讀出題重點和快速閱讀法有重要意義。

請看下面的題目:

The author of the passage mentions which of the following as an advantage of hightechnology development?

(A) It encourages the modernization of existing manufacturing facilities

(B) It promotes healthy competition between rival industries

(C) It encourages the growth of related industries

(D) It takes full advantage of the existing workforce

(E) It does not advantage one local workforce at the expense of another

【解析】根據題干high-technology development定位到文章第二段,根據題干advantage定位到文中Although this approach was preferable to victimizing other geographical areas(盡管這種方法優于犧牲其他地理區域),即高科技是不犧牲其他地理區域的。故,答案選(E)。

閱讀思維

GMAT閱讀文章的作者的傾向越向后越強,若一個自然段出現兩個觀點,即使是并列關系,從出題邏輯和考試的角度出發,考生應將閱讀重心向后轉移,通常第一個觀點可以快速瀏覽或跳讀。

請看下面的文章:

Conventional wisdom has it that large deficits in the United States budget cause interest rates to rise. Two main arguments are given for this claim. According to the first, as the defici increases, the government will borrow more to make up for the ensuing shortage of funds. Consequently, it is argued, if both the total supply of credit (money available for borrowing) and the amount of credit sought by nongovernment borrowers remain relatively stable, as is often supposed, then the price of credit (the interest rate) will increase. That this is so suggested by the basic economic principle that if supplies of a commodity (here, credit) remain fixed and demand for that commodity increases, its price will also increase. The second argument supposes that the government will tend to finance its deficits by increasing the money supply with insufficie regard for whether there is enough room for economic growth to enable such an increase to occur without causing inflation. It is then argued that financiers will expect the deficit to cause inflat and will raise interest rates, anticipating that because of inflation the money they lend will be worth less when paid back.

文章的邏輯結構可以提煉為:

Conventional wisdom...(老觀點)+first...second..

文中前面談到老觀點的第一個觀點,后面談到老觀點的第二個觀點,根據上面的方法,According to the first...its price will also increas的文字可以簡單瀏覽或直接跳讀。另外,從The second argument...這個長難句也可以看出后面是考查的重點。

閱讀心得





第三節 事實推論

考察能力及閱讀理解

GMAT閱讀要求考生在閱讀某些文字后,在文中陳述的事實基礎上做出推論。由于美國人在思考問題時,思維是受限制的(limited),而中國考生思考問題時,思維是不受限制的(unlimited),這就導致在推論時,中國考生會帶上自己的主觀意識或背景信息,這種做法是極其錯誤的。

請看下面的例子:

例1:

買房子送老婆。

很多中國考生的第一反應是,買房子時會贈送一個老婆。

請問:這樣的邏輯對嗎?答案是否定的。那么,這句話應該怎么理解才對呢?根據limited的思維,本句話的意思是“買了房子后,送給自己的老婆”。

例2:

Additionally, the human capital theory explains why there was a high concentration of women workers in certain low-skill jobs, such as weaving, but not in others, such as combing or carding, by positing that because of their primary responsibility in child rearing women took occupations that could be carried out in the home.(除此之外,人力資本理論解釋了為什么大量女性在某些低技能過多集中,比如weaving,而不是其他的,比如combing和carding,之所以這樣假設是因為女性主要的責任是養育孩子,所以只能從事一些拿回家里做的工作。)

文章的邏輯結構提煉為:

Additionally...certain low-skill jobs, such as weaving...but not in others, such as combing...by positing...because of

請看下面的題目:

The passage suggests that combing and carding differ from weaving in that combing and carding are

(A) low-skill jobs performed primarily by women employees

(B) low-skill jobs that were not performed in the home

(C) low-skill jobs performed by both male and female employees

(D) high-skill jobs performed outside the home

(E ) high-skill jobs performed by both male and female employees

【解析】相信很多考生會認為combing and carding是高技能,這就是主觀造成的。原文women workers in certain low-skill jobs, such as weaving, but not in others, such as combing or carding,談到weaving是低技能,多數考生主觀地認為but后面的combing or carding一定就是高技能。事實上but not in others出現了省略成分,補充完整后應該是but not in other low-skill jobs。故,答案選(B)。

下面的例子可以幫助廣大考生做到規避背景。

年輕人是。

(A)有活力的

(B)有創新精神的

(C)夜貓子

(D)能吃、能喝、愛睡覺的

(E)年輕的

根據limited的思維模式,答案選(E)。如果按照unlimited思維模式,5個選項都可以選。

閱讀思維

針對主觀的做法,希望各位考生在備考和考試時一定要規避背景知識和主觀臆斷,那么如何做到呢?簡單來說,就是文章說什么就知道什么,文章說什么就相信什么,思考問題時要依據文中的事實,思想一定要limited。

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