第一周 雅思寫作必知句型

Day 1 定語從句、狀語從句和賓語從句

Day 2 非謂語動詞

Day 3 并列句、被動句和介詞短語

Day 4 主語從句、表語從句、同位語和同位語從句

Day 5 平行結(jié)構(gòu)、插入語、倒裝、疑問句和祈使句

寫IELTS作

Day 1 定語從句、狀語從句和賓語從句

定語從句

定語從句是寫作中最常用的句型之一。作定語的從句一般都是用關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞引導的。

1.由關(guān)系代詞引導的定語從句

關(guān)系代詞who，that，which，whose是用來引導定語從句的。

如果修飾人，一般用關(guān)系代詞 who。

It offers many conveniences to the people who live here.

它給當?shù)鼐用裉峁┰S多便利。

People who work for charitable organizations usually do so because they want to help people in need.

在公益組織工作的人是為了幫助有困難的人。

Those who receive higher education have more opportunities.

那些受過高等教育的人會有更多機會。

Other careers，such as that of an artist or musician，attract people who find their work personally fulflling no matter what the monetary reward is.

還有一些職業(yè)，如藝術(shù)家、音樂家，其吸引人的原因在于人們可以在工作中實現(xiàn)自己的理想，而不在乎金錢上的報酬。

A person who considers his pet a child or sibling might have trouble accepting this fact.

把寵物視為孩子或兄弟姐妹的人不大能接受這種事實。

Those people who are against mandatory retirement have the following reasons.

那些反對強制退休制度的人持有以下理由。

The men who have achieved great success are，with no exception，the men who have utilized their odd moments wisely.

取得巨大成功的人毫無例外都是善于利用零碎時間的人。

如果修飾“物”，用關(guān)系代詞 that 的時候較多，有時也用 which。當這個代詞在從句中是用作賓語時，在絕大多數(shù)情況下都是可以省略掉的。

Animal testing is a barbaric practice that deprives animals of the right of subsistence.

動物實驗是野蠻的做法，它剝奪了動物的生命權(quán)。

Endangered languages are languages that are slowly disappearing because of technology and the desire for cultures to assimilate.

瀕危語言指的是那些由于科技和渴望文化同化而慢慢消失的語言。

Addiction is a brain disease that changes a person’s neurochemistry.

上癮是一種會改變?nèi)说纳窠?jīng)化學的大腦疾病。

Genetic engineering is a safe and powerful tool that will yield unprecedented results，specifcally in the feld of medicine.

基因工程是一種安全和威力強大的工具，將產(chǎn)生史無前例的成效，特別是在醫(yī)學領(lǐng)域。

Overpopulation and fresh water shortage are two thorny problems that people are confronted with today.

人口過多和淡水短缺是當今人們面臨的兩大棘手問題。

Traditional schools offer cultural and sports activities that the home-schooled children will miss out on.

傳統(tǒng)的學校提供一些文化和體育活動，這些是在家接受教育的小孩所享受不到的。

whose 代表“某個人的”，在從句中作定語。

Choosing my own roommate would also allow me to live with someone whose habits are compatible with my own.

我自己選擇室友，可以找生活習慣比較相近的人同住。

Those whose obesity is gene-related should consult doctors.

由于遺傳造成的肥胖需要去看醫(yī)生。

2.由關(guān)系副詞引導的定語從句

關(guān)系副詞有when，where，why。定語從句可用來修飾一個表示時間的詞，這時通常用關(guān)系副詞when。定語從句在修飾表示地點的名詞時，常需用關(guān)系副詞 where。在 reason 后的定語從句可由 why 引導，why 也常可省略。

The kitchen is always a warm room where the families like to gather.

廚房常是溫暖的地方，家人喜歡聚在那里。

One reason why I support the building of a modern gym is that physical education class is very important to the well-being of students.

我支持興建一座現(xiàn)代化體育館的理由是，體育課對學生的健康是非常重要的。

The main reason why I choose the pig is that，in my opinion，the country’s most valued animal does not need to be graceful or cuddly，but rather benefcial to the average people.

對我而言，我選擇豬的主要理由是，我國最有價值的動物不需要很優(yōu)雅或很可愛，而應(yīng)該是對一般人很有用處的動物。

The reason why I chose the forests as most important is because they help us in so many ways.By saving the forests，I believe we can save the planet.

我選擇森林為最重要的資源，是因為森林在很多方面都對我們有益。通過拯救森林，我相信我們也能夠拯救地球。

It will usher in a world where gene defects，bacterial disease，and even aging are a thing of the past.

它預示著一個不再存在基因缺陷、細菌性疾病甚至衰老現(xiàn)象的世界。

I prefer to live in a place where the climate is agreeable.

我喜歡在氣候宜人的地方生活。

A museum is a good place where tourists can appreciate the local culture and better understand the local history.

博物館是游客們體驗當?shù)匚幕土私猱數(shù)貧v史的好地方。

I look forward to a day when we can enjoy a delicious meal at your restaurant.

我盼望著有一天能在你們飯店美餐一頓。

Some parents send their children to a private school where their children can enjoy better teaching facilities and high teaching quality.

有些家長把孩子送到私立學校去學習，那里有更好的教學設(shè)施和更高的教學質(zhì)量。

The reason why many governments ban human cloning is that it is morally wrong.

許多政府禁止克隆人是因為克隆人不符合倫理道德。

That is the reason why many people are strongly against the ban on pets in big cities.

這就是許多人強烈反對在大城市養(yǎng)寵物的原因。

3.非限制性定語從句

定語從句可分為限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句兩種。限制性定語從句使修飾的詞代表一個（些）或一類特定的人或東西。這類從句不能省略，否則主句會失去意義而不能成立，或意思不清楚，沒有說明問題，甚至顯得非常荒謬。在譯成漢語時，這類從句一般也譯成從句。前面的例句都是限制性定語從句。

非限制性定語從句則不然，它只對所修飾的詞作進一步的說明，省略之后其他部分仍然可以成立。這類從句通常和句子的其他部分用逗號隔開，譯為漢語時，從句常可譯成一個并列句。非限制性定語從句，在修飾人時用who，whom或whose，在修飾物時用which。在這種從句中，which有時可代表前面說的整個情況或主句的某一部分，而不是代表一個名詞。非限制性定語從句也可由where或when引導。

Chinese writing is a unique system of pictographs，which is both very exact and expressive.

漢語書寫是一套獨特的象形文字系統(tǒng)，不但非常精確，也富含意義。

This，as a result，has made direct face-to-face human contact less and less necessary，which has caused human relationships to become more confusing.

結(jié)果，這也導致人們面對面接觸的機會越來越少，從而使人們之間的關(guān)系越來越淡漠。

For this reason，a high income is reasonable，because with great risk comes enormous proft，which is also the essence of private enterprise.

鑒于此，他們的高額收入是有道理的。高風險贏得高回報，這也是個人職業(yè)生涯的實質(zhì)。

Of course，I could drive my own car，which would give me the greatest fexibility and independence.

當然我可以自己開車，這樣給我最大的靈活性和獨立自主性。

We should take pride in our cultural legacy handed from our ancestors，which refects our brilliant history and rich culture.

我們應(yīng)該為祖先傳下的文化遺產(chǎn)感到自豪，它們反映了我們璀璨的歷史和豐富的文化。

Language extinction is a gradual process，which tends to affect the minority tribes most keenly.

語言滅絕是個緩慢的過程，對于少數(shù)民族部落的影響最大。

狀語從句

由從句表示的狀語可以用來修飾謂語（或其他動詞）、定語或狀語，或是整個句子。狀語從句可以用來表示原因、讓步、條件、時間、結(jié)果、比較等。

1.表示原因的狀語從句

表示原因的狀語從句可以由because，since，as，seeing（that），considering that，now that等詞（組）引起。

Furthermore，the people who know us well can advise us effectively because they understand our strengths and weaknesses.

此外，因為他們了解我們，知道我們的優(yōu)缺點，所以能提供有用的建議。

In addition，because he is not afraid to make changes in his life and take risks，he is more willing to take advantage of unexpected opportunities.

此外，這種人因為不怕改變生活與冒險，所以就更愿意利用意想不到的機會。

In conclusion，I prefer reading books to watching movies in my free time because reading gives me greater freedom and inspires my imagination more.

總之，有空的時候，我寧愿看書而不看電影。因為看書能給我較大的自由，更能激發(fā)我的想象力。

Riding a bike is physically benefcial because bicyclists burn excess fat while riding.

騎自行車對身體有益，因為騎車可以消耗掉人身上多余的脂肪。

Since obesity often affects more than one family member，making healthy eating and regular exercise a family activity can improve the chances of successful weight control for the child or adolescent.

由于肥胖問題常常影響到不止一個家庭成員，把健康飲食和有規(guī)律的運動當作家庭活動可以增加成功控制兒童或青少年體重的機會。

Since all cigarettes and other tobacco products are poisonous and potentially lethal，they should all be taken off the market.

由于香煙和其他煙草制品全都是有毒的并且具有潛在的致命性，它們都應(yīng)該從市場中被取締。

Few drug addicts can do away with drugs because they are so addictive.

很少吸毒者能擺脫毒品，因為毒品太令人上癮了。

2.表示讓步的狀語從句

表示讓步的狀語從句可以由 although，though，even if，even though，no matter，while，whatever 等詞（組）引起。

Although the salaries of athletes and entertainers seem exorbitant，there are valid reasons why they receive them.

盡管運動員與演藝人員的收入高得似乎有點離譜，但之所以這樣是有充分的理由的。

Second，athletes and entertainers，no matter how talented，invest a lot in training for their careers.

第二，無論他們多有天分，運動員與藝人都必須為了他們的工作而投注很多心血進行訓練。

Although some people say that this limitation is a violation of their rights，the measure has received widespread support among non-smokers.

盡管有人說這項限制違背了他們的權(quán)利，但此項措施已受到非吸煙者的廣泛支持。

Although the pig is important primarily as a source of food，it also has some symbolic value.

雖然豬的重要性主要是在于食用價值，但它還有其象征意義上的價值。

Finally，although hunting and fghting techniques are no longer as essential，games can still help us develop certain practical skills.

最后，雖然打獵和戰(zhàn)斗技巧不再那么必要，游戲仍然可以幫助我們培養(yǎng)一些實用的技巧。

Although the traditional artists may not create commercial benefts，they can enrich our spiritual life and civilize our society.

雖然傳統(tǒng)藝術(shù)家們或許不能創(chuàng)造商業(yè)價值，但他們可以豐富我們的精神生活，讓社會變得文明。

Although tourism brings us a huge amount of foreign currency and creates many job opportunities，it poses potential risks to the conservation of indigenous culture.

盡管旅游業(yè)給我們帶來大量的外匯，創(chuàng)造許多就業(yè)機會，但它對當?shù)匚幕谋Ｗo構(gòu)成潛在威脅。

Though nuclear technology has signifcant impacts on human civilization，we shall never lose sight of its risks.

雖然核技術(shù)對人類文明產(chǎn)生了巨大影響，但是我們絕不能無視它的危害性。

No matter how advanced and convenient e-books are，p-books still have a larger market share.

不管電子書籍多么先進和方便，傳統(tǒng)書籍依然占據(jù)較大的市場份額。

While modern life offers us many conveniences，it also requires us to deal with pressure and frustration in daily life.

雖然現(xiàn)代生活的確帶給我們許多便利，但也使我們在日常生活中要應(yīng)付很多的壓力與挫折。

Second，while basing their pay on how many their students learn might motivate teachers to teach better，it will certainly lead them to put too much pressure on the students.

第二，付薪方式以學生的學習成果為基準也許會激勵老師要教得更好，但也一定會讓他們把太多壓力強加在學生身上。

While I look forward to making many new friends at university，I know that not everyone is easy to live with.

雖然我期待在大學里結(jié)交許多新朋友，但我知道并不是每個人都那么容易相處。

3.表示條件的狀語從句

表示條件的狀語從句可以由 if，unless，in case，so （as） long as，so far as，on condition （that），provided （that） 等詞（組）引導。

If we don’t know what we want to achieve，we are unlikely to make much progress.

如果我們不知道要達到什么，就不可能有很大的進步。

If someone else is going to be affected by the decision，for example，our spouse or business partner，that person should be able to voice his opinion and take part in the decision-making process.

例如，如果還有其他人，如我們的配偶或生意伙伴，會因這項決定而受影響，他們就應(yīng)該有權(quán)表達意見，并參與決策。

If a company were to give a sum of money to one of these causes，it would be diffcult to choose between them.

如果有公司要給這些事業(yè)之一提供一大筆錢，這將很難抉擇。

If mankind destroys the environment，we will not be able to survive.Second，because industry causes much of the damage to the environment，I believe that companies have some responsibility to support conservation and cleanup efforts.

如果破壞了環(huán)境，人類將無法生存。其次，因為工業(yè)對環(huán)境造成重大的傷害，所以我認為，企業(yè)有責任支持在環(huán)保及環(huán)境清潔方面的努力。

Finally，if we do not rush through life，we will have more time to enjoy the things that we do.

最后，如果我們不匆匆忙忙地生活，我們會有更多的時間去享受我們所做的事。

If one parent is obese，there is a 50 percent chance that the children will also be obese.However，when both parents are obese，the children have an 80 percent chance of being obese.

如果父母中有一個肥胖，小孩有 50% 的概率肥胖；如果父母雙方都肥胖，小孩就有 80%的概率肥胖。

If museums are entirely funded by the state，they will have little incentive to increase visitor numbers and to make their collections exciting and accessible for all.

如果博物館完全由政府資助的話，它們將沒有動力去吸引更多的參觀者，也不會努力使收藏品更加吸引人，為大眾服務(wù)。

If free museum entry were considered a cultural right，shouldn’t the state make theatre tickets free as well？

如果免費參觀博物館被視為一種文化權(quán)利的話，那么政府是否也應(yīng)該對劇院實行免票呢？

If museums are not funded suffciently by government，they will be forced to charge for entry，and this will inevitably deter many potential visitors，especially the poor and those whose educational and cultural opportunities have already been limited.

如果博物館得不到政府足夠的資助，它們將被迫向參觀者收費，這不可避免會失去部分潛在的參觀者，尤其是窮人和那些教育和文化機會本來就受限的人群。

If a person wishes to continue working，and is considered fit，it is overprotective and insulting to prevent him /her from doing so.

如果一個人希望繼續(xù)工作，而且被認為是合適的，那么不讓他 /她工作便顯得過于保護和有辱人格了。

If we could strengthen family life，raise the living standard，and install character values，we would doubtless lower the crime rate.

如果我們能增進家庭關(guān)系，提高生活水平和培養(yǎng)（良好）品格，毫無疑問犯罪率將得以降低。

If proper monitoring and supervision are not available to help adolescents succeed，the likelihood of violence increases.

如果沒有適當?shù)谋O(jiān)督和指導來幫助青少年走上成功之路，青少年暴力的可能性就會增大。

If we take responsibility for the youth of society as a whole，we will not only improve the life of the child，but we will improve the world we live in.

如果為全社會的青少年負責的話，我們將不僅改善小孩的生活，同時也會改善我們的世界。

4.表示時間的狀語從句

表示時間的狀語從句可以由 when，before，after，since，as，as soon as，while，until，whenever，till，ever since，now （that），once，so （as） long as 等詞（組）引導。

When we try something new we may fail.

我們嘗試新事物時可能會失敗。

When we feel that what we are doing is important and worthwhile，how much money we make is not so important.

當我們覺得自己的工作很重要而且很有價值時，金錢的多寡就沒那么重要了。

When we meet someone new，we soon form an opinion of that person.

當我們初識某人時就會馬上形成對此人的看法。

Illegal business activities are not only morally wrong，but will eventually hurt the business when the law catches up with them.

非法營利行為不僅不道德，而且當罪行曝光時，必定會傷害到企業(yè)本身。

And when we do a better job we will feel more satisfed with our efforts.

而且，當我們把事情做得更好時，就會對自己的努力成果感到更加滿意。

When under stress，if I spend time alone，I may continue to dwell on my problems.

如果我在有壓力的情況下一個人獨處，我就會一直想著自己的問題。

When considering moving into a university dormitory，students will find the following advantages.

當考慮搬進大學宿舍時，學生們可以發(fā)現(xiàn)以下一些優(yōu)點。

And when we take pleasure in our work，we will live happier lives.

而且，當我們在工作中找到樂趣時，我們就會過得更快樂。

Basically，obesity occurs when a person eats more calories than the body burns up.

一般來說，當一個人攝入的卡路里超出身體所能消耗的量時，就會變得肥胖。

As long as we are fully conscious of the gravity of youth drug abuse，and adopt some remedial measures，I am convinced that we can overcome the problem.

只要我們都能充分意識到青少年吸毒問題的嚴重性并采取補救措施，我堅信我們一定能克服這個問題。

When a community loses its language，it often loses a great deal of its cultural identity at the same time.

當一個社會失去其語言時，它同時也就失去了許多文化特征。

Our eating habits have changed drastically since Western fast food was introduced into China a decade ago.

自從 10 年前西式快餐進入中國以來，我們的飲食習慣發(fā)生了巨變。

5.表示目的和結(jié)果的狀語從句

表示結(jié)果的狀語從句可以由 so that，so… that，such… that，in order that，that，lest，for fear that，in case 等詞（組）引導。

Young people don’t have as many preconceptions and habitual ways of dealing with things，so they are more open to new ideas.

年輕人處理事情時沒那么多先入為主的觀念和習慣性的做法，所以更能接受新想法。

Schools should also be teaching students certain life skills so that they will be better able to get along in the world after they graduate.

學校也應(yīng)該教給學生某些生活技能，讓學生在畢業(yè)后能更好地生活。

First of all，it is something we do with others，so it provides us with companionship.

首先，因為我們是跟其他人一起合作，所以我們能借此同別人培養(yǎng)友誼。

Parents and children should have more emotional exchanges so that the generation gap can be removed.

家長和孩子應(yīng)該多進行感情交流，從而消除代溝。

Corporal punishment should be administered on children who behave badly so that they will better understand where their fault is.

對表現(xiàn)不好的孩子應(yīng)該實施體罰，好讓他們清楚自己錯在哪里。

Tele-education should be developed at a faster pace so that more children can have easy access to education of high quality.

應(yīng)該加快發(fā)展遠程教育，這樣更多的孩子才有機會接受高質(zhì)量的教育。

Some teenagers are so blind that they are likely to emulate the behavior of their idols that are sometimes negative role models.

有些青少年過于盲從，喜歡模仿偶像的行為舉止，而有時候這些偶像是一些負面榜樣。

Air pollution has become so serious that people suffer from a variety of respiratory diseases.

空氣污染變得日益嚴重，人們患上各種各樣的呼吸道疾病。

Teenagers lack adequate self-control and self-discipline，so that they tend to revel in games.

青少年缺乏必要的自控和自律，因此他們?nèi)菀壮撩杂谟螒颉?/p>

International tourism develops so rapidly that cultural assimilation and cultural penetration are inevitable.

國際旅游業(yè)發(fā)展如此迅猛，文化同化和文化滲透是不可避免的。

6.表示比較的狀語從句

表示比較關(guān)系的狀語從句通常是由 than 或 as 引導的。 由于里面常有一些成分沒有表示出來，這類從句多數(shù)看來都是不完整的。

However，some students have more trouble adjusting than others.

然而，有些學生比其他學生更難適應(yīng)環(huán)境。

The income of male professors is two times as much as that of female professors.

男教授的收入是女教授收入的兩倍。

A，which represents 23%，is 20% less than B，which comprises 43%.

A 占 23%，而 B 占 43%，A 比 B 少 20%。

The more tourists arrive，the more serious pollution problem perplexes us.

游客越多，困擾我們的嚴重污染問題就越復雜。

The earlier you graduate from university，the more opportunities await you.

大學畢業(yè)越早，機會越多。

The larger vocabulary you have，the higher score you will achieve in the IELTS test.

你的詞匯量越大，你在雅思考試中取得的分數(shù)就越高。

賓語從句

賓語從句有三類：（1）由 what 等連接代詞引導的賓語從句；（2）由連詞 that 引導的賓

語從句；（3）由連接副詞引導的賓語從句。

1.由 what等連接代詞引導的賓語從句

這些連接代詞包括：what，who，which，whose 等。

While there is no way to predict exactly what our scientists and entrepreneurs will come up with，there are indications that advances will be made in certain areas.

雖然我們沒有辦法精確地預測到科學家和企業(yè)家會想出什么新點子，但有跡象顯示，某些領(lǐng)域仍將會有進步。

Everyone likes to succeed at what he does，and it is more likely that we will succeed at things we already know how to do well.

每個人都希望所做的事情可以成功，而如果我們已經(jīng)知道如何才能把事情做好，成功的可能性就會比較大。

2.由連詞that引導的賓語從句

這類從句前的連詞 that 在有些情況下可以省略。例如在 believe，think，suppose，presume 等動詞后連詞 that 常省略，在 say，see，know，hear，propose，understand，be told 等動詞后，連詞 that 有時用，有時不用。 在大多數(shù)情況下還是以不省略為好，尤其是在寫作中。

In our fastpaced and competitive society many people feel that they must do things as quickly as possible or they will fall behind.

在這樣生活步調(diào)快速而且競爭激烈的社會里，很多人都認為做事情必須越快越好，否則就會落后。

They believe that by traveling to the moon and other planets，we can make great scientifc advances and perhaps fnd an alternate place to live in before our own planet becomes too crowded or uninhabitable.

人們認為，通過登陸月球及其他行星，我們可以在科學上取得重大的進步，或許在地球過度擁擠或變得再也不能居住之前可以先找到可供替代的住所。

For all of these reasons，I believe that the best way to reduce stress is to spend time with others.

基于以上理由，我認為減輕壓力最好的方法就是和別人在一起。

Some experts suggest that we should encourage people to wear traditional costumes in order to preserve our tradition.

有些專家建議鼓勵人們穿傳統(tǒng)服裝來保護我們的傳統(tǒng)。

Many adversaries of cultural globalization fear that Western infuences will infltrate and dominate other cultures，creating a kind of Western hegemony throughout the world.

許多文化一體化的反對者擔心西方勢力將滲透和支配其他文化，這樣一來，將在全球形成一種西方霸權(quán)。

Supporters of drug legalization believe that crime and violence would decrease if drug use were legal.

毒品合法化的支持者認為如果吸食毒品合法化，犯罪和暴力將減少。

Advocates of drug legalization hold that if government regulates drugs such as cocaine and marijuana by imposing taxes，then the black market will be eliminated.

毒品合法化的支持者認為，如果政府通過征稅的方法對可卡因和大麻等毒品加以監(jiān)管，黑市就會不復存在。

3.由連接副詞引導的賓語從句

這些連接副詞包括：how，why，when，where，whether，if（同 whether 時）等。

This diagram illustrates how an IELTS candidate takes an interview.

本圖展示了雅思考生參加口試的過程。

In this essay，I intend to explore why many languages and cultures are disappearing.

在本文中，我將探討許多語言和文化不斷消失的原因。

This diagram depicts how people obtain water in the wild in order to survive.

該圖表描述了人們是如何在野外取水生存下來的。

I wonder if this practice can stand testing.

我不知這種做法是否經(jīng)得起推敲。

Some doubt whether compulsory military service is justifed.

有人對義務(wù)兵役制的合理性表示懷疑。

There arises a contentious debate over whether gambling should be made legal.

關(guān)于賭博該不該合法化出現(xiàn)了一場激烈的爭論。

This debate is about whether we should sacrifce animal rights for human benefts.

辯論的話題是我們應(yīng)不應(yīng)該為了人類的利益而犧牲動物權(quán)利。

I don’t know if you could do me a favor.

不知道你是否能幫我個忙。

As to whether we should abolish corporal punishment，people’s views vary.

至于是否廢除體罰，人們看法不一。

Day 2 非謂語動詞

非謂語動詞

非謂語動詞包括：動名詞、分詞和不定式三種。使用非謂語動詞，既能表達復雜的句子意思，同時又言簡意賅，使句子非常精練，是寫作的加分句型，同學們應(yīng)重點掌握。

1.動名詞

動名詞在句子中起名詞的作用，可單獨或引導短語用作主語、賓語、表語或介詞的賓語。

（1）作主語

Providing such facilities would have many advantages.

提供這些設(shè)施有很多好處。

Sharing our old customs can also bring us closer to our new neighbors.

和新鄰居分享我們的傳統(tǒng)習俗也可以使我們和新鄰居更親近。

Playing games brings us a lot of fun in several ways.

參加比賽在很多方面都能帶給我們樂趣。

Balancing a career and a family is a vexing problem facing many career women.

在事業(yè)和家庭之間找到平衡對于許多職業(yè)女性而言是件令人煩惱的事情。

Providing condoms to students in public education programs will reduce the incidence of underage pregnancy and the spread of sexually transmitted diseases.

為接受公共教育的學生提供避孕套將降低早孕率和減少性病的傳播。

Providing students with condoms actually encourages the earlier onset of sexual activity.

為學生提供避孕套實際上是鼓勵學生過早進行性行為。

Eating meat also increases the risk of heart disease.

吃肉也增加了得心臟病的危險。

Increasing ventilation rates can be a cost-effective means of reducing indoor pollutant levels.

提高空氣流通速度是個減少室內(nèi)污染水平經(jīng)濟有效的方法。

Protecting and preserving endangered species has become a popular topic within the last several years.

在過去幾年里，保護瀕危物種成了熱門話題。

Eating meat not only causes cruelty to animals，but also causes serious harm to the environment and to biodiversity.

吃肉不僅對動物很殘忍，同時也對環(huán)境和生物多樣性造成了嚴重的危害。

Developing positive feelings about pets can contribute to a child’s self-esteem and self-confdence.

培養(yǎng)對寵物的同情心有助于小孩自尊和自信的形成。

（2）作表語

A practical solution to fresh water shortage is recycling wastewater in a scientifc way.

解決淡水短缺較為實際的方法是用科學的方法循環(huán)利用廢水。

The aim of the program is reducing air pollution.

這個項目的目的是減少空氣污染。

Another solution to the environment problem is banning disposable products.

解決環(huán)境問題的另外一個方法是禁止一次性產(chǎn)品。

The main task of a responsible government is eliminating poverty，disease and illiteracy.

負責任的政府的主要任務(wù)是消除貧困、疾病和文盲。

（3）作賓語

In Chinese culture，calligraphy is not merely writing，but also art.

在中國文化中，書法不僅僅是一種書寫形式，也是一種藝術(shù)。

They may be attending school or working，but whatever they do，they will spend more time away from their families than with them.

他們也許繼續(xù)讀書，也許工作，但無論做什么，他們不會有太多的時間與家人在一起。

This means making healthy habits a part of our everyday life.

也就是說，要讓健康的習慣成為日常生活的一部分。

Keeping ft includes having healthy eating habits and participating in a regular exercise program.

保持身體健康包括養(yǎng)成健康的飲食習慣和經(jīng)常參加鍛煉。

I look forward to seeing you soon in Guangzhou.

我期待著早日在廣州見到你。

Going vegetarian means massively reducing the risk of contracting food-borne diseases.

吃素意味著大幅減少感染食源性疾病的可能性。

2.分詞

分詞主要起形容詞和副詞的作用，可單獨或引導短語用作定語、表語或狀語。

分詞有兩種，現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞。這兩種分詞在句子中能擔任的成分大體相同，主要是在意思上有主動、被動之分。現(xiàn)在分詞一般有主動的意思，過去分詞一般有被動的意思。

有時表示的時間也不相同。個別的過去分詞（多數(shù)是一些不及物動詞）并不表示被動的意思而有完成的意思。如：retired workers（退休工人），escaped prisoners（逃犯）。

（1）作表語

Unfortunately，places in university are often limited and reserved for “good” students.

不幸的是，大學里的一些地方都限于“好”學生使用。

The open spaces and parks are limited in the city and are too often sacrifced for further development.

城市里的空地和公園不但有限，而且還常常被犧牲以作進一步發(fā)展之用。

However，many careers are now closed to those who are not literate.

然而，現(xiàn)在許多職業(yè)并不歡迎不識字的人。

Our natural energy will soon be depleted if we pay no attention to the conservation of it.

如果我們不重視對自然資源的保護，它們將很快被耗盡。

The fact that many animals are tortured by humans for pleasure is disgusting.

許多動物被人們折磨取樂，這種事實很令人惡心。

The fact that a number of aboriginal languages are on the brink of extinction is astonishing.

許多土著語言處于瀕危狀態(tài)的事實令人吃驚。

Surfng the Internet is time-consuming.

網(wǎng)上沖浪耗費時間。

Some TV programs are misleading and corrupting.

有些電視節(jié)目是誤導人和墮落的。

The Internet is culturally damaging.

互聯(lián)網(wǎng)對文化有傷害。

（2）作定語

Much of the remaining land is mountainous and unsuitable for development due to its instability.

大多數(shù)未開發(fā)的土地多是山區(qū)，因為地質(zhì)不穩(wěn)而不適合開發(fā)。

Third，we can expect a growing population and demands for a higher standard of living to put increasing pressure on the earth’s resources.

第三，我們可以預計人口會增加，人類會追求更高的生活水準，因而導致地球資源承受更

大的壓力。

One advantage to a child of spending his early years outside of school is that he can learn many things that formal schooling does not teach，such as how to take care of himself and how to cope with an ever-expanding world.

小孩不過早入學的一個好處是，他能夠?qū)W到很多正規(guī)學校教育沒有教的東西，比如如何照顧自己以及如何面對日益開闊的世界。

A pressing issue troubling our government is that a growing number of teenagers take drugs.

困擾我們政府的一個迫切問題是越來越多的青少年吸毒。

A problem vexing us is that many people suffer from respiratory problems due to the worsening air pollution.

困惑我們的問題是許多人由于日益嚴重的空氣污染而患上呼吸道疾病。

Too many tourists fooding the tourist attractions pose potential threat to the conservation of cultural relics.

太多游客涌入旅游景點對文物的保護構(gòu)成潛在的威脅。

Many retired people can still contribute to society with their rich experience.

許多退休老人仍然能用他們豐富的經(jīng)驗為社會做貢獻。

We shall bring into full play the talents of returned students.

我們應(yīng)該充分發(fā)揮歸國留學生的才干。

Many drivers are penalized according to the newly issued regulations.

依據(jù)新頒布的規(guī)定，許多司機被處罰了。

（3）作狀語

This would encourage more tolerance and harmony in the world，making it a better place for all of us.

這樣會使全世界的人更加相互包容、更和諧，讓大家能擁有一個更美好的世界。

This means that in a heavy rain hillsides will collapse，causing great damage.

這意味著下大雨的時候，山坡會崩塌，造成極大的損害。

This has made the world smaller and has had a great infuence on business，leading to greater productivity worldwide.

這使世界變得更小，而且對商業(yè)有很大的影響，也讓全球的生產(chǎn)力增加了。

Taking into account all the factors，we may reasonably arrive at the conclusion that mandatory retirement is totally unacceptable.

考慮了所有因素之后，我們可以得出合理的結(jié)論：強制退休制度完全不可接受。

Emitting toxic gases and making deafening noise，the factory affects residents nearby seriously.

這家工廠釋放出有毒氣體并制造震耳欲聾的噪聲，嚴重影響了周圍居民。

We should help the wildlife and bring endangered species into captivity to breed them，thus increasing the population of those species.

我們應(yīng)該幫助野生動物，把瀕危物種進行封閉飼養(yǎng)，從而增加它們的數(shù)量。

If asked to make a choice，I would not hesitate to side with the latter view for several strong reasons.

如果要我選擇的話，我將基于幾點理由毫不猶豫地支持后者的觀點。

Kept in zoos，some rare animals can enjoy better living conditions and professional care.

在動物園里，稀有動物可以享受到更好的居住環(huán)境和專業(yè)的照料。

Deeply influenced by excessive violence and pornography on the Internet，some teenagers err from the right path.

由于深受大量互聯(lián)網(wǎng)色情與暴力的影響，有些青少年誤入歧途。

（4）作補語

I feel my heart beating at high speed.

我覺得我心跳得很快。

Some parents fnd their children skipping classes.

有些家長發(fā)現(xiàn)他們的孩子在逃課。

I fnd the employment situation frustrating.

我覺得就業(yè)形勢令人沮喪。

Women often fnd themselves caught in a dilemma whether they should stay home to be full-time housewives or go out to pursue their careers.

女性經(jīng)常感到進退兩難：是在家做全職太太還是出去追求自己的事業(yè)。

We found Guangzhou greatly changed.

我們發(fā)現(xiàn)廣州改變了許多。

We should have the nuclear waste well disposed of.

我們要妥善處理核廢料。

3.不定式

不定式，通常句子前面帶有 to，有時也可不帶 to。可單獨或引導短語作主語、賓語、表語、定語或狀語。

（1）作主語

To choose a new holiday is not easy.

選出一個新的節(jié)日并非易事。

However，to limit ourselves to doing only those things which we are good at will cause us to miss many opportunities to develop other interests and skills.

然而，限定自己只做那些我們擅長的事將會使我們錯過許多發(fā)展其他興趣和技能的機會。

To receive an unexpected gift of money would be a happy thing.

意外地獲贈一筆錢是件很快樂的事。

To subsidize artists and musicians is a great waste of limited government revenue.

資助藝術(shù)家和音樂家是在極大地浪費政府有限的稅收。

To send children to a boarding school helps cultivate independence and social skills.

把小孩送到寄宿學校（學習）有助于培養(yǎng)其獨立性和交際能力。

But for other people，it is important to adhere to a more personal defnition of success.

但對其他人而言，堅持個人對成功的定義更重要。

For all of these reasons，I believe that it is not benefcial for young children to begin formal education too soon.

基于上述理由，我認為對年紀幼小的孩子來說，太早開始接受正規(guī)教育是沒有好處的。

It is imperative for the government to constitute more rigid laws and regulations to fght drug-related crimes.

政府有必要制定更加嚴厲的法律和法規(guī)來打擊涉毒犯罪。

It is quite necessary to install cameras in public areas to ensure public security.

在公共場合安裝攝像頭確保公眾安全（的做法）是很有必要的。

It is natural for human beings to farm，kill，and eat other species.

人類飼養(yǎng)、宰殺、吃掉其他物種是件很自然的事情。

（2）作賓語

Hopefully，private donations will help to improve both our environment and our lives.

希望個人捐助可以提高我們的生活水平和改善我們的環(huán)境。

The new government decides to constitute more rigid laws and regulations to curb the soaring crime rate.

新政府決定制定更多嚴厲的法律和法規(guī)來遏制急劇上升的犯罪率。

Art funding helps preserve and carry forward the traditional arts.

藝術(shù)資助有助于保護和弘揚傳統(tǒng)藝術(shù)。

In this essay，I aim to analyze this thorny issue from diverse perspectives.

在本文中，我試圖從不同角度分析這個棘手的問題。

Some people prefer to send their children abroad to receive better education.

有些人更愿意把小孩送去外國接受更好的教育。

Some cities manage to ease the pressure of heavy traffc by restricting private cars and developing public transportation.

一些城市通過限制私家車和發(fā)展公共交通成功地緩解沉重的交通壓力。

（3）作表語

Another reason for making higher education available to all is to encourage less capable students to improve.

應(yīng)將高等教育對所有人開放的另一個原因是為了鼓勵那些能力較差的學生力求進步。

To sum up，the most important way to help transfer students adjust to their new environment is to ensure that they do not feel alone.

總之，幫助轉(zhuǎn)學學生適應(yīng)新環(huán)境，最重要的方法就是要確保他們不會覺得孤立無援。

One reason people listen to music is to relax and enjoy themselves.

聽音樂的原因之一是為了放松及娛樂。

The main reason to be a vegetarian is to reduce animal suffering.

成為素食者的主要原因是要減少動物遭受的痛苦。

The best way to foster a child’s independence and self-confdence is to give him /her a part-time job.

培養(yǎng)孩子獨立性和自信心的最佳方法是給他 /她一份兼職工作。

The government’s aim is to produce a comprehensive and high-quality education for all its citizens.

政府的目的是為全體公民提供全面和高素質(zhì)的教育。

One of the main responsibilities of any government is to ensure the safety of its population.

政府的一個主要職責就是確保人民的安全。

An important way to help your child with weight loss，maintain a normal weight and develop healthy habits is to encourage him to participate in regular physical activity.

幫助孩子減肥、 維持正常體重和養(yǎng)成健康的習慣的重要方法是鼓勵他參加有規(guī)律的體育活動。

（4）作補語

To sum up，trying new things and taking risks allow us to develop both our skills and our personal interests.

總之，嘗試新鮮事物和冒險活動可以提高我們的技能和發(fā)展個人興趣。

A holiday in their honor would encourage people to recognize the important role their pets play in their lives.

一個紀念它們的節(jié)日可以鼓勵人們重視寵物在他們生活中所起到的重要作用。

Schools can help new students to solve these problems and even to avoid them in the frst place in the following ways.

學校可以幫助新生解決這些問題，甚至可以在一開始就用下面的方法來避免這些問題。

Schools should take steps to assist the new students before problems arise.

學校應(yīng)該在問題發(fā)生之前就采取措施，幫助新生。

Finally，practicing sports allows children to relax and to experience success in an area other than academic studies.

最后，做運動能讓孩子放松，并且在學業(yè)之外的領(lǐng)域體驗成功。

Art funding may make artists shift the focus from creativity towards pleasing funding bodies.

對藝術(shù)的資助可能會使藝術(shù)家的注意力從創(chuàng)作活動轉(zhuǎn)向討好資助團體。

A gap year allows us to have a chance to better identify our career interests and goals.

間隔年讓我們有機會更好地認清自己的職業(yè)興趣和目標。

An overseas study background enables us to have an advantage over others.

海外留學背景令我們比別人具有優(yōu)勢。

Forcing a person to retire at a certain age is a violation of the right to work.

強迫人在某個年齡退休是對其工作權(quán)利的侵犯。

It is a great pleasure for me to invite you to spend the weekend with us at my home.

我很榮幸邀請您到我家過周末。

（5）作定語

But if a person is always seeking ways to change his life，he may not stick with things long enough to gain the most beneft from them.

但如果人不斷地尋求改變生活的方法，他們也許就因為不能長久堅持而無法從中獲得最大的利益。

I fnd some habits and routines comforting and convenient，yet I do not want to be afraid to face changes or take advantage of unforeseen chances to improve my life.

我認為有些習慣與例行公事能讓人覺得舒適而便利，但我不會害怕面對改變，或利用意想

不到的機會去改善我的生活。

Governments have a duty to protect the moral and physical health of their citizens.

政府有義務(wù)保護公民的身心健康。

The best way to deal with criminal is through rehabilitation rather than punishment.

處罰罪犯的最好方法是通過改造而不是懲罰。

The desire to have one’s own child and to nurture it is wholly natural.

希望擁有自己的骨肉并撫養(yǎng)他是再自然不過的事了。

Job-hopping offers us an opportunity to exhibit our versatile talents.

跳槽給我們展示多才多藝的機會。

The opportunity for individuals and governments to gain considerable capital for organs sold will lead to appalling human rights violations.

個人和政府通過販賣（人體）器官獲得大量資金的機會可能會導致出現(xiàn)駭人聽聞的侵犯人權(quán)的行為。

（6）作狀語

In order to understand whether the government should censor the Net，one must take into account both the advantages and the disadvantages of the “Censor the Net” approach.

為了理解政府是否應(yīng)該對網(wǎng)絡(luò)實施審查，必須考慮網(wǎng)絡(luò)審查這種方法的利弊。

Our government should take feasible steps to preserve the brilliant culture and history of the minority peoples.

我們的政府應(yīng)該采取可行的措施來保護少數(shù)民族璀璨的文化和歷史。

In order to stay healthy，it is advisable for us to adopt and maintain healthier patterns of eating and exercise.

為了保持健康，我們應(yīng)該養(yǎng)成更健康的飲食習慣和鍛煉模式。

Cameras are installed to ensure a safe living environment for people.

為了確保人們有一個安全的居住環(huán)境，安裝了攝像頭。

To maintain the ecological balance，we should try to avoid the destruction of natural habitats.

為了保護生態(tài)平衡，我們應(yīng)該盡力避免破壞自然棲息地。

Day 3 并列句、被動句和介詞短語

并列句

如果句子包含兩個或更多互不依從的主謂結(jié)構(gòu)，就是并列句。并列句中的分句通常用一個并列連詞來連接。并列連詞包括：and，but，while，or，yet 等。

For example，a logging company will make a great deal of money by simply cutting down all the trees it can，but if it does not preserve the land and plan for the future，the business will fail in the end.

以伐木公司為例，它將所有能砍伐的樹木全砍光會賺很多錢，但如果沒有保護土地資源，也沒規(guī)劃未來，公司最后一定會倒閉。

There are always many things that a government would like to spend its money on，but no government has unlimited resources，so choices must be made.

政府要花錢資助的事情有很多，但是政府的資源有限，所以必須有所選擇。

Finally，space exploration is a long-term project，but the threat of some problems on Earth is immediate.

最后一個理由是，太空探險是長期的計劃，但地球上有些問題所造成的威脅卻是需要立刻解決的。

Some people prefer to engage in physical exercise by running or playing a sport，while some feel more relaxed after watching TV or even sleeping.

有些人比較喜歡像跑步這樣的運動，或從事其他體育運動，而有些人則會覺得看完電視，甚至睡一覺之后就輕松多了。

It is common for university students to share their dormitory rooms with another student，and at some universities this is required.

對大學生來說，和另一個學生同住宿舍是很常見的事，而且在有些學校還是明文規(guī)定的。

However，some things are still made by hand，and these goods are usually highly valued for their quality and uniqueness.

然而，有些東西仍然是手工制作，并因其品質(zhì)和獨特的風格而受到珍視。

It may not be as fast and effcient as using a machine to accomplish my work，but it would give me a greater sense of satisfaction and accomplishment.

用這個方法來完成工作，也許不如使用機器來得快而且有效率，但它能給我?guī)砀蟮臐M足感和成就感。

Many people would much rather work with a machine，and our society needs such people to advance，but I believe working by hand is the best way for me.

很多人工作時可能寧愿使用機器，而且我們的社會要發(fā)展也需要這些人。但我認為，用手工工作對我而言是最佳的方式。

In many universities，students are asked to evaluate their professors after each course，but this is not common practice in junior and senior high schools.

很多大學都會要求學生在課程結(jié)束后對教授進行評價，但在中學里，這種做法并不普遍。

Every room in the house has its function and it is diffcult to imagine life without one of them.

房子內(nèi)的每個房間都有其功能，很難想象若缺少其中任何一間，生活會變成什么樣。

They may be volunteers，or they may be given a small stipend for their work，but whatever monetary beneft they receive，it is not as important as the fact that they have made a difference in someone else’s life.

他們可能是義工，或者也可能獲得少許的薪資，但無論得到什么金錢上的利益，都不如改變某個人的生活這件事來得重要。

Some students would rather study by themselves，while others do better in a group.

有些學生喜歡自己學，而有些則喜歡一群人一起學。

Government has made great efforts to preserve cultural legacy，yet there are still many being severely damaged.

政府已經(jīng)盡力去保護文化遺產(chǎn)，然而還有許多正遭受嚴重的破壞。

被動句

謂語表示一個動作時，主語和它可以有兩種不同的關(guān)系，主動關(guān)系或被動關(guān)系。在表示主動關(guān)系時（即主語為動作的執(zhí)行者時），謂語的形式稱為主動語態(tài)；在表示被動關(guān)系時（即主語為動作的承受者時），謂語要用另一種形式，稱為被動語態(tài)。

被動語態(tài)主要用在下面兩種情況：（1）我們不知道或沒有必要說明動作的執(zhí)行者是誰（這時都不帶由 by 引導的短語）；（2）動作的承受者是談話的中心（這時可帶由by引導的短語）。

在漢語中被動結(jié)構(gòu)的句子也是很多的，有些帶有“被”“受”“由”等詞，譯成英語時較易想到用被動結(jié)構(gòu)。

一般來說，在英語中，如果沒有必要，最好避免用被動結(jié)構(gòu)。如果在一個情況下，主動結(jié)構(gòu)和被動結(jié)構(gòu)都可以用，還是以用主動結(jié)構(gòu)比較自然。

?Curiosity is not limited by age and we should never stop trying to learn and to improve ourselves.

求知欲不受年齡限制，我們絕對不要停下學習的腳步，而要不斷追求進步。

Many people are employed in these felds and I believe that this is where our future lies.

許多人都在這些領(lǐng)域工作。我認為，我們的未來正是在這些領(lǐng)域。

Famous people，such as athletes，actors，and other entertainers，are often interviewed by the press.

媒體常會采訪名人，比如運動員、演員以及其他的藝人。

Most of us have been brought up to respect our elders and pay heed to their advice，for there is much that they can teach us.

我們絕大多數(shù)的人從小就被教導要尊敬長輩，要聽他們的勸告，因為他們可以教導我們許多事情。

Whatever a person’s reason for doing the work he does，he should be respected for his commitment and good work.

無論一個人工作的理由為何，只要他夠投入并且表現(xiàn)良好，就應(yīng)該受到尊重。

There are times when information must be communicated with exactness，and at such times a face-to-face conversation would be better.

有時當必須傳遞準確的信息時，面對面的談話會比較好。介詞短語

介詞不能在句中獨立充當一個成分，而需和一個名詞或與之相當?shù)臇|西構(gòu)成介詞短語，在句中充當一個成分。和介詞構(gòu)成短語的那個部分稱為介詞賓語。介詞短語在句中主要用作狀語、定語或表語。

（1）作狀語

For this reason some people think that children should begin their formal education at a very early age.

基于這個原因，有些人認為孩子在很小的年紀就應(yīng)該開始接受正規(guī)教育。

In contrast with American flms，Indian movies often appear unsophisticated and simplistic.

跟美國電影比起來，印度電影通常沒那么世故，它們是單純的。

（2）作定語

Second，the opinions and beliefs of their families are well-known to young adults.

其次，家人的意見與信仰對年輕人而言是再熟悉不過了。

Moreover，while two people with similar goals may fnd themselves in competition，those

who want different things can always support each other without reservation.

此外，兩個有相似目標的人可能會彼此競爭，而追求不同目標的人會毫不保留地互相支持。

（3）作表語

This may be because of the way we feel in the clothing itself，or because of the way our clothing leads others to treat us.

這可能是因為穿著本身帶給我們的感受，或是因為我們的穿著會引導別人如何對待我們。

Day 4 主語從句、表語從句、同位語和同位語從句

主語從句、表語從句

1.由what等連接代詞引導的主語從句和表語從句

這些連接代詞包括：what，who，which，whose等。

（1）主語從句

Who is qualifed to be the censor remains an issue of controversy.

誰勝任（新聞）審查員的職位依然是具有爭議的話題。

What factor contributes to the disappearance of some rare species has always been a research focus of scientists.

什么因素導致一些稀有物種的滅絕一直是科學家的研究重點。

What the parents do and how they behave in front of their children，according to some psychologists，will have a great impact on their children in shaping their behaviors.

一些心理學家認為，家長在孩子面前的一舉一動將對小孩的行為舉止有重大影響。

（2）表語從句

In conclusion，I prefer entertaining movies because I think entertainment is what movies are best at.

總之，我比較喜歡娛樂影片，因為我認為電影最擅長的就是制造娛樂效果。

2.由連詞that引導的主語從句和表語從句

（1）主語從句

這類主語從句在大多數(shù)情況下都放在句子后面，而用代詞it做形式主語。很多都成了固定的句型。

It is undeniable that corporal punishment produces some negative effects on children’s mental and physical health.

不可否認，體罰對小孩的身心健康有負面影響。

It has long been accepted that natural resources are limited.

人們一直認為自然資源是有限的。

It is apparent that the price has been on the rise since last week.

很顯然，自從上星期以來價格一直在上升。

It is essential that more rigid laws and regulations should be enacted to deter criminals.

制定更加嚴厲的法律法規(guī)來震懾犯罪分子是必不可少的。

It is a common knowledge that tobacco contains many carcinogens.

眾所周知，煙草中含有許多致癌物。

It is suggested that private cars should be restricted in big cities to solve the energy shortage problem.

有人建議大城市應(yīng)該限制私家車來解決能源短缺問題。

It must be pointed out that the number of male students is much larger than that of female students.

必須指出的是，男生人數(shù)遠比女生人數(shù)多。

（2）表語從句

Another beneft of careful planning is that we will not miss any opportunities or deadlines due to carelessness or inattention.

詳細計劃的另一個好處是，我們不會因為疏忽或沒有注意到而錯過機會或最后期限。

Most important among them is that it would encourage young people to spend more time outdoors.

最重要的是它們能鼓勵年輕人參與更多的戶外活動。

One reason is that space exploration requires a great deal of money and offers little immediate return.

其中一個理由是，太空探險需要龐大的經(jīng)費，但所能提供的直接回報卻很少。

3.由連接副詞引導的主語從句和表語從句

這些連接副詞包括：how，why，when，where，whether等。

（1）主語從句

How we can curb the soaring crime rate has been widely discussed in our community these days.

近來在我們社區(qū)人們廣泛討論如何遏止急劇上升的犯罪率。

That is why many white-collar workers regard job-hopping as an opportunity to tap their potentials.

這就是許多白領(lǐng)視跳槽為挖掘自身潛能的機會的原因。

How we can carry forward our traditional culture has become a hot topic these days.

如何弘揚傳統(tǒng)文化近來成了熱門話題。

Whether or not children should be given pocket money has sparked a heated discussion.

該不該給小孩零花錢引發(fā)了激烈的討論。

Whether human cloning should be banned has triggered a ferce argument.

關(guān)于該不該禁止克隆人引發(fā)了一場激烈的爭論。

（2）表語從句

Perhaps this is why some people feel that it is better to be a member than a leader.

也許這就是為什么有些人認為，當普通員工比當領(lǐng)導好。

The above reasons are why I choose tea as the most important plant to the people in my country.

以上就是我將茶選為我國最重要的植物的理由。

It is where they spend the majority of their time during their school years.

它是學生在上學期間待得最久的地方。

One quality which makes the difference between a man of great caliber and a man of average performance is how odd moments are handled.

有才干的人與平庸的人不同的一個品質(zhì)是知道如何利用零碎的時間。

What people are more concerned with at this stage is whether the government can create more job opportunities.

現(xiàn)階段人們更加關(guān)心的是政府是否能夠創(chuàng)造更多的就業(yè)機會。

同位語和同位語從句

一個名詞或代詞后面有時可跟一個名詞、短語或者從句，對前者作進一步解釋，說明它指的是誰、是什么等，叫作同位語。

1.詞和短語作同位語

This is especially true in China，a country with a dense population.

這對于人口密集的中國而言尤其如此。

As for me，I prefer the former，entertaining movies，when I go to the theater.

至于我，我看電影時則偏愛前者，也就是娛樂片。

Shopping，the necessary activity in everyday life is more convenient in the city.

購物，這個日常生活中必需的活動，在城市里更方便。

Love can tear students away from learning，the students’ main task.

愛情能將學生從學習—— 學生的主要工作—— 中脫離。

They want to impress us，their spectators，with a magnifcent show of strength.

他們希望通過對自己的力量所做的壯觀展示給我們這些觀眾，留下深刻的印象。

Athletes themselves attract too much attention.

運動員們吸引了人們太多的關(guān)注。

We consumers need to know where to buy these products.

我們消費者需要知道到哪里去買這些產(chǎn)品。

We teachers have to be patient.

我們當老師的不能沒有耐心。

How wonderful it is to compete with your friend，also a well-matched tennis fan，in a green feld.

和你一起的同樣是網(wǎng)球迷朋友，你們一起在綠草地上比賽是多么美好的事情啊！

2.同位語從句

I can hardly assent to the view that women are inferior to men.

我很難認同女性劣于男性的觀點。

There is a growing consensus that it is not unethical to clone human organs.

越來越多的人達成共識：克隆人體器官是不合倫理的。

The view that fast food will replace traditional food is ridiculous.

認為快餐將取代傳統(tǒng)食物的觀點是荒謬的。

From what I have mentioned above，it is not diffcult to get the conclusion that students should go abroad to study.

根據(jù)上面我所提到的，不難得出這樣一個結(jié)論：學生應(yīng)該出國留學。

But the disadvantage of this solution lies in the fact that too much land that could be used for farming or housing will inevitably be occupied by more and more roads.

但此方案的不足之處在于這樣一個事實：建造道路會不可避免地占用過多的土地，而這些土地本來是可以用于耕作或建房的。

Therefore，a fear has arisen among some people that the more machines will be used，the more workers will be unemployed and the lower our living standard will become.

因此，一些人存在一種恐懼，那就是，機器被用得越多，越多的工人就會失業(yè)，而我們的生活水平就會越低。

And they hold the belief that the experience of taking the part-time job is a perfect preparation for their future job-hunting competition.

他們相信做兼職工作的經(jīng)歷會為自己在將來的求職競爭中贏得優(yōu)勢。

The issue whether Internet has more advantages has aroused a heated debate.

因特網(wǎng)是否有更多的優(yōu)點，已經(jīng)引起了激烈的爭論。

Day 5 平行結(jié)構(gòu)、插入語、倒裝、疑問句和祈使句

平行結(jié)構(gòu)

兩個及兩個以上語法作用相同的詞、短語或句子放在一起，構(gòu)成平行結(jié)構(gòu)。在英語中是一種修辭方法，相當于漢語中的排比。

These include heavy traffc，pollution，noise and crowds.

這些包括繁忙的交通、污染、噪聲以及擁擠的人群。

As it is，teenagers are more likely to be found playing computer games or hanging around shopping malls than doing outdoor activities.

事實上，我們發(fā)現(xiàn)青少年比較喜歡玩電腦游戲，或是在購物中心逗留，而不是從事戶外活動。

They include the work location and environment，chances for advancement，and of course the salary.

它們包括工作地點、工作環(huán)境、晉升機會，當然還有薪水。

The arts are important to our quality of life，but the environment is important both to the quality of life and to life itself.

藝術(shù)對我們的生活品質(zhì)很重要，但是環(huán)境對生活品質(zhì)及生活本身都很重要。

Another reason I prefer entertaining flms is that when I do want to fnd out about a serious matter，I would rather do so by reading a book or watching news reports.

我比較喜歡看娛樂片的另一個原因是當我確實想了解一件嚴肅的事情，我更喜歡通過讀書或看新聞報道獲取信息。

插入語

插入語是指將一個詞、短語或從句插入到句子的兩個成分當中，使句式富于變化。插入語通常用兩個逗號與整個句子隔開，有的用兩個破折號隔開。

The three aspects above，in my opinion，are more important than money when considering which job to take.

依我之見，當我們考慮從事何種工作時，以上所列舉的三個方面就比金錢更重要。

First，a business must，of course，not do anything illegal，even if by doing so it can earn a large proft.

首先，企業(yè)當然不能做任何違法的事情，即使這樣做會帶來大筆利潤。

While there are many factors，which affect how well a student learns，the teacher is no doubt one of the most important.

盡管影響學生的學習情況的因素有很多，但毫無疑問老師是其中最重要的一個因素。

Almost all represent worthy causes but，unfortunately，there is only so much money to go around.

幾乎每個要求看來都是值得重視的目標，但不幸的是，就只有這么多錢可供分配。

Finally，when students evaluate their teachers，whether positively or negatively，they will realize that there is always room for improvement no matter what one does，and that we should always strive to better our performance.

最后，學生在進行教師評價時，無論正面或負面的評價都能使他們認識到，不管老師怎么做，都還是有改進的空間，而且應(yīng)該時時努力，以求有更好的表現(xiàn)。

When it comes to scientists and artists，for example，I believe that our society places more importance on the work of scientists.

例如，當我們提到科學家和藝術(shù)家的時候，我認為我們的社會更重視科學家的工作。

In the first case，learning by listening to others，we have the benefit of learning from others’ mistakes and are thus being able to avoid them ourselves.

第一種方法是聽取別人的建議而學習，因為我們可以從別人所犯過的錯誤中學習教訓，避免犯相同的錯誤。

For example，by planning ahead，they can buy tickets for a concert or play that may later be sold out.

例如，假如事先有規(guī)劃，就可買到晚一點就全部售空的音樂會或戲劇演出的門票。

Finally，learning by doing allows me to make my own discoveries and，in this way，I not only have a more meaningful learning experience，but often learn things I never expected.

最后，通過實踐活動學習能讓我自己發(fā)現(xiàn)新的事物。如此一來，我不僅能擁有更具意義的學習經(jīng)驗，而且還能學到一些意想不到的東西。

倒裝

主語和謂語有兩種順序，一是主語在前，這和漢語是一致的，稱為自然語序。反之，如果謂語在主語前面，就是倒裝語序。在雅思寫作中，倒裝語序通常出現(xiàn)在如下幾種情況。

（1）only+狀語位于句首

Only in this way can we lead well-balanced lives.

唯有如此，我們才能過著均衡的生活。

Only by spending time with them can the parents really know what their children think and feel.

唯有和孩子相處，父母才能真正知道他們的想法及感受。

Only in this way can they keep the lines of communication open.

唯有如此，才能讓溝通之門永遠敞開。

（2）以 never，little，often，not only，not until，hardly，scarcely 等詞（組）引導的句子

Therefore，not only is the plan to pay teachers according to the success of their students unfair to the teachers，but it may lead the education authorities to disregard other important factors.

因此，如果老師的付薪方式根據(jù)學生的學習成果而定，則不僅對老師不公平，還會使得教育部門忽視其他重要的因素。

（3）由引導詞 there 引導的句子

There are many parks in and around the city already，but they are heavily used，especially on school holidays.

雖然市內(nèi)及周邊地區(qū)已經(jīng)有很多公園了，但是這些公園都很擁擠，特別是學校放假的時候。

In my opinion，there are some other aspects which are more important than money.

在我看來，有其他方面比錢更重要。

（4）so /as 或 neither /nor 引導的句子

表示前面所說的情況也適用于后者。

Nor should it give us so much pressure that we cannot relax in our free time.

工作也不能有過多的壓力，使我們連在空閑時間也無法放松。

The world is constantly changing and so are the people in it.

世界在不斷變化，世界上的人也是如此。

P-books will not be replaced by e-books，nor will fast food replace traditional food.

紙質(zhì)書籍不會被電子書籍所取代，正如快餐不會取代傳統(tǒng)食物一樣。

疑問句和祈使句

句子按使用目的可分為四類：陳述句、疑問句、祈使句和感嘆句。寫作中，陳述句是用得最多的，前面的例句基本都是陳述句。在雅思寫作中，疑問句和祈使句也有一定的使用，而感嘆句用得很少。

1.疑問句

英語中有四種疑問句：一般問句、特殊問句、選擇問句和反意問句。

（1）一般問句

一般問句以一個助動詞、情態(tài)動詞、動詞 be 或 have 開始，通常要求以 yes 或 no（或certainly，perhaps，not at all 等）回答。

Does what people wear affect their behavior？

穿著會影響人的行為嗎？

（2）特殊問句

特殊問句都以一個疑問代詞或疑問副詞開頭，一般用倒裝語序。

What are some other reasons that people work？

人們工作的其他原因是什么？

What do you think are the best ways of reducing stress？

你認為最好的減壓方法是什么？

If you were asked to send one thing representing your country to an international exhibition，what would you choose？

如果讓你拿出最能代表祖國文化的東西去參加國際會展，你會選什么？

（3）選擇問句

選擇問句提出兩個答案，比較哪一個是正確的，在結(jié)構(gòu)上和一般問句差不多，兩部分由 or連接起來。

Would you rather have the university assign a student to share a room with you，or would you rather choose your own roommate？

你是希望由學校來分配你的室友，還是由你自己選擇自己的室友？

Do you prefer to spend your time alone or with friends？

你喜歡獨自一人還是和朋友待在一起？

（4）反意問句

反意問句在雅思寫作中很少用到。

2.祈使句

祈使句表示請求、命令、叮囑、邀請或勸告等，謂語動詞用原形。這種句子的否定式多以do not 開頭，也可用 never 開頭。祈使句的主語通常不表示出來。

Let good advertisements facilitate communication between business people and the public，and help keep the business world moving.

讓好的廣告促進商人和公眾之間的交流，并幫助商界運行。

Never bring your work home.Leave it in your offce.

永遠不要將工作帶回家，把它留在你的辦公室。