LEVEL 3

List 1

n. 天才，天賦

例 Being average just won't earn you what it used to. It can't when so many more employers have so much more access to so much more above average cheap labour, cheap robotics, cheap software, cheap automation and cheap genius. 表現(xiàn)平平再也不會讓你過上和以前一樣的普通生活了。因為更多的雇主有更多渠道得到更多高于普通技能水平的廉價勞動力、廉價機器人、廉價軟件、廉價自動操作系統(tǒng)以及廉價人才。

v. 引用 n. 引文

例 Premiers love to quote Mr Romanow's report selectively, especially the parts about more federal money. 總理們喜歡有選擇地引用羅曼諾夫先生的報告，尤其是關(guān)于更多聯(lián)邦資金的部分。

v. 反應(yīng)；回應(yīng)

例 The judges on the Federal Circuit are "reacting to the anti-patent trend at the Supreme Court", says Harold C. Wegner, a patent attorney and professor at George Washington University Law School. 身為專利法律師和喬治·華盛頓大學法學院教授的哈羅德·C.韋格納說，聯(lián)邦巡回法院的法官們“正在對最高法院的反專利趨勢做出回應(yīng)”。

n. 反應(yīng)（能力）

例 While comment and reaction from lawyers may enhance stories, it is preferable for journalists to rely on their own notions of significance and make their own judgements. 雖然律師的意見和反饋可能會提高新聞報道的質(zhì)量，但是記者依靠自己的價值觀做出判斷會更加難能可貴。

v. 反應(yīng)過激

例 If we know we will overreact to consumer products or housing options when we see a happy face, we can take a moment before buying. 如果我們知道自己在購買消費品或選擇住房時，看到笑臉就會感情用事，我們就會在購買前花點兒時間考慮一下。

n. 病毒

例 In a recent study involving over 400 healthy adults, researchers from Carnegie Mellon University in Pennsylvania examined the effects of perceived social support and the receipt of hugs on the participants' susceptibility to developing the common cold after being exposed to the virus. 在最近一項有400多名健康成年人參與的研究中，來自賓夕法尼亞州卡內(nèi)基·梅隆大學的研究員們研究了感受到社會支持以及獲得擁抱對參與者接觸病毒后患普通感冒的概率的影響。

adj. 重要的；有意義的

例 While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians, modern practice most closely conforms to one that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past. 幾乎每個歷史學家對史學都有自己的界定，但現(xiàn)代實踐最趨向于認為歷史學是為了重現(xiàn)過去的重大史實并對其做出解釋。

adj. 微不足道的，無關(guān)緊要的

例 While 1%may seem insignificant, it is not so to a geneticist. 盡管1%看似微不足道，但對遺傳學家來說并非如此。

v. 公布；宣傳，宣揚

例 Sadly, the spirit of inquiry once at home on campus has been replaced by the use of the humanities and social sciences as vehicles for publicising "progressive", or left-liberal propaganda. 令人遺憾的是，校園里曾經(jīng)可以自由發(fā)揚的探索精神已經(jīng)不復存在了，取而代之的是把人文學科和社會科學作為工具來宣傳“進步”或“左”傾自由主義思想。

v. 抓住，把握；（~on/upon）突然對…大為關(guān)注

例 No disciplines have seized on professionalism with as much enthusiasm as the humanities. 沒有哪門學科像人文學科這樣，對專業(yè)化傾注如此多的熱情。

n. 有機體；有機組織

例 Genes generally operate together in determining the characteristics of an individual organism. 基因一般會協(xié)同工作來決定單個有機體的特征。

n. 1 會議 2 學年

例 The BIO （Biotechnology Industry Organisation） recently held a convention which included sessions to coach lawyers on the shifting landscape for patents. 生物技術(shù)產(chǎn)業(yè)組織（BIO）近期召開了一次大會，期間開展了一系列研討會，針對情形不斷變化的專利案對律師進行培訓。

n. 1 職業(yè) 2 占領(lǐng) 3 消遣，業(yè)余活動

例 Lower-income jobs like gardening or day care don't appeal to robots. But many middle-class occupations—trucking, financial advice, software engineering—have aroused their interest, or soon will. 低收入的工作崗位，諸如園藝、日托，對機器人并沒有吸引力。但許多中產(chǎn)階級職業(yè)——貨車運輸、財務(wù)咨詢、軟件工程——已經(jīng)引起或者很快就會引起它們的興趣。

n. 1 撞擊力 2 影響

v. 對…產(chǎn)生影響

例 This impact will not only be through the publications in Science itself, but hopefully through a larger group of publishing places that may want to model their approach after Science. 這種影響將不僅僅體現(xiàn)在《科學》雜志自己發(fā)表的論文上，也有望影響到更多想要效仿《科學》雜志做法的其他出版機構(gòu)。

n. 1 入口 2 （使用或見到的）權(quán)利，機會

例 Critics make three main arguments against gene patents: A gene is a product of nature, so it may not be patented; gene patents suppress innovation rather than reward it; and patents' monopolies restrict access to genetic tests such as Myriad's. 反對者主要提出了三個反對基因?qū)＠睦碛桑椿蚴亲匀坏漠a(chǎn)物，因此不應(yīng)被授予專利；基因?qū)＠麜璧K創(chuàng)新而不是促進創(chuàng)新；專利的壟斷性使基因測試的使用受限，如馬里亞德公司所做的基因測試。

adj. 容易獲取的；可理解的；易到達/進入的

例 As the interaction between organism and environment has come to be understood, effects once assigned to states of mind, feelings and traits are beginning to be traced to accessible conditions. 隨著有機體和環(huán)境之間的相互作用逐漸為人們所了解，一度被認為是由思維、感情和性格產(chǎn)生的影響現(xiàn)在被追溯到人們可以理解的環(huán)境上去了。

n. 容易到達，易接近；易獲取

例 Orin Kerr, a law professor, compares the explosion and accessibility of digital information in the 21st century with the establishment of automobile use as a virtual necessity of life in the 20th. 法學教授奧林·克爾把21世紀“數(shù)字信息的爆炸性及可獲得性”與20世紀“將汽車作為實際生活必需品地位的確立”做了比較。

n. 公正，公平；司法制度；法官

例 In October, the Department of Justice filed a brief in the Myriad case, arguing that an isolated DNA molecule is no less a product of nature... than are cotton fibres that have been separated from cotton seeds. 10月，司法部針對馬里亞德案發(fā)表聲明，聲稱分離的DNA 分子和從棉籽上分離出來的棉纖維一樣，僅僅是自然的產(chǎn)物。

v. 毀壞，摧毀n. （~s）廢墟

例 The purpose of editing the News of the World was to ruin lives in the quest for circulation and impact. 編輯發(fā)行《世界新聞報》的目的在于追求發(fā)行量和影響力的同時毀掉人們的生活。

n. 因素，要素

例 This is only one contribution to the overall productivity of an economy, which is driven by many other factors such as joint investment in equipment and machinery, new technology, and investment in education and training. 這只是促進某個經(jīng)濟實體的綜合生產(chǎn)率提高的一項措施，還有許多其他因素可以促進生產(chǎn)率的提高，比如對機械設(shè)備的聯(lián)合投資、采用新技術(shù)以及對教育培訓的投資等。

n. 胸部，胸口；胸懷，內(nèi)心

例 A federal appeals court overturned the prior decision, ruling that Myriad Genetics could indeed hold patents to two genes that help forecast a woman's risk of breast cancer. 一個聯(lián)邦上訴法院推翻了先前的判決，認為馬里亞德基因公司的確可以擁有兩項有助于預(yù)測女性患乳腺癌概率的基因?qū)＠?/p>

n. 偷竊

例 Police are investigating the theft of computers from the company's offices. 警方正在調(diào)查這家公司辦公室里的計算機失竊案。

v. 調(diào)查；偵查

例 In theory, a girl may veto the spouse her parents have chosen. After a spouse has been selected, each family investigates the other to make sure its child is marrying into a good family. 理論上來說，女方可以拒絕父母為其選擇的對象。在選好對象后，雙方家庭都會去調(diào)查對方家庭的情況，以確保他們的孩子嫁（娶）到好人家。

adj. 熟練的；有技能的；需要專門技能的

例 The policymakers fear that it hurts their economies, depriving them of much-needed skilled workers who could have taught at their universities, worked in their hospitals and come up with clever new products for their factories to make. 決策者們擔心這會影響本國經(jīng)濟，使他們失去急需的技術(shù)型工人，而這些人本應(yīng)留在自己的國家，在大學里任教，在醫(yī)院里工作或研發(fā)新奇的產(chǎn)品以供工廠生產(chǎn)。

adj. 許多的

例 A good many middle school and high school boys spend numerous weekend hours glued to their computers, playing the latest fantasy games. 許多上中學的男孩一到周末就長時間貼在電腦前，玩最新潮的虛幻游戲。

v. 興旺發(fā)達，繁榮

例 In fact, these commuters were reportedly more enjoyable compared with those without communication with strangers, which makes absolute sense, since human beings thrive off of social connections. 事實上，據(jù)報道，這些與陌生人交流的通勤者比那些沒有交流的通勤者心情更加愉悅。這么說是絕對有道理的，因為人類本來就是在社會聯(lián)系的基礎(chǔ)上進化發(fā)展的。

adj. 可用的；可獲取的

例 The Internet can provide such a variety of information for people that many libraries have plenty of computers available for readers' use. 因特網(wǎng)可以為人們提供多種多樣的信息，因而許多圖書館配備多臺計算機供讀者使用。

adj. 單獨的；唯一的

例 This is a lesson that rich countries can learn: When GDP is no longer regarded as the sole measure of a country's success, the world looks very different. 這是富足國家可以吸取的一個教訓，即當國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值不再是衡量一個國家成敗的唯一標準時，世界將變得不同。

adj. 年度的；年度的

例 In 2015, the U.S. Forest Service for the first time spent more than half of its $5.5 billion annual budget fighting fires—nearly double the percentage it spent on such efforts 20 years ago. 2015年，美國林務(wù)局第一次耗費了55億年度預(yù)算中一半多的資金來治理火災(zāi)——應(yīng)對火災(zāi)耗費的資金所占百分比幾乎是20年前的兩倍。

v. 勘察；探索；探討，研究

例 He explores such problems consciously, articulately and frankly, first by asking factual questions, then by asking moral questions, finally by suggesting action which seems appropriate in the light of the factual and moral information which he has obtained. 他以自覺、清晰以及坦誠的方式來探討這些問題，首先從事實角度提出問題，然后從道德角度提出問題，最后，根據(jù)他所獲得的事實材料和道德材料，提出適當?shù)慕鉀Q辦法。

n. 勘察；探索；探討，研究

例 With its theme that "Mind is the master weaver", creating our inner character and outer circumstances, the book As a Man Thinketh by James Allen is an in-depth exploration of the central idea of self-help writing. 詹姆斯·艾倫的《思考的人》是一本深入研究自我救助的書籍，主題是“思想是一位編織大師”，它造就了我們的內(nèi)在性格和外在環(huán)境。

n. 探險者

例 The Victorian author Samuel Smiles wrote Self-Help as a catalogue of the worthy lives of engineers, industrialists and explorers. 維多利亞時期的作家塞繆爾·斯邁爾斯創(chuàng)作的《自助論》一書記錄了工程師、實業(yè)家和探險家的卓越人生。

adj. 敏感的，過敏的；敏銳的 n. 敏感的人

例 In fact, though, we are extremely sensitive to smells, even if we do not generally realise it. 然而，事實上我們的嗅覺是十分敏銳的，盡管我們通常都沒有意識到這一點。

n. 1 敏感（性） 2 體貼，體恤

例 Due to the obvious sensitivity of the issue, he would not divulge any details. 由于該問題非常敏感，他不會透露任何細節(jié)。

n. 1 背景；環(huán)境 2 上下文

例 In the everyday practice of science, discovery frequently follows an ambiguous and complicated route. We aim to be objective, but we cannot escape the context of our unique life experience. 在日常的科學實踐中，科學發(fā)現(xiàn)的過程總是含糊不清的、復雜的。我們的目標是要實事求是，但我們擺脫不了我們每個人獨特的生活經(jīng)歷這一背景。

n. 故事

例 In 2012, Mo was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature for his works as a writer "who with hallucinatory realism merges folk tales, history and the contemporary". 2012年，莫言因其作品“用虛幻現(xiàn)實主義將民間故事、歷史和當代社會融為一體”而被授予諾貝爾文學獎。

v. 批準；認可

例 Curbs on business-method patents would be a dramatic about-face, because it was the Federal Circuit itself that introduced such patents with its 1998 decision in the so-called State Street Bank case, approving a patent on a way of pooling mutual-fund assets. 對商業(yè)方法專利權(quán)的限制將會是一個巨大的改變，因為這些專利正是聯(lián)邦巡回法院在1998年審理一個被稱作“美國道富銀行”的案件時提出的，判決中巡回法院批準了一項共同基金資產(chǎn)集資方法的專利。

n. 同意；批準；認可

例 As a condition of receiving state approval for the sale, the company agreed to seek permission from state regulators to operate past 2012. 作為獲得州政府允許其交易的一個條件，該公司同意2012年以后的運營先征得州監(jiān)管機構(gòu)的同意。

n. 居民；住戶 adj. 居住的

例 In the 10 years prior to 1990, 3.1 immigrants arrived for every 1,000 residents; in the 10 years prior to 1890, 9.2 for every 1,000. 在1990年以前的十年中，每1,000個居民當中有3.1個人是新來的移民；而在1890年以前的十年中，每1,000個居民當中就有9.2個移民。

n. 住宅，住所

例 The 1990 census revealed that a majority of immigrants from each of the fifteen most common countries of origin spoke English "well" or "very well" after ten years of residence. 1990年的人口普查顯示，大多數(shù)來自15個移民大國的移民在（移民國）居住10年后英語水平達到了“好”或“很好”的水平。

n. 借款；貸款 v. 借出

例 Naturally Williams will try to borrow money at a low rate of interest, but loans of this kind are not obtainable. 威廉斯自然會設(shè)法尋找低息貸款，然而這類貸款常常是不容易弄到的。

n. 團體，群體；社區(qū)；群落

例 Mr Roth has three community-college students enrolled in a work-placement programme, with a starting wage of $13 an hour that rises to $17 after two years. 羅思先生聘用了三位社區(qū)大學的學生加入工作實習項目中，起薪13美元/小時，兩年后增至17美元/小時。

n./v. 減少 v. 拒絕，謝絕

例 Depending on the comments received, the editor would accept the paper for publication or decline it. 根據(jù)收到的評論，編輯將決定該論文是發(fā)表還是退稿。

n. 惡魔；魔鬼

例 In the 2006 film version of The Devil Wears Prada, Miranda Priestly, played by Meryl Streep, scolds her unattractive assistant for imagining that high fashion doesn't affect her. 在2006年電影版的《時尚女魔頭》中，梅里爾·斯特里普扮演的米蘭達·普里斯特利訓斥了她其貌不揚的女助手，因為她的助手認為自己絲毫不受高端時尚的影響。

n. 1 重力，引力 2 嚴重性

例 Sir Isaac Newton supposedly discovered gravity through the fall of an apple. 據(jù)稱，艾薩克·牛頓爵士通過蘋果落地發(fā)現(xiàn)了萬有引力。

adj. 好交際的

例 To accurately tell whether someone is sociable, studies show, we need at least a minute, preferably five. 研究表明，要準確地判斷出一個人是否好交際，我們至少需要1分鐘的時間，5分鐘會更好。

v./n. 要求；需要

例 Leading doctors today weigh in on the debate over the government's role in promoting public health by demanding that ministers impose "fat taxes" on unhealthy food and introduce cigarette-style warnings to children about the dangers of a poor diet. 如今，在關(guān)于政府對改善公眾健康應(yīng)起什么作用的討論中，一些知名醫(yī)生提出了重要意見，他們要求部長們對不健康食品征收“脂肪稅”，并向兒童推廣類似于吸煙有害的警示，告誡他們不健康飲食的危害。

v. （使）增加，提高，加強

例 Increased levels of fat in the diet could heighten the risk of cancer. 食物中脂肪含量的提高會增加患癌癥的風險。

v. （使）統(tǒng)一，（使）成一體

例 A flexible retirement age is being considered by Ministers to unify men's and women's pension rights. 大臣們正在考慮一個靈活的退休年齡機制，以便把男性和女性的養(yǎng)老金權(quán)益統(tǒng)一起來。

n. 統(tǒng)一，聯(lián)合

例 In physics, one approach takes this impulse for unification to its extreme, and seeks a theory of everything—a single generative equation for all we see. 在物理學領(lǐng)域，有一種做法將這種追求統(tǒng)一性的沖動推向了極端，它試圖找出一種萬有理論，即用一個生成等式概括我們所看到的一切。

v. 容忍，容許；忍受

例 "Women's capacity for tolerating stress may even be greater than men's," Dr Yehuda observes, "it's just that they're dealing with so many more things that they become worn out from it more visibly and sooner." 耶胡達博士指出：“女性忍受壓力的能力也許比男性還要強，只是她們要處理的事情太多，以至于她們會更容易筋疲力盡。”

n. 指導，引導

例 Our elders, having witnessed innumerable vicissitudes over the course of their lives, are also an invaluable source of wisdom and guidance and indeed, a piece of living history. 一生中閱盡世間滄桑的前輩們也給我們提供了智慧和指導等寶貴的東西；實際上，他們就是活的歷史。

n. 部落，部族

例 The committee is responsible for overseeing the tribe's economic development, including the use of natural resources and the investment of tribal income. 該委員會負責監(jiān)督部落的經(jīng)濟發(fā)展，包括自然資源的利用和部落收入的投資。

adj. 部落的，部族的

例 That country offers wealth for a few in the great cities and poverty for the remaining tribal peoples. 那個國家給大城市里的少數(shù)人提供財富，而留給其余各部落民族的都是貧困。

v./n. 1 追逐 2 努力獲得

例 If you are willing to improve your working skills or just feed yourselves early and support your families, you will be the hunters chasing after jobs or the creators of a new company. 如果你想提高工作能力或只是想盡早養(yǎng)活自己和家人，那么你就應(yīng)該找工作或者自己創(chuàng)辦一家公司。

v. 準予，授予，允許；承認 n. 撥款

例 Over the past decade, thousands of patents have been granted for what are called business methods. 在過去十年中，成千上萬的所謂的“商業(yè)方法”被授予了專利權(quán)。

n. 沖突，矛盾

v. 沖突，矛盾

例 The White House argued that Arizona's laws conflicted with its enforcement priorities, even if state laws complied with federal statutes to the letter. 白宮方面宣稱，盡管亞利桑那州的法律條文與聯(lián)邦政府的法律字字吻合，但亞利桑那州的法律與聯(lián)邦政府的執(zhí)法優(yōu)先權(quán)相矛盾。

n. 文學；文獻

例 No boy who went a grammar school could be ignorant that the drama was a form of literature which gave glory to Greece and Rome and might yet bring honour to England. 戲劇是一種文學形式，它曾給希臘和羅馬帶來榮耀，早晚也會給英國帶來榮耀；任何一個上過文法學校的學生都不會不知道這一點。

adj. 暫時的，臨時的 n. 臨時工

例 Companies prefer graduates with some hands-on experience, and undergraduates could better know what they want and which jobs suit them by holding temporary jobs. 公司更想要有一定實際工作經(jīng)驗的畢業(yè)生；本科生通過做兼職工作可以更好地了解自己想要的工作以及哪些工作適合自己。

v. 協(xié)商，談判

例 Instead of having one province—or a series of hospitals within a province—negotiate a price for a given drug on the provincial list, the national agency would negotiate on behalf of all provinces. 不同于一個省或者一個省里面的幾家醫(yī)院針對本省藥物清單上的某種藥物與藥商單獨議價，全國性的機構(gòu)可以基于所有省份的利益來進行談判。

v. 定做，定制

例 Subscribers can customise the information they want to receive and proceed directly to a company's Web site. 用戶可以定制自己想要的信息，然后直接進入某個公司的網(wǎng)站。

n. 必需品；必要

例 Orin Kerr, a law professor, compares the explosion and accessibility of digital information in the 21st century with the establishment of automobile use as a virtual necessity of life in the 20th. 法學教授奧林·克爾把21世紀“數(shù)字信息的爆炸性及可獲得性”與20世紀“將汽車作為實際生活必需品地位的確立”做了比較。

v. 1 撤回；撤退 2 取消 3 提取

例 The use of paper checks gives consumers several days of "float"—it takes several days before a check is cashed and funds are withdrawn from the issuer's account, which means that the writer of the check can earn interest on the funds in the meantime. 使用紙質(zhì)支票可以讓消費者多幾天讓錢“懸浮”在賬戶里——對方得花上幾天的時間才能憑支票取現(xiàn)，這也就意味著開票方又多賺了幾天利息。

n. 1 撤回；撤退 2 取消 3 提款

例 Dependence on drugs is marked first by an increased tolerance, with more and more of the substance required to produce the desired effect, and then by the appearance of unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the substance is discontinued. 對藥品的依賴性首先表現(xiàn)為不斷增長的耐藥量，要產(chǎn)生預(yù)期的效果所需要的藥品劑量越來越大，而一旦停止用藥后就會出現(xiàn)令人不快的停藥癥狀。

v. 包含；包括

例 Comprising artists Mark Boyle and Joan Hills and their children, they recreated random sections of the British landscape on gallery walls. 藝術(shù)家馬克·博伊爾和瓊·希爾斯以及他們的孩子們一起在畫廊的墻上隨意地呈現(xiàn)英國的景觀。

n. 工資，薪金

例 In many rich countries, average wages in the state sector are higher than that in the private one. 在許多富裕國家，公共部門的平均工資高于私營部門。

n. 1 允許進入 2 錄取 3 承認

例 Even before Alan Greenspan's admission that America's red-hot economy is cooling, lots of working folks had already seen signs of the slowdown themselves. 甚至在艾倫·格林斯潘承認美國曾經(jīng)火熱的經(jīng)濟已開始降溫之前，許多上班族都已經(jīng)覺察到了經(jīng)濟疲軟的跡象。

n. 抱怨；投訴

例 The latter step would largely offset the financial burden of annually pre-funding retiree health care, thus addressing a long-standing complaint by the USPS （U.S. Postal Service） and its union. 后一項措施將在很大程度上抵消每年預(yù)付退休人員醫(yī)療保健費用的財政負擔，從而解決美國郵政總局及其工會長期抱怨的問題。

n. 緊急情況；突發(fā)事件

例 The brain finds it best to keep smell receptors available for unfamiliar and emergency signals such as the smell of smoke, which might indicate the danger of fire. 大腦發(fā)現(xiàn)最好是讓氣味感受器可用于隨時接收陌生的和緊急的信號，例如可能暗示有火災(zāi)危險的煙味。

v. 擁護，主張

n. 擁護者

例 Nothing could persuade me to return to the kind of life Kelsey used to advocate and I once enjoyed: 12-hour working days, pressured deadlines, the fearful strain of office politics and the limitations of being a parent on "quality time". 沒有什么可以說服我重返凱爾西曾經(jīng)倡導過的那種生活，我曾經(jīng)享受過那種生活：12小時工作日，壓得人喘不過氣來的最后期限，辦公室可怕的明爭暗斗，以及有限的陪伴孩子的“寶貴時光”。

n. 1 運氣 2 命運 3 大筆財產(chǎn)，財富

例 If she hopes her new-found fortune will yield lasting feelings of fulfilment, she could do worse than read Happy Money by Elizabeth Dunn and Michael Norton. 如果她希望這筆意外之財能夠產(chǎn)生持久的滿足感，那么她最好讀一下伊麗莎白·鄧恩與邁克爾·諾頓合著的《快樂金錢》。

adj. 正式的 n. 正式的舞會

例 Mr McWhorter acknowledges that formal language is not strictly necessary, and proposes no radical education reforms—he is really grieving over the loss of something beautiful more than useful. 麥克沃特先生認為正式語言并非完全不可或缺，也沒有提出要進行激進的教育改革——真正讓他哀嘆消失了的與其說是那些實用的東西，不如說是富有美感的東西。

v. 1 （使）面對，（使）遇到 2 對峙

例 Many settlers had slighter religious commitments than Dane's, as one clergyman learned in confronting folk along the coast who mocked that they had not come to the New World for religion. 許多定居者在宗教上并沒有戴恩那樣虔誠，就像一位牧師在海邊迎面遇到的一些漁民——他們自嘲來新大陸可不是為了追求宗教信仰。

n. 對抗；對峙

例 The issue has caused great tension between the two countries and could lead to a military confrontation. 這個問題使得兩國關(guān)系非常緊張，可能會導致軍事對抗。

n. 信號；標志 v. 示意；表明

例 As is true of any developed society, in America a complex set of cultural signals, assumptions, and conventions underlies all social interrelationships. 同任何一個發(fā)達國家一樣，一系列復雜的文化符號、設(shè)想和習俗構(gòu)成了美國所有社會關(guān)系的基礎(chǔ)。

n. 1 騷亂 2 紊亂；疾病 v. （使）失調(diào)

例 The home appliances will also become so smart that controlling and operating them will result in the breakout of a new psychological disorder—kitchen rage. 家用電器也將會變得如此智能化，以至于對它們的控制和操作將會引發(fā)一種新的心理疾病——廚房狂躁癥。

adj. 1 必不可少的；極其重要的 2 本質(zhì)的 n. 1 必需品 2 要素

例 Creating positive habits is a huge part of improving our consumers' lives, and it's essential to making new products commercially viable. 培養(yǎng)良好的習慣是改善消費者生活水平的一個重要部分，這也是使新產(chǎn)品具有商業(yè)可行性的必要條件。

v. 1 畫速寫 2 概述；簡述 n. 1 草圖 2 素描 3 短劇

例 The first published sketch A Dinner at Poplar Walk brought tears to Dickens's eyes when he discovered it in the pages of The Monthly Magazine. 當?shù)腋拱l(fā)現(xiàn)他寫的短篇故事《在白楊城共進晚餐》首次在《每月雜志》上發(fā)表時，淚水模糊了他的雙眼。

adj. 壯麗的，宏偉的，華麗的

例 That means the writing is on the wall for all European royals, with their magnificent uniforms and majestic lifestyles. 那意味著所有的歐洲王室及其華麗的宮廷服裝和高貴的生活方式都將謝幕。

adj. 緊急的，急迫的

例 The government needs to put historical prejudices to one side and take some steps to address our urgent housing need. 政府需要將歷史偏見拋在一邊，采取一些措施來解決我們迫切的住房需求。

v. （使）加速，加快

例 The rate of advance of biotech is likely to accelerate to such an extent that many people who are alive right now will live to see aging becoming partially reversible. 生物技術(shù)的進步速度可能會加速到如此程度，以至于許多現(xiàn)在活著的人將會目睹老齡化變得部分可逆。

n. 加速，加快

例 Yes, new technology has been eating jobs forever, and always will. And there's been acceleration. 誠然，新技術(shù)一直在吞噬工作崗位，而且將一直持續(xù)下去。并且，目前已出現(xiàn)加速態(tài)勢。

v. 1 申請 2 適用 3 應(yīng)用

例1 There is little doubt that Dickerman is sufficiently prepared for the position she is applying for and I support her application without reservation. 毫無疑問，迪克曼完全有資格勝任她申請的這一職位，我毫無保留地推薦她。

例2 All in all, this clearly seems to be a market in which big retailers could profitably apply their gigantic scale, existing infrastructure, and proven skills in the management of product ranges, logistics, and marketing intelligence. 總的說來，這顯然是一個大型零售商可以獲利的市場。他們利用自己龐大的經(jīng)營規(guī)模、現(xiàn)有的基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施，以及在產(chǎn)品種類、物流、營銷情報方面成熟的管理技能來獲得經(jīng)濟利潤。

n. 1 申請 2 應(yīng)用（程序）

例 New, disruptive technology sometimes demands novel applications of the Constitution's protections. 顛覆性的新技術(shù)有時需要對憲法保護條例進行新的應(yīng)用。

n. 程度；規(guī)模 v. 改變…的大小；衡量

例 The housing sector needs to accept that we are very unlikely to ever return to era of large-scale public grants. 房地產(chǎn)部門需要接受這一事實，即大規(guī)模的公共補助金的時代不太可能再回來了。

n. 宗教（信仰）

例 Humans are unique in their capacity to not only make tools but then turn around and use them to create superfluous material goods—paintings, sculpture and architecture—and superfluous experiences—music, literature, religion and philosophy. 人類的獨特之處就在于，他們不僅有能力制造工具，而且會反過來利用這些工具創(chuàng)造富余的物質(zhì)產(chǎn)品（如繪畫、雕塑和建筑）和精神體驗（如音樂、文學、宗教和哲學）。

v. 1 侵略，入侵 2 蜂擁而入；擠滿

例 People invaded the streets in victory processions almost throughout the day. 幾乎一整天，大街上都擠滿了歡慶勝利的游行隊伍。

adj. 最小的；極少的

例 Losing a job is hurting. It is financially terrifying, psychologically embarrassing and you know that support is minimal and extraordinarily hard to get. 失業(yè)是件令人難過的事情。失業(yè)帶來的是一種財務(wù)上的恐慌和心理上的尷尬，而且失業(yè)津貼很少，并且極難獲得。

adj. 強烈的；緊張的，激烈的

例 Even though the day-to-day experience of raising kids can be soul-crushingly hard, Senior writes that "the very things that in the moment dampen our moods can later be sources of intense gratification and delight." 即使撫養(yǎng)孩子的日子漫長難熬、令人筋疲力盡，但是西尼爾寫道：“正是那些一時讓我們沮喪的事情日后會帶來強烈的滿足感和欣喜。”

adj. 1 密集的 2 加強的

例 Energy conservation, a shift to other fuels and a decline in the importance of heavy, energy-intensive industries have reduced oil consumption. 能源節(jié)約、燃料替代以及能源密集型重工業(yè)的重要性的降低都減少了石油消耗量。

v. 加強，強化，加劇

例 A new survey shows that banks are being forced to cut the margins they earn on loans as competition for customers intensifies. 一項新的調(diào)查顯示，隨著消費者競爭的加劇，銀行被迫削減貸款的利潤率。

n. 1 強度 2 強烈

例 Beethoven's habit of increasing the volume with an extreme intensity and then abruptly following it with a sudden soft passage was only rarely used by composers before him. 貝多芬習慣用極其強烈的力度來提高樂曲的音量，然后又突然跟上一個輕柔的樂段，在他之前，鮮有作曲家采用這種方式。

n. 信仰；信任；信心

例 Americans flocked to these fairs to admire the new machines and thus to renew their faith in the beneficence of technological advance. 美國人成群結(jié)隊地涌向這些展覽會是為了欣賞新的機器，從而繼續(xù)對技術(shù)進步所帶來的便捷抱有信心。

n. 忠誠，忠實；忠貞

例 We believe that if animals ran the labs, they would test us to determine the limits of our patience, our faithfulness, our memory for locations. 我們相信，如果動物可以經(jīng)營實驗室的話，它們會對我們進行測試，以確定我們在耐力、忠誠度以及方位記憶能力方面的極限。

n. 證書；文憑 v. 用證書證明，發(fā)給證書

例 She sent her provisional licence with the test certificate to have it upgraded to a full licence. 她將臨時執(zhí)照和考試證書一起提交了，以申請升級為正式執(zhí)照。

n. 持續(xù)時間；跨度；范圍

例 Within the span of a hundred years, in the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, a tide of emigration—one of the great folk wanderings of history—swept from Europe to America. 從17世紀到18世紀早期的這一百年里，一股移民潮從歐洲橫掃至美洲——這是歷史上一場大規(guī)模的人口遷徙。

v. 1 提交 2 投降 3 主張

例 At the same time, Dickens, who had a reporter's eye for transcribing the life around him, especially anything comic or odd, submitted short sketches to obscure magazines. 與此同時，狄更斯開始用語言記錄周圍的生活，尤其是記錄幽默和奇怪的事物，并向一些不知名的雜志投遞短篇故事。

v. 占領(lǐng)，占據(jù)；占用

例 Our conscious mind is occupied with daily life, and we don't always think about the emotional significance of the day's events—until, it appears, we begin to dream. 清醒時我們的頭腦被日常瑣事占據(jù)著，我們并不總會去想白天發(fā)生的事情對我們情緒的影響——直到我們開始做夢，這種影響才出現(xiàn)。

n. 日歷

例 Pearson has pieced together the work of hundreds of researchers around the world to produce a unique millennium technology calendar that gives the latest dates when we can expect hundreds of key breakthroughs and discoveries to take place. 皮爾遜已經(jīng)匯集了世界各地數(shù)百位研究人員的成果，編制了一個獨特的技術(shù)千年歷，它列出了人們有望看到數(shù)百項重大突破和發(fā)現(xiàn)的最遲日期。

adj. 相當大的；相當多的

例 A considerable number of the most significant collections of criticism published in the 20th century consisted in large part of newspaper reviews. 在20世紀出版的大量的最重要的評論文集中，很大一部分都是報紙評論。