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第二節 題型攻略

本節將分別從題型分析和應試技巧這兩個方面具體介紹六級聽力考試的備考攻略。

一、長對話

1.題型分析

長對話共有兩段,每段對話設置4個題目。長對話通常是男女對話,對話僅播放一遍,播放完對話后再播放每道小題的問題,每播放完一道小題的問題之后會留出15秒的答題時間。每組對話平均長度為250~320個詞,選用訪談、廣播電視節目、討論某一話題等更具真實性的材料,這一點在2015年12月最新六級樣卷中體現得比較明顯。

長對話的信息量較大,與短文理解類似。其內容也往往跟考生的學習、生活息息相關,新聞訪談類對話則與事實相關,比如當今比較熱門的話題或者現場采訪等。通過對最新六級樣題中長對話題型的分析,我們發現長對話題型可大致分為談話主題型和具體事實型兩類。

(1)談話主題型

這類題考查對對話主題的把握,要求考生能夠領會對話所談論的話題或對象,通常只有1道題,最多2道,類似短文理解中的主旨題。常見的提問方式有:

What are the two speakers talking about?

What is the conversation mainly about?

What is the man/woman doing?

(2)具體事實型

這類題考查對對話中細節內容的捕捉和理解,比例很大,主要是就對話中涉及的關鍵信息提出問題,包括有關人物、事件、地點、時間、原因、目的、數字等,與短對話中的信息明示題很相似。常見的提問方式有:

What is… going to do?

What's the most important in…?

What does the man/woman mean?

What does the man/woman think of…?

Why does the man/woman suggest…?

What does the man/woman say about…?

What do we learn from the conversation?

What can be inferred from the conversation?

2.應試技巧

如上所述,長對話題型與短對話和短文理解類似,這里我們就不再從題型的角度來分析解題技巧,而是根據長對話本身所具備的特點來分析應試竅門。

(1)抓緊時間快速瀏覽選項

在聽音之前的間隙快速瀏覽一下各選項,特別是要注意重復出現的詞或相關內容,考生可能會由此猜出對話的主題,如名稱、地點等,這樣在聽的時候就容易抓住重點,有的放矢。

以2015年12月最新六級樣卷第一個長對話為例:

1.[A]He invented the refrigerator.

[B]He patented his first invention.

[C]He was admitted to a university.

[D]He got a degree in Mathematics.

2.[A]He started to work on refrigeration.

[B]He became a professor of Mathematics.

[C]He fell in love with Natasha Willoughby.

[D]He distinguished himself in low temperature physics.

3.[A]Discovering the true nature of subatomic particles.

[B]Their explanation of the laws of cause and effect.

[C]Their work on very high frequency radio waves.

[D]Laying the foundations of modern mathematics.

4.[A]To have a three-week holiday.

[B]To spend his remaining years.

[C]To patent his inventions.

[D]To teach at a university.

快速瀏覽各題選項,我們可以看到invented,patented,university,professor,low temperature physics等詞,由這些詞可以推斷出對話可能與某位學術界的名人相關,整段對話都是圍繞“he”的生平展開。如果時間允許還可以仔細看一下各個選項,第一題和第二題都是關于“he”具體成就或作為的描述,由此可知,這兩個問題可能是關于這個人在某個時間點對應的事件;第三題的四個選項都是名詞性結構,由此推測該題可能詢問原因;第四題的選項都是動詞不定式,應該是詢問目的。聽錄音時,重點聽he在具體時間對應的具體事件,考生聽到相關內容時可以在選項旁邊做筆記。有了這些簡單的推測考生在聽錄音時就可以選擇重點信息仔細聽,無關緊要的信息就可以大膽放棄。

(2)注意長對話的開頭和結尾

長對話的開頭和結尾都很重要,如果開頭是套話,則可以把主要精力放在后面的談話內容上,因為談話內容才是出題重點,要避免在不必要的地方浪費精力。如果不是套話,則很可能由此確定對話的中心及發生場景。

以2015年12月最新六級樣卷第二個長對話為例:

5.[A]The injury of some students.

[B]A school bus crash on the way.

[C]The collapse of a school building.

[D]A fire that broke out on a school campus.

q:What were the speakers talking about?

W:This is Lisa Meyer in the WBZ newsroom,talking with Mike Bassichis,who is the director of the Gifford School,about the cleanup from last week's fire and what the possible cause of that blaze may have been.

分析:對話開頭即揭示了整個對話的主題—WBZ新聞節目主持人Lisa Meyer訪問吉福德學校校長Mike Bassichis關于上周火災的處理及導致火災的原因。

(3)注意長對話中的問答

對話中談論一個問題時,經常會采用一問一答的形式,這時要重點掌握對問題的回答,因為那很可能就是某道題目的答案或答案依據。

以2015年12月真題的第11題為例:

11.[A]foreign investors are losing confidence in India's economy.

[B]Many multinational enterprises are withdraw from India.

[C]there is a sharp increase in India's balance of payment deficit.

[D]there are wild fluctuations in the international money market.

q:What makes the woman worry about the Indian Rupee?

W:That's OK.What's the problem?

M:Well,Paul,I won't keep you long.You see there is a problem with the exchange rates.The Indian Rupee has taken a fall on the foreign exchange market.You see there is being a sharp increase in Indian's balance of payment deficit.

分析:對話開頭女士來找男士說工作,男士問What's the problem?女士首先說不會說太久,緊接著開始闡述匯率的問題,即印度盧比在外匯交易市場下跌,印度的收支赤字急劇增加。考生聽到男士詢問What's the problem?時,就需要注意接下來女士的回答。即便不懂對話中的經濟術語也可以準確答題,選項C幾乎是原文重現,故為本題答案。

(4)注意記錄主要信息

在聽的過程中不要因為一個地方沒聽清楚或沒明白就抓住不放,這樣可能會導致漏聽后面的內容,得不償失。如果可以,要邊聽邊做筆記,把沒聽明白的地方和問題中出現的相關信息記下來,當然不用全記下來,只要用自己能看懂的幾個字母或符號就可以,然后在全部做完之后根據對話主題猜測沒明白的地方,最終得出答案。

二、聽力篇章

1.題型分析

聽力篇章,即短文理解,是歷年六級聽力必考的傳統題型,改革后的六級真題中將原來每套試卷的3篇短文調整為2篇,題材、長度及題型不變。每篇平均長度在240~270詞之間,共7題,其中一篇設3道題,另一篇設4道題。

短文理解材料的題材主要涉及英美國家的社會、教育、文化、體育、科學、技術、風俗、人情、歷史及地理等方面,包括社會問題、人物傳記、科技發現及應用和歷史事件、軼事等常識性材料,通俗易懂。其詞匯一般不超過考試大綱所規定的六級詞匯。體裁主要有敘事型、說明型、議論型和新聞報道。

短文理解的問題順序一般是按照短文內容的先后順序設定,且設置均勻,題型主要有信息明示題、綜合推斷題和主旨題三種。

(1)信息明示題

這類題就文章中涉及的重要或關鍵信息提出問題,與短對話的信息明示題和長對話的具體事實題很相似,可以參照以上相關內容。但是它也有其自身的特點,短文理解的文章比較長,涉及的有關人物、事件、地點、時間、原因、目的、數字等具體細節比較多,信息量大,題材廣泛,句子長且較復雜,有可能幾個選項在文章中都有所提及,這就要求對這幾個選項進行辨別和區分。要仔細聽,注意區別,選出符合題意的選項。常見的提問方式有:

Why is it necessary for…to do…?

How long/many/much…?

What is the probable cause of…?

Where do…take place?

What is… going to do?

What's the most important in…?

(2)綜合推斷題

綜合推斷題是六級聽力短文理解中最難的部分,在文章中無法直接找到答案,要根據聽到的信息進行加工、推理和分析,領會說話人的態度、感情和真實意圖,理解含蓄表達及其隱含意義,對多條信息進行分析、篩選、歸納后再做綜合判斷。常見的提問方式有:

How does the speaker feel about?

What is the speaker's attitude?

What can be inferred from this passage?

What do we learn about… from the passage?

What can we conclude from the passage?

What conclusion can be drawn/arrived at from the passage?

(3)主旨題

主旨題考查的是考生對文章全局的把握以及歸納推斷能力,主要涉及短文的主題或中心思想,對記憶力和推斷能力的要求要比聽力短對話高很多。短文的首句和尾句常常是主題句。主題句在段首時,文章就會對觀點展開論述;主題句在段尾時,文章會先引入話題,加以分析,最后得出結論。四個選項一般以短語的形式出現。常見的提問方式有:

What is the purpose of the passage?

What does the passage mainly discuss?

What does the lecture seem to concentrate on?

What is the passage mainly about?

What is the main idea/subject of this passage?

What is this passage mainly/primarily concerned?

2.應試技巧

聽力短文理解篇幅較長,信息量較大,但每篇文章后僅有3~4個小問題,其中絕大多數信息是多余的、重復的。因此我們可以從短文理解題目設置的規律來判斷聽錄音時應該重點注意的地方。

(1)注意聽清文章的前兩句

段首句或第二句開門見山引出主題或故事發生的環境,通常都是出題點。以2015年12月六級真題聽力短文理解的passage2第19題為例:

19.[A]It is allowing people to share information on the Web.

[B]It started off as a successful program but was unable to last long.

[C]It was mainly used by scientists and technical people to exchange text.

[D]It is a platform for sharing ideas on teaching at the University of Illinois.

q:What do we learn about Mosaic?

聽力原文:

In early1994,when Marc Andreessen was just 23 years old,he arrived in Silicon Valley with an idea that would change the world.As a student at the University of Illinois,he and his friends had developed a program called Mosaic,which allowed people to share information on the worldwide web.

分析:題目問“關于Mosaic,我們了解到什么?”短文開頭提到“1994年初,年僅23歲的馬克·安德森帶著改變世界的想法來到了硅谷,作為伊利諾伊大學的學生,他和他的朋友們研發了一個叫做Mosaic的程序,可以讓人們在互聯網上分享信息。”短文首句介紹了人物、時間、地點和事件,第二句緊接著介紹了Mosaic,which后的定語從句的內容即為本題的答案。

(2)注意聽清文章的轉折處

轉折關系處是聽力短文理解最常見的考點,聽到but,however等轉折關系詞時,要尤其注意其后面的句子,因為這往往就是出題點。如2014年12月六級聽力中第25題:

[A]They know little about why the paintings were created.

[B]They have difficulty telling when the paintings were done.

[C]They are unable to draw such interesting and fine paintings.

[D]They have misinterpreted the meaning of the cave paintings.

q:What do scientists readily admit according to the speaker?

聽力原文:

They readily admit,however,that little is understood yet as to the reasons why ice age artists created their interesting and detailed paintings.

分析:題目問“根據說話人所說,科學家們坦承了什么?”短文中的they就是指“科學家們”,其后的however即本題答案所在。原句意為“然而,他們已經承認,至于這些冰河時代的藝術家們為何創造這些有趣的、細致的圖畫我們知之甚少”,選項A是對原文的轉述。

(3)注意研究結果表達處

聽力短文經常出現一些醫學、科技、人文社會類小品文,這些文章必然會論述一些科學成果或研究發現,關鍵詞是found,finding,results,suggest(主語是某項研究)等。如2014年6月六級聽力passage1中第16題:

[A]One fifth of them were on bad terms with their sisters and brothers.

[B]About one eighth of them admitted to lingering bitter feelings.

[C]More than half of them were involved in inheritance disputes.

[D]Most of them had broken with their sisters and brothers.

q:What does the study by Debra Gold find about older people?

聽力原文:

In a study of older people with sisters and brothers,psychologist Debra Gold of the Duke Center for the study of aging and human development found that about 20% said they were either hostile or indifferent toward their sisters and brothers.

分析:短道題問的是Debra Gold關于老年人的研究結果,短文第一句就提到了:the study of aging…found that about 20% said they were either hostile or indifferent toward their sisters and brothers,也就是說found之后就是本題答案。其中20%=one fifth,hostile意為“敵意的”,indifferent意為“漠不關心的”,研究結果換句話說就是A項中的were on bad terms with their sisters and brothers,故選A。

(4)注意人物觀點引言處

聽力短文中經常會出現某人say或think、believe、suggest(主語是人)等觀點表達處,此處也是常見的出題點。

如2015年12月六級聽力passage1中第18題:

[A]A team manager must set very clear and high objectives.

[B]Teams must consist of members from different cultures.

[C]Team members should be knowledgeable and creative.

[D]A team manager should develop a certain set of skills.

q:What conclusion can we draw from what Casey says?

聽力原文:

For this to happen,he suggests the multi-cultural managers exhibit understanding of their own and others'cultural influences and limitations.They should also cultivate such skills as toleration of ambiguity,persistence and patience,as well as assertedness.

分析:原文中的he就是Casey,suggests之后的內容即為本題的答案。題目問的是得出什么結論(draw conclusion),所以本題需要根據原文的細節總結出答案。原文意為:要實現這一目標,他建議多元文化的經理們展示他們對自身文化以及他人文化影響和局限的理解,他們還應該培養例如歧義容忍度、堅韌、耐心以及展現自己的權威等技能。選項D“一個團隊經理應該養成一系列的技能”就是對原文的最好總結。

(5)注意因果關系處

短文中出現because,why,so,therefore,reason,as a result of,as等表因果關系的詞的地方往往也是出題點。如2013年6月六級聽力中第28題:

[A]Good interpersonal relationships.

[B]Rich working experience.

[C]Sophisticated equipment.

[D]High motivation.

q:What does the speaker say contributes to effectively pursuing a technical task?

聽力原文:

When these people run up against a technical problem,to which they'd have to turn to someone else for an answer,they'd e-mail and get an answer right away,because they built up networks of people before they needed them.The other people would email and wait up to 2 weeks for an answer.So you can see how being good in the interpersonal realm actually was a direct benefit,even for effectively pursuing a technical task.

分析:短文最后提到“因此,你能看出善于人際交往是一個直接的益處,甚至對于有效地處理技術工作也是有益處的。”也就是說好的人際關系是有益的。故選A。此處聽到so要注意后面的表達。

三、講座/講話

1.題型分析

2015年12月改革后的六級聽力里新增了三篇講座/講話,替代了原來的短文聽寫,作為六級聽力的第三部分。該部分由三篇350~450個單詞的講座和10道單選題組成。要求學生邊聽邊做筆記,然后根據聽到的問題選出正確的答案。從樣題的三篇講座來看,所選題材與社會現象、研究報道及商業案例有關,結構清晰,有一定的知識性和學術價值,但因為是講座,其間會有一些比較口語化的表達。

三篇講座共包含10道題,大多數題目都可從講座中直接得出答案,也有一部分題需要對所聽到的內容進行歸納總結方可得出答案。講座屬于較為復雜的聽力測試項目,同時考查考生的記憶、做筆記、理解、歸納等能力,是改革后六級聽力考試的難點所在。因此,考生需要做好充分的心理準備和復習訓練。從樣題所給的10道題來看,六級講座題型可以大致分為信息明示題和觀點主旨題兩類。

(1)信息明示題

這類題目考查考生對講座中細節內容的捕捉和理解,主要是就講座中涉及的關鍵信息提出問題,包括有關人物的介紹、相關概念的解釋以及重要事件、地點、時間、原因、目的、數字等。樣題中信息明示題的題干有:

What does the introduction say about Dr.Howard Miller's articles and books?

What is the greatest fear of Dr.Miller's grandfather?

What does Dr.Miller say the“golden years”can often mean?

What did Thailand do to reduce child undernourishment in the1980s?

What products are unsuitable for selling online?

Who are more likely to buy groceries online?

(2)觀點主旨題

這類題目考查考生對講座主題或人物觀點的把握,要求考生能夠領會講座所談論的話題或對象,以及主要人物的相關觀點。題干中通常含有the focus of,conclusion regarding,sb.say about等表達。樣題中觀點主旨題的題干有:

What is the focus of Dr.Miller's speech?

What is the experts'conclusion regarding children's undernourishment in their earliest days of life?

What does IFPRI's Marie Ruel say about well-fed children in their adult life?

What is important to the success of an online store?

2.應試技巧

從篇幅來看,六級聽力的三段講座平均詞數為398詞,居三種題型之首。從內容來看,講座所談及話題的學術性、知識性更強,也是三種題型中最難的。再加上講座這種形式對于六級考生來說是全新的聽力考查題型,對考生的聽力水平要求較高。下面,編者就從如何聽懂講座的重要信息、如何記筆記等方面來分析此類題型的應試技巧。

(1)首要原則——邊聽邊記

記筆記時一定要邊聽邊記,這是解答講座聽力題目的首要原則,因為等到最后再回想是來不及的。

大部分考生害怕記筆記的一個主要原因就是,記筆記會影響對下文的理解。考生往往發現,在聽音的過程中記了上句就沒有聽懂下句;但是如果先不做筆記,等聽完一部分之后再回頭記筆記的話,卻又忘了自己剛才聽到的內容,不知道從何記起。

記筆記其實并沒有那么可怕,因為即使在聽中文講座時做筆記也會遇到同樣的問題。記筆記必然會影響到對其后若干個句子的聽力理解,關鍵是要抓住重要信息和記筆記的時機,例如講話者陳述完自己的觀點開始舉例子時,我們就可以做筆記了,因為即使例子中的一小部分沒有聽懂或者沒有聽到,也可根據主要觀點和聽到的內容推測出來。此外,記筆記時還要講究方法——盡量節約做筆記的時間,并提高記筆記的速度。接下來,我們來分析一下究竟如何抓住重要信息和記筆記的最佳時機,如何提高記筆記的速度和質量。

(2)抓住關鍵詞語

在記筆記時還要注意:即使是非常關鍵的句子,也并非每個單詞都是同等重要、都需要做筆記的。同時,為了盡可能減少對下文理解的影響,還需要提高記筆記的速度。為了在提高速度的同時不影響筆記的質量,選擇什么樣的詞匯來記筆記是非常關鍵的。

以樣題中第一個講座的首段為例:

Hello Ladies and Gentleman,it gives me great pleasure to introduce our keynote speaker for today's session,Dr.Howard Miller.Dr.Miller,Professor of Sociology at Washington University,has written numerous articles and books on the issues facing older Americans in our graying society for the past 15 years.

此段最關鍵的句子為第二句,該句中最關鍵的信息顯然是facing older Americans in our graying society,記筆記時可以簡化為older Americans。

總的說來,由于英語的句子都是重心靠后的(end-focus),所以一般處于句子后半部分的實詞更為重要;至于句子的主語,很多情況下就是講座的中心詞,會在講座中反復出現,所以考生可以選擇用一些簡化的字母來代替。抓住了這些關鍵詞語就抓住了句子的中心,這樣才能提高筆記的質量。

(3)使用縮略語和符號

為了提高記筆記的速度,考生還有必要熟悉一些常見的縮略語和符號的寫法。在下表中,編者為考生提供了一些有用的常見英文縮略語和速記符號。

常見英文縮略語和速記符號

此外,考生還可以在平時的練習中創造一些自己的縮略語,一般的方法有以下幾種:

a)保留前幾個字母,如:

information:info

temporary:temp

exchange:exch

instead of:I/O

b)保留主要的輔音字母,如:

amount:amt

room:rm

receive:rcv

c)根據發音簡寫,如:

are:R

though:tho

through:thru

縮寫和符號大大減少了記筆記的時間,考生在平時的練習中可以多加訓練。

(4)抓住開頭和結尾

講座的結構一般都非常清晰,常用的結構有“總—分”及“總—分—總”,即在開頭給出講座的主題,然后在主體部分對分論點展開論證或者解釋,最后給出結論。因此,講座的開頭和結尾都是重要的出題點。

如最新樣題第一段講座中的第16題:

16.[A]They investigate the retirement homes in America.

[B]They are on issues facing senior citizens in America.

[C]They describe the great pleasures of the golden years.

[D]They are filled with fond memories of his grandparents.

16.What does the introduction say about Dr.Howard Miller's articles and books?

聽力原文:

Hello Ladies and Gentleman,it gives me great pleasure to introduce our keynote speaker for today's session,Dr.Howard Miller.Dr.Miller,Professor of Sociology at Washington University,has written numerous articles and books on the issues facing older Americans in our graying society for the past 15 years.

分析:這是第一段講座的開頭段落,一共兩句話,第一句話介紹演講者的名字,第二句話介紹演講者研究的領域,也是本題的出題點。考生聽到on the issues facing就可以大致判斷其后即為該講座的主旨及重要信息。選項B中的senior citizens in America即為原文中older Americans的同義轉述。

講座的結尾可能會重申主旨或者對分論點做出相應總結,所以往往也是重要出題點。

如最新樣題第三段講座中的第25題:

25.[A]Those who live in the virtual world.

[B]Those who have to work long hours.

[C]Those who are used to online transactions.

[D]Those who don't mind paying a little more.

25.Who are more likely to buy groceries online?

聽力原文:

There are exceptions,though.Online grocery shopping has really taken off,with most major supermarkets offering the service.The inconvenience of not being able to see the food you are buying is outweighed by the time saved and convenience of having the goods delivered.Typical users of online supermarkets include the elderly,people who work long hours and those without their own transport.

分析:該段是講座的最后一段,主要講述電子商務的特例:一般而言,需要嘗味的商品不適合在線銷售,但是在線超市的便利性戰勝了其弊端,獲得了成功。題干中的who buy groceries online相當于原文中的Typical users of online supermarkets。原文提到了三種人,選項B的內容跟原文提到的第二種人完全一致。

(5)抓住關鍵性提示詞句

講座的主體部分無疑是考查的重點,因此抓住這一部分的行文邏輯以及各個分論點及其論證之間的關系是非常重要的。要做到這一點,考生就要在聽的過程中注意關鍵性提示詞句和段落的主題句。

在講座中,講話者總會不斷使用一些關鍵性的提示詞語或者句子來提醒聽眾目前他在講什么,以及他接下來要講什么,以便聽眾跟上他(或她)的思路。而這些詞語就是考生應當重點注意和記錄的地方,因為其后往往會引出一個新的分論點或者講話者要重點強調的觀點。

總結起來,編者所說的“關鍵性提示詞句”主要包括以下幾類:

表示提出論題的詞句:I would first of all like to…

類似的詞語還有:Today,our lecture will focus on…;Today's lecture is about… ;In today's lecture,I'll try to…;In today's lecture,we shall discuss… ;Our topic today is… .等。

表示引出新的觀點或者內容的詞句:Now…;About…

類似的詞語還有:let's take a look at… ;let's move on to…;In the next part of the lecture,I'd like to talk about… ;I'd like to indicate/point out/make clear that… 等。

表示列舉各個分論點的詞句:first/second/third;first of all/furthermore/at last等。

表示解釋概念的詞句:define,refer to,that is,that is to say,this means,in other words,be called,be等;同時,考生還應注意講座中的一些定語從句,它們也有解釋及補充說明的作用。

表示強調、重申和總結的詞句:to sum up;generally speaking;the essential point of this lecture is… ;what is the most important is… 等。

(6)抓住數字處、解釋說明處、強調處和強邏輯處

講座部分考查的重點除了覆蓋主要分論點之外,對一些關鍵性的細節和例證也會有所涉及。通過分析樣題,編者發現常考的關鍵性細節經常出現在以下四個地方:數字處、解釋說明處、強調處和強邏輯處。

數字處是指講座中提到的有關數字的語句。例如樣題的第22題就設在了數字處。

Ruel says in the1980s Thailand was able to reduce child undernourishment by recruiting a large number of volunteers to travel the countryside teaching about health and nutrition.

解釋說明處是對講座的內容進行進一步解釋說明的地方。例如樣題的第18題就設在了解釋說明處:

For them and some older Americans,their so-called“golden years”are at times not so pleasant,for this period can mean the decline of not only one's health but the loss of identity and self-worth.

強調處是指具有強調語氣處。例如樣題的第17題就設在了最高級的強調處:

My grandfather spoke of his greatest fear,that of leaving the only home they had known for the past 60 years.

最后是表示強邏輯關系的詞語之后。這里所說的“強邏輯關系”指轉折、對比/比較、因果、假設關系。例如樣題中的第21題就設在比較處:

And then at adulthood,IFPRI has actually demonstrated that children who were better nourished have higher wages,by a pretty large margin,by46percent.

因此,考生要特別注意下列詞組和短語:if,but,however,nevertheless,instead(轉折);on the contrary,on the other hand,different from,unlike(對比);because,since,the reason that… ,therefore,as a result,consequently(因果)。

以上提到的四點是講座聽力中最應引起考生注意的四個要點,大家可在平時練習時仔細體會,有意識地訓練自己對上文中提到的一些具有提示作用的單詞、短語和句型產生敏銳反應的能力,以期在聽力中抓住重點,有的放矢。

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